1 The Modern Concept of the INCA Project Direct Studies of Primary protons and nuclei in the...

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The MThe Modern odern CConcept oncept of the INCA of the INCA ProjectProject

DirectDirect Studies of Studies of Primary protons and nuclei Primary protons and nuclei

in the “knee” rangein the “knee” range

R.A.R.A. MukhamedshinMukhamedshin Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow,

Russia Russia for the INCA Collaborationfor the INCA Collaboration

XIII International Symposium on XIII International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Very High Energy Cosmic Ray

InteractionsInteractions

Pylos, 6 -12 September 2004Pylos, 6 -12 September 2004

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The INCA CollaborationThe INCA CollaborationV.V.AmmosovV.V.Ammosov11, V.P.AntonovaV.P.Antonova22, G.I. BritvichG.I. Britvich11,, A.P.ChubenkoA.P.Chubenko33,

V.I.DrobzhevV.I.Drobzhev22, A.D.ErlykinA.D.Erlykin33, G.I. Kol'tsovG.I. Kol'tsov44, S.V. Kryukov, S.V. Kryukov22, G.I. Merzon, G.I. Merzon33, , K.K. MukashevK.K. Mukashev55, , R.A.R.A. MukhamedshinMukhamedshin66, V.N.MurashevV.N.Murashev44, V.P. V.P. PavlyuchenkoPavlyuchenko33, , V.A.RyabovV.A.Ryabov33, O.G.RyazhskayaO.G.Ryazhskaya66, T. SaitoT. Saito77, ,

A.L.ShchepetovA.L.Shchepetov33, N.M.N.M. SobolevskiiSobolevskii66, A.P. SoldatovA.P. Soldatov11, V.M. Sultangazin, V.M. Sultangazin88, I.S.Trostin, I.S.Trostin99, G.T.G.T. ZatsepinZatsepin66, A.P.A.P.

ZhukovZhukov66

1.1. Institute of High-Energy Physics, Protvino, RussiaInstitute of High-Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 2.2. Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty, KazakhstanInstitute of Ionosphere, Almaty, Kazakhstan 3.3. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia 4.4. Institute of Steel and Alloys, Moscow, RussiaInstitute of Steel and Alloys, Moscow, Russia5.5. Abai Almaty State University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Republic Abai Almaty State University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Republic 6.6. Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, RussiaInstitute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia7.7. Institute for Advanced Studies, Tokyo, 162-0022 JapanInstitute for Advanced Studies, Tokyo, 162-0022 Japan8.8. Institute for Cosmic Research, Almaty, Kazakhstan Republic Institute for Cosmic Research, Almaty, Kazakhstan Republic 9.9. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow,

RussiaRussia

The INCA Project The INCA Project – Collaboration Members– Collaboration Members

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Introduction- Introduction

The “knee” problem The “knee” problem is very important foris very important for astrophysicsastrophysics and, may be,and, may be,

physics ofphysics of strong interactionsstrong interactions no no unambiguious conclusion onunambiguious conclusion on CR CR spectrum, spectrum,

compositioncomposition, , and, may be,and, may be, physics physics no directno direct measurementsmeasurements at Eat E00> 10> 101515 eV eV heavy-material calorimetersheavy-material calorimeters areare unusableunusable due todue to

• small acceptancesmall acceptance SS ( ( 0.3 m 0.3 m22sr for sr for ProtonProtons);s); • intense back currentintense back current

To solve the “knee” problem, To solve the “knee” problem, • large acceptancelarge acceptance ( ( »» 1 1 mm22sr)sr)• long-duration exposurelong-duration exposure ( ( > 1 > 1 year )year )• new approachnew approach to to energy measurementsenergy measurements are required for calorimetric techniqueare required for calorimetric technique

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Objectives- Objectives

Main Scientific ObjectivesMain Scientific Objectives

• The spectumThe spectum & & compositioncomposition of primary cosmic of primary cosmic radiation in theradiation in the "knee""knee" range (Erange (E00 ~ 10 ~ 101515 – 10 – 101616 eV); eV);

• spectrumspectrum ofof primary primary electrons electrons at Eat E00 ~ 10 ~ 1012 12 - 10- 101313 eV; eV;

• neutronsneutrons && -rays-rays from solar flares;from solar flares;

• diffusivediffusive -radiation-radiation at Eat E00 ~ 0.010 - 1 TeV; ~ 0.010 - 1 TeV;

• by-productby-product searches for searches for• veryvery massive exotic particles with abnormallymassive exotic particles with abnormally low low charge-to-charge-to-

massmass ratio (strangelets ?); ratio (strangelets ?);• interactions with abnormally high interactions with abnormally high hadron-to-hadron-to--ray-ray ratio ratio

(“Centauros” ?)(“Centauros” ?)

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Potentialities- Potentialities

Expected number of eventsExpected number of events detected during 2-3-year exposition : detected during 2-3-year exposition :

• Number ofNumber of primary nucleiprimary nuclei

• N(EN(E00 > > 10101515 eV) ~ 2000 - 6000 events;eV) ~ 2000 - 6000 events;

• N(EN(E00 > > 10101616 eV) ~ 40 - 120 events.eV) ~ 40 - 120 events.

• Number ofNumber of primary electronsprimary electrons:

• N(EN(E00 > > 10101212 eV) = 2000 - 6000 eventseV) = 2000 - 6000 events

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Main ideasMain ideas • light-substancelight-substance IIonization-onization-NNeutroneutron CA CAlorimeterlorimeter

• measurement of themeasurement of the energyenergy of primary nuclei byof primary nuclei by two two independent techniques with: independent techniques with:

• counting mode forcounting mode for the thermalizedthe thermalized-neutronneutron yieldyield; ;

• amplitude measuring mode for theamplitude measuring mode for the ionization ionization signal signal

• development and use of development and use of newest high-tech detector newest high-tech detector technologiestechnologies

• selection selection of primary of primary electronselectrons against the protons by against the protons by counting neutronscounting neutrons

The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Theoretical foundations- Theoretical foundations

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Satellite- Satellite

• DimensionsDimensions = 2 x 2 x 2 m= 2 x 2 x 2 m33

• 44 geometry geometry• Four-dimension cascade Four-dimension cascade

picture (x,y,z,t)picture (x,y,z,t)• SS== 48 m48 m22srsr • WeightWeight = 10 t= 10 t

• ThicknessThickness • 4.6 4.6 int int (at E(at E00~10~101515 eV) eV)• 13 radiation lengths13 radiation lengths

• 50 layers50 layers• Number of channelsNumber of channels

• 40 per layer40 per layer• 2000 in total2000 in total

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - The INCA satellite project- The INCA satellite project

• semiconductor charge detectorsemiconductor charge detector• Plastic scintillator+leadPlastic scintillator+lead for for --

ray selectionray selection

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Detectors- Detectors

Plastic scintillatorsPlastic scintillators

• newly developed (IHEP, Protvino) and enriched by newly developed (IHEP, Protvino) and enriched by orthocarboraneorthocarborane (2-3%) to detect thermalized (2-3%) to detect thermalized neutronsneutrons;;

• Used to measure both the Used to measure both the neutronneutron and and ionizationionization signals; signals;• Reactions uReactions usesed for neutron counting:d for neutron counting:

• n + n + 1010B B 44+ + 77LiLi* * (94%): (94%):

77Li + Li + • Additionally measuredAdditionally measured yield of yield of delayeddelayed raysrays

• n + n + pp d d+ + (2.2 MeV)(2.2 MeV)• n + n + FeFe A part of theseA part of these• n + n + CdCd reactionsreactions• n + n + GdGd

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ionization by

from neutron source

Reactions under consideration:Reactions under consideration:

n + n + 1010B B 44+ + 77LiLi** 77Li + Li +

a) Experimental data on neutron detection by a version of scintillation detectors; b) sketch of amplitudes of signals of different origin

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Theoretical foundations- Theoretical foundations - Simulations- Simulations

Energy measurement by evaporated-neutron signalEnergy measurement by evaporated-neutron signal• Yield of Yield of neutronsneutrons is is proportionalproportional to the to the primary energyprimary energy• Energy dependence of neutron yield is near Energy dependence of neutron yield is near linearlinear up to energies of up to energies of

the “knee” rangethe “knee” range

• Neutron yield at “knee” energies is ~ Neutron yield at “knee” energies is ~ 101066 and and long-termlong-term (> 100 (> 100 s)s)

primary p

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000E0, TeV

<n n

eu

t>

500400300200100

Cascade length,

g/cm2

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Fluctuations of neutron yieldFluctuations of neutron yield• Standard deviation ofStandard deviation of neutron yieldneutron yield at effective depth ~250 g/cmat effective depth ~250 g/cm22 is is

• ~ 0,30~ 0,30 inin protonproton-induced cascades-induced cascades

• < 0,25< 0,25 inin nucleusnucleus-induced cascades-induced cascades

• Standard deviation inStandard deviation in charged-particle flowcharged-particle flow is of the same orderis of the same order

The (nneut)/<nneut > ratio for total neutron number

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

100 200 300 400Cascade length, g/cm2

/<n

neu

t>

pHeCSiFe

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Photo detectorsPhoto detectors• vacuum phototriodesvacuum phototriodes • newly newly developeddeveloped plastic photo-sensitive platesplastic photo-sensitive plates;;

• PMTs to detect PMTs to detect single-neutron capturesingle-neutron capture in plastic scintillators in plastic scintillators

RequirementsRequirements

• wide wide dynamical rangedynamical range (~ 10 (~ 1077););

• threshold threshold sensitivitysensitivity is about 20 MIPs (sufficient at E is about 20 MIPs (sufficient at E00>10>101515 eV) eV)

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Semiconductor Semiconductor counterscounters

• New high-tech detectors of New high-tech detectors of future generationfuture generation

•new-concept pixel silicon new-concept pixel silicon detectorsdetectors with a high space- with a high space-time resolution are designedtime resolution are designed

•local-injection local-injection mechanism mechanism for the amplification by for the amplification by bipolar-transistorbipolar-transistor structure structure of the of the drift componentdrift component of of the ionization current the ionization current produced by relativistic produced by relativistic charged particle is exploited charged particle is exploited

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• different combination of pixels different combination of pixels to reach required properties of to reach required properties of the detectors.the detectors.

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• Step-by-step transfer of Step-by-step transfer of non-basic current carriers non-basic current carriers along the along the transistor-cell transistor-cell chainchain occurs; occurs;

• matrix-structurematrix-structure detector detector containing a large number containing a large number of cells (of cells (n-p-nn-p-n transistors) transistors) deposited on a silicon deposited on a silicon substrate is applied;substrate is applied;

• DNA DNA molecule-like molecule-like cell-cell-doublingdoubling principle is principle is realized in the matrix realized in the matrix structurestructure

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EExperimental samplesxperimental samples of new-concept pixel silicon bipolarnew-concept pixel silicon bipolar

detectorsdetectors

The use of new-concept pixel silicon bipolar detectors as The use of new-concept pixel silicon bipolar detectors as

photodetectorsphotodetectors is analyzed is analyzed

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project

SummarySummary

• A high-technology project with unique scientific objectives and A high-technology project with unique scientific objectives and

potentialities is under elaborationpotentialities is under elaboration

• A new effective A new effective techniquetechnique for for direct direct investigationinvestigationss of the of the PCR PCR

spectrum in the "knee" range atspectrum in the "knee" range at EE00 > 10> 101515 eV is developed. eV is developed.

• A state-of-the-art technologyA state-of-the-art technology for investigation of primary cosmic for investigation of primary cosmic

radiation radiation is under elaborationis under elaboration

The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project is openopen for the international community!

Collaborators Collaborators are welcome!

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Thank you!Thank you!

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The INCA Project The INCA Project – Main Guidelines and Problems of INCA Design– Main Guidelines and Problems of INCA Design

Stage 1. Design and testing of technological elementsStage 1. Design and testing of technological elements• Scintillators

• Phototriodes

• Plastic photo-sensitive platesPlastic photo-sensitive plates

• Pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectors Pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectors

• SimulationsSimulations

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The INCA Project The INCA Project – Main Guidelines and Problems of INCA Design– Main Guidelines and Problems of INCA Design

Stage 2. Construction of apparatus modulesStage 2. Construction of apparatus modules• Main Calorimeter Main Calorimeter

• Charge detectorsCharge detectors

• Reading and processing systemsReading and processing systems

• ElectronicsElectronics

• Data processing algorithmsData processing algorithms

Stage 3. Testing of apparatus modulesStage 3. Testing of apparatus modules• Accelerator experimentsAccelerator experiments

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The INCA Project The INCA Project – Collaboration– Collaboration

Possible directions of collaborationPossible directions of collaboration• Production of pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectorsProduction of pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectors

• Development of reading and processing systemsDevelopment of reading and processing systems

• Development of electronicsDevelopment of electronics

• Construction and launching of joint balloon equipment for Construction and launching of joint balloon equipment for

• Testing the systemsTesting the systems

• Study of electron primary spectrum at EStudy of electron primary spectrum at E00 > 1 TeV > 1 TeV

• Submitting joint applications for financial support of joint investigations into CRDF (Civilian Reseach & Development Foundation), Submitting joint applications for financial support of joint investigations into CRDF (Civilian Reseach & Development Foundation),

ISTC (International Science & Technology Center), INTAS etc.ISTC (International Science & Technology Center), INTAS etc.

• Satellite ?Satellite ?

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The INCA Project The INCA Project – Technological Elements of INCA Design– Technological Elements of INCA Design

Scintillators: Scintillators: • already developedalready developed

• cost: cost: ~ 75 $ /1 kg (or less)~ 75 $ /1 kg (or less)

• specific configurations can be produced at any timespecific configurations can be produced at any time

• arbitrary configurations can be produced if a corresponding arbitrary configurations can be produced if a corresponding

mold is constructedmold is constructed

Stage Stage 11

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Phototriodes: Phototriodes: • already developedalready developed

• cost: cost: ~ 30 $ each ~ 30 $ each

• can be produced at any timecan be produced at any time

Plastic photo-sensitive platesPlastic photo-sensitive plates• already developedalready developed

• cost: cost: ~ 1 $ /1 cm ~ 1 $ /1 cm22

• can be produced at any timecan be produced at any time

Stage Stage 11

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Pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectors:Pixel silicon bipolar transistor detectors: • the most interesting and promising detectors of the next generationthe most interesting and promising detectors of the next generation

• know-how is patentedknow-how is patented

• developed least of alldeveloped least of all

• cost: ~ 30 - 200 $ /1 dmcost: ~ 30 - 200 $ /1 dm22 (depends on silicon base purity) (depends on silicon base purity)

• features are strongly dependent on features are strongly dependent on • silicon qualitysilicon quality

• quality of spatial technology resolution (~ 1 quality of spatial technology resolution (~ 1 2 2 is requiredis required forfor ~ ~101022--amplification by one amplification by one

pixel)pixel)

• it seems that detectors with a very good features cannot be produced in Russia: the most it seems that detectors with a very good features cannot be produced in Russia: the most

promising direction of a collaborationpromising direction of a collaboration

Stage Stage 11

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The INCA ProjectThe INCA Project - Theoretical foundations- Theoretical foundations – Simulations– Simulations

Basic codesBasic codes• The The MC0MC0 code code of strong interactions (usable up to ~10of strong interactions (usable up to ~101818 eV) eV)

and and package package SHIELD SHIELD are used for simulationsare used for simulations

• The The MC0MC0 code code is based on:is based on:•data data byby accelerator experiments accelerator experiments •Quark-Gluon String model by Yu.ShabelskyQuark-Gluon String model by Yu.Shabelsky•Semi-hard jet theory by Gribov-Levin-Ryskin Semi-hard jet theory by Gribov-Levin-Ryskin

• The The MC0MC0 code code describes rather welldescribes rather well•accelerator dataaccelerator data•ddata onata on -h families ob-h families observserved in X-ray emulsion chamber experimentsed in X-ray emulsion chamber experiments

• The The neutron-transportneutron-transport package package SHIELDSHIELD is :is :

•based onbased on data data byby accelerator accelerator and neutron and neutron experiments experiments

•specially designed for neutron investigationsspecially designed for neutron investigations

Stage 1Stage 1

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The QGSM-based MC0MC0 code (close to QGSJET) realizes•Hadron interactions Hadron interactions as

•soft hadron interactions•semi-hard and hard jet generation•diffraction processes•generation of stable and resonance baryons and mesons, including

charm and strange particles•Electromagnetic cascadeElectromagnetic cascade with accounting for

•pair generation•bremsstrahlung•multiple Coulomb scattering•Compton scattering•ionization losses•inelastic photonuclear interactions of -rays•LPM effect at high energies•giant resonance absorption of low-energy -rays

Stage 1Stage 1

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The MC0MC0 code realizes generation of neutrons as

•neutron neutron evaporatevaporationion by nuclei excited due to

•hadron interactions

•inelastic photonuclear interactions of -rays;

•absorption of low-energy photons in giant resonance processes;

•neutron geneneutron generatrationion in hadron cascade interactions

Stage 1Stage 1

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Notes:Notes:•Only the neutron generation is mainly considered, not neutron history

•Such factors as

• neutron thermalization and diffusion

• real geometry

• apparatus response

• role of the primary spectrum

will be carried out in the nearest future

Stage 1Stage 1

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Prototype simulationsPrototype simulations•a setup 500-g/cm2 thick (~77 intint ) with a periodicperiodic structure is considered

•each of layers consists of leadlead and a light substancelight substance (polyethylene, e.g.)

• lead layer: 10 g/cm2 (~1.51.5 rad. length, ~1/201/20 intint )

• polyethylene layer: 20 g/cm2 (~0.50.5 rad. length, ~1/41/4 intint )

Stage 1Stage 1

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