213

Notes

1 The Life and Times of David Ricardo

1. For three appraisals, each roughly half a century apart, see Bagehot (1880), Russell (1934) and Scazzeri (1988).

2. Many books have been devoted to Ricardo, including Blaug (1958); Caravale (1985a), reviewed by Kregel (1987) and Peach (1986b); Caravale and Tosato (1980); Gootzeit (1975), reviewed by Blaug (1976); Henderson (1997), reviewed by Blaug (1999); Hollander 1979; St. Clair (1957, reviewed by Dobb (1957); and Peach (1988, 1993). Reprinted articles on Ricardo can be found in Blaug (1991), Peach (2003a, four volumes) and Wood (1985, four volumes; 1994, three volumes). Essays and encyclopaedia entries include Blaug (1985), De Vivo (1987), Gonner (1913), Kurz (2006, 2008a, 2008c) and Peach (2008).

2 Ricardo’s Vision

1. See also Depoortère (2002, 2008); Gonner (1923); Grampp (1976); Hutchison (1998); Ramana (1957).

2. See also Cremaschi and Dascal (1996, 2002); Depoortère (2002, 2008); Gehrke (2000); Hamouda (1984); Hartwell (1971); Kurz (2008b); Kurz and Gehrke (2006); Ramana (1957).

3. On the Works and Correspondence, see Checkland (1952a, 1952b, 1954, 1956); De Vivo (1996); Gehrke (2005, 2010); Gehrke and Kurz (2002); Hutchison (1953); Marget (1952); Pollitt (1988); Porta (1986a, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2001); Robinson (1951); Rosselli (2001); Sayers (1952); St. Clair (1953); Stigler (1953).

3 Value and Distribution

1. See also Bharadwaj (1983b); Cannan (1893); Caravale (1985b); Costa (1985); Davis (1989); Dobb (1975); Dooley (2005); Gehrke (2003); Gehrke and Kurz (2001); Gordon (1959); J. Hollander (1911c); Hutchison (1994a); Kaldor (1950); Levine (1977); MacDonald (1912); Meek (1974); Moore (1966); Pasinetti (1982); Seligman (1911); Sinha (2010); Young (1978).

2. On Ricardo’s theory of profit, see Buchanan (1929); Davis (1993); Dimand (1990); Eatwell (1975); Edelberg (1933); Gillman (1956); Groenewegen (1972); J. Hollander (1904); S. Hollander (1973, 1975, 1986); Howard (1981); Kaldor (1956); Kregel (1977); Kurz (2011); Nag (1967); Peach (1984, 1986a, 2001); Prendergast (1986a, 1986b); Rakshit (1958); Samuelson (1977); Subramanian (1977); Tucker (1954).

3. On Ricardo’s theory of rent see Anderson (1967); Barkai (1966); Barnes (1984); Bird (1975); Brewer (1988); Buchanan (1929); Camp (1918); Cawley (1983); Davidson (1959); Fine (1983); Johnson (1948); Mishra (1977); Offer (1980); Ohlin (1935); Shammugasundaram (1977); Subbarayadu (1977).

214 Notes

4. On the labour theory of value before Ricardo, see Aspromourgos (2006); Burgstaller (1987); Carlson (1994); Cassels (1935); Dobb (1973, 1975); Dooley (2005); Fine (1983); Gehrke and Kurz (2001); D.F. Gordon (1959); Groenewegen (1972); Hamouda (1984); Hollander (1904); Johnson (1984); Kausghil (1971); Konüs 1970; Kurz and Salvadori (1993, 2003); Macdonald (1912); Meek (1956, 1974); Moore (1966); Pasinetti (1981); Rankin (1980); Sinha (2010); Stigler (1958); Wilson and Pate (1968); Wolff, Callari and Roberts (1984).

5. Readers interested in tracing the evolution of Ricardo’s thinking on value in the four years between the publication of the first and third editions should consult the Fragments on Torrens of 1818 (IV, 303– 18), the Notes on Malthus’s Principles of Political Economy of 1820 (II, pp. 1– 451) and the much shorter 1823 manuscript on Malthus that was unaccountably omitted from the Collected Works and published later under the editorship of Pier Luigi Porta (1992). Some of the relevant letters are those to Malthus in June 1818 (VII, pp. 250– 1) and October 1820 (VIII, p. 279); to Trower in September 1818 (VII, p. 297) and July 1821 (IX, pp. 1– 4); to James Mill in December 1818 (VII, p. 377); to McCulloch in December 1819 (VIII, p. 142), May 1820 (VIII, p. 180) and June 1820 (VIII, p. 194); and to Say in January 1820 (VIII, p. 149).

5 Ricardo’s Macroeconomics

1. On the ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s theory of wages, see Casarosa (1974, 1978, 1982, 1985); Hicks (1972); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1979, 1983a, 1983b, 1984); Levy (1976); Peach (1986c); Rankin (1984); Rosselli (1985); Stirati (1995).

2. On Ricardo’s views of growth prospects for the English economy, see also Akhtar (1973); Barkai (1959, 1965); Brems (1960, 1970); Burgstaller (1986); Caravale (1985b); Caravale and Tosato (1980); Casarosa (1974, 1978); Corry (1962); Davis (2005); Eltis (1984; 2007); Gehrke, Kurz and Salvadori (2003); Gordon (1983); Green (1992); Hicks (1969, 1979); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1980a; 1990a); Kaldor (1956); Kurz (2010b); Laidler (1993); Letiche (1960); Maneschi and Thweatt (1983); Murphy (2009); Peach (1990, 1995); Robbins (1978); Rosselli (2008); Roychowdhury (1975); Sahay (1978); Samuelson (1978); Tucker (1954, 1960).

3. On Say’s Law, see also Akhtar (1975); Bonar (1929); Davis (2001); Dorfman (1989); Hagemann (1998); H.G. Johnson (1949); Kates (1998); Kurz (1998); Mclachlan (1999); Peach (1990); Sowell (1963, 1972, 1974).

4. On money and banking, see also Ahiakpor (1982, 1985); Akhtar (1975); Andrews (2000); Arnon (1987, 1989; 2011); Blaug (1996); Bonar (1896); Carr and Ahiakpor (1982); Davis (2001); Deleplace (2001); Erdös (1972); Feavearyear (1931); Fetter (1965); Glasner (1985); J. Hollander (1911a); S. Hollander (1979); Humphrey (1990); Kojima (1951); Laidler (1987); Marcuzzo and Rosselli (1991, 1994); Mason (1957); Milberg (1994); O’Brien (2012); Peake (1978, 1982); Rosselli (2008); Sayers (1953); Schwartz (1987); Takenaga (2011); Viner (1933).

5. On machinery, see also Barkai (1986); Barton (1817); Beach (1971); Berg (1980); Claeys and Kerr (1981); Davis (1989); Eltis (1985); Femminis and

Notes 215

Salanti (1995); Ferguson (1973); Hagemann (2000); Hansson (1983); Hicks (1971); Hollander (1971); Jonung (1981); Kurz (1984, 1998, 2010a); Meacci (1985); Negishi (1990); Samuelson (1988, 1989); Sotiroff (1953); Uchiyama (2000); Wicksell (1981 [1923]).

6 Ricardo on Economic Policy

1. On policy issues, see also Barkai (1986); Barton (1817); Beach (1971); Berg (1980); Claeys and Kerr (1981); Davis (1989); Eltis (1985); Femminis and Salanti (1995); Ferguson (1973); Hagemann (2009); Hansson (1983); Hicks (1971); Hollander (1971); Jonung (1981); Kurz (1984, 1998, 2010a); Meacci (1985); Negishi (1990); Samuelson (1988, 1989); Sotiroff (1953); Uchiyama (2000); Wicksell (1923).

2. On fiscal policy, see Abel (1987); Akerlof (2007); Anderson and Tollison (1986); Akerlof 2007; Barro (1974, 1976); Bordo and White (1991); Carr and Ahiakpor (1982); Churchman (1995, 1999, 2001); Dome (2003); Dooley (1989); Eagly (1983); Feldstein (1976); Fetter (1980); Gottlieb (1953); Mair and Damania (1988); P.K. O’Brien (1988); Ricciuti (2003); and Tullio (1989).

3. On Ricardian equivalence, see the survey article by Ricciuti (2003).4. On monetary policy, see Arnon (1998; 2011); Bonar (1896, 1923); Capie

(2002); Deleplace and Sigot (2012); Duffy (1982); Fearvearyear (1931); Fetter (1965); Maital and Haswell (1977); Perlman (1986); Schwartz (1987); and Silberling (1924).

7 Editors and Critics

1. See also Arrow (1991); Blaug (1958); Camp (1918); De Marchi (1970); Fetter (1969); Gilbert (1996); J.H. Hollander (1904); S. Hollander (1977b); Hutchison (1952, 1994b); Johnson (1993); Maneschi (1990); Maneschi and Thweatt (1983); Peach (1993); Robertson (1957); Rutherford (1986); Scazzeri (1988); West (1982).

2. See also Bailey (1825); Berg (1975); Checkland (1949); Cochrane (1970); De Marchi (1970); De Vivo (1984, 1985); Fetter (1969); Gehrke (2000); Hansson (1983); J. Hollander (1910, 1911b); S. Hollander (1980b); Hunt (1979); Johnson, Haney and Taylor (1911); Knight (1935); Kriesler (1984); Kurz (1995); Kurz and Salvadori (2002); Mitchell (1929); O’Brien (1970); Ohlin (1935); Pashkoff (2005); Patten (1893); Reich (1980); Scazzeri (1987); Skourtos (1986); Tucker (1961); Turner (1912); Viner (1933); Whewell (1831); Wicksell (1923).

3. See also Ashley (1891); Bonar (1911); Collet (1936); Dmitriev (1974); Dunbar (1887); Gonner (1890); Hayek (1942, 1969); Hollander (1910, 1911b); Johnson, Haney and Taylor (1911); Knight (1935); Kurz (1995); MacDonald (1912); Mitchell (1929); Patten (1893); Seligman (1911); Skourtos (1986); Zamagni (1987, 1994).

4. See also Brander and Taylor (1998); Devi (1977); Grabowski and Shields (1989); Harinarayana (1977); Mishra (1977); Naimuddin (1977); Prasad (1977); Ranadive (1977); Roy (1977); Roychowdhury (1977); and Shammugasundaram (1977).

216 Notes

8 The Three Ricardos

1. See also Baumol (2001); Bell (1907); De Brunhoff (1973); De Vivo (1982, 1984); Garegnani (1984); Gordon (1983); Henry ( 1982– 3); Hollander (2000); Hunt (1977); King (1979); Kurz (1998); Kurz and Mongiovi (2002); Napoleoni (1975); Oakley (1985); Pasinetti (1982); Pilling (1972); Reich (1980); Steedman (1982); Tucker (1961); and Wolff, Callari and Roberts (1984).

2. See also Bell (1907); Berg (1981); Casarosa (1974, 1978, 1982, 1985); Forget (1990); Forget and Peart (2001); Garegnani (1982, 1983a, 1983b); Gibbard (1994); Gordon (1983); Grampp (1981); Groenewegen (1995); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d, 1983b, 1990b, 1995, 1998, 2000 2007); Kurz and Salvadori (1992, 1998a); Lapidus and Sigot (2001); Maneschi (1992b); Mongiovi (1994); Morishima (1989); Moss (1979, 1982); O’Brien (1981, 1982); Peach (1981, 1986a, 1988, 1990, 2001); Porta (1985); Roncaglia (1982a, 1982b); Samuelson (1980); Stigler (1981, 1990); Thweatt (1980); Tosato (1985); Witztum (1990); Young ( 1982– 3).

3. See also Bharadwaj (1983a, 1983b, 1988, 1989); Bidard (2011); Blaug (2002); Ciccone, Gehrke and Mongiovi (2011); De Vivo (1996); Dmitriev (1974); Eatwell (1975); Faccarello (1982); Findlay (1974); Forget (1990); Garegnani (1982, 1983a, 1983b, 2007a, 2007b); Gehrke and Kurz (2006); Hicks (1985); Hollander (2011b); Howard (1981); Kurz (1994); Kurz and Salvadori (1995, 1998b, 2003, 2010a, 2010b); Langer (1982); Mongiovi (1994, 2002); Ong (1983); Parinello (2010); Peach (1988, 1998); Porta (1998, 2001); Prasad (1977); Ramana (1957); Roychowdhury (1977); Shammugasundaram (1977); Steedman and Metcalfe (1985); Stigler (1953); Tosato (1985); Whitaker (1989).

4. For a selection of Ricardian trade models in a Sraffian vein, see Burgstaller (1985, 1986, 1987); Kurz and Salvadori (2010a); Maneschi (1998); Parinello (2010); Steedman and Metcalfe (1985).

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248

Aldrich, John 85–6, 94Akhtar, M.A. 109Andrews, David 181Anne, Princess 6Arnon, Arie 148–9Ashley, William James 170, 171Aspland, Robert 31Attwood, Thomas 149

Bagehot, Walter 37Bailey, Samuel 162, 168, 169Baiman, Ron 106Barro, Robert J. 139Barton, John 126Bastiat, Frédéric 166Bayle, Pierre 33Beaufort, Duke of 42Bell, Spurgeon 175Belsham, Thomas 31, 42Bentham, Jeremy 32–3, 44, 51,

121–2, 160, 175Berkeley, George 33Black, John 12Blake, William 143Blaug, Mark 37, 108, 152, 163, 166,

167–8Bloomfield, Arthur 95–6Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von 173,

176, 195Bonar, James 170Bordo, Michael 133–4, 144Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von 195, 205Bosanquet, Charles 40Boyer, George 152Bray, John Francis 164Brougham, Henry 36Buchanan, James 95, 139Burke, Edmund 20Buxton, F. 35

Cannan, Edwin 200Carey, Henry 163, 166, 197Carlile, Mary Ann 32

Carlyle, Thomas 10Casarosa, Carlo 184Cassel, Gustav 173Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet 163Cherbuliez, Antoine 189Chandos, Duke of 22Checkland, S.G. 11, 167Chipman, John 85, 93–4Clark, John Bates 173, 198, 211Clutterbuck, Thomas (son-in-law of

David Ricardo) 12Cobbett, William 9, 14, 22, 26, 46–7,

163, 164Cobden, Richard 93Colquhoun, Patrick 19Courtauld, Samuel 6

Danielson, N.F. 187Darwin, Erasmus 31Davis, Timothy 6, 107, 108, 114–15,

118–19, 148, 149, 150Delvalle, Abigail (mother of David

Ricardo) 2–3De Brunhoff, Suzanne 192–3De Quincey, Thomas 168De Vivo, Giancarlo 193, 207De Viti Di Marco, Antonio 139Descartes, René 34Diamond, Jared 184Diehl, Karl 175Dietzel, Heinrich 175Dixon, William 44Dmitriev, V.K. 205Dobb, Maurice 53, 56, 61,

73–4, 77, 162, 166–7, 169–70, 192, 205

Duffield, John 106

Edmonds, Thomas Rowe 164Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro 141Edgeworth, Maria 4, 10, 33Eltis, Walter 72, 109, 119, 128Emmanuel, Arghiri 82, 104

Name Index

Name Index 249

Essex, Lord 8Evans, David 95, 96, 102, 104

Falvey, Rod 94Fellner, William W.J. 38, 130, 177–8Fetter, Frank W. 10Feuerbach, Ludwig 186Finch, Francis 92, 157Fogarty, Michael P. 178Folbre, Nancy 48, 103Foster, Thomas 31Fourier, Charles 186Fox, Henry 22Foxwell, Herbert 174, 198Franklin, Benjamin 31

Galileo Galilei 34Garegnani, Pierangelo 113, 114, 200Gehrke, Christian 183George, Henry 138, 163, 173–4Ghosh, R.N. 183Goldsmith, Oliver 152Gomes, Leonard 96, 100, 147–8, 150Gonner, E.C.K. 38, 52, 54–5, 170,

171–2, 173Gray, John 164Green, Roy 119, 123–4, 124–5Gregory, T.E. 53Greville, William 50Groenewegen, Peter D. 204Gudeman, Steven 34Guillebaud, Claud W. 1, 198

Halévy, Elie 42Hall, Charles 164Hall, Peter A. 105Hancké, Bob 105Harris, Ron 20–1Hartwell, Max 40, 54–5, 178–9Haswell, Patricia 127Hayek, Friedrich A. von 141, 176Hayter, Theresa 103Heertje, Arnold 34, 54Hegel, Georg Wilhelm

Friedrich 108, 186Held, Adolf 173Henry, John F. 200Hicks, J.R. 66, 130, 184Hilton, Boyd 92–3

Hobhouse, John Cam 46Hodgkin, Thomas 164, 165Holland, Lord 8Hollander, Jacob 121, 170, 175, 200Hollander, Samuel 50–1, 99, 184,

199, 201, 202, 206, 208Horner, Francis 122, 143Horton, Wilmot 155Howard, Michael C. 204–5, 209Hume, David 33, 120, 123, 140,

160, 183Hume, Joseph 12Humphrey, Thomas 148Huskisson, William 12, 50, 143Hutcheson, Alexander 140Hutchison, Terence W. 38, 39, 43,

71, 158, 168, 172–3, 180, 186, 187, 198, 200, 208

Ingham, John Kells 173

Jevons, William Stanley 170, 172, 173, 195

Johnson, Harry G. 94Jones, Richard 167, 168, 169, 189Joplin, Thomas 128

Kaldor, Nicholas 1, 65–6, 176, 182, 212

Kates, Steven 112Kennedy, Charles G. 130Kent, Duke of 48Keynes, John Maynard 1, 2, 53, 97,

120–1, 141, 167, 176, 179, 180–1, 186, 195

Keynes, John Neville 41King, Lord 143Kolb, E.R. 108Kolthammer, F.W. 38, 170, 171–2Krugman, Paul 94, 104–5, 131Kunatt, Stanislaw 11, 161Kurz, Heinz D. 36, 40–1, 175,

183, 203

Laidler, David 125, 150Lassalle, Ferdinand 164Lauderdale, Earl of 76Leacock, Stephen 130Lederer, Emil 129

250 Name Index

Levine, David 40, 113Lewis, W. Arthur 185Lindsay, James 31List, Friedrich 175, 182Liverpool, Lord 121Lloyd, William Forster 162, 168Locke, John 32, 33, 121, 164Longfield, Samuel Mountifort 162,

163, 166, 168, 169

Macleod, Henry Dunning 195Mainwaring, Lynn 96Maital, Shlomo 127Mallet, John Lewis 5, 9, 168Mallet, Louis 173Malthus, Thomas Robert

on agriculture 89–90on the contradictions of

capitalism 113criticized by Ricardo 35, 52, 53,

57, 59, 79and environmental economics 184on ‘general gluts’ 114–15, 116–17,

119, 120, 162influence on Ricardo 50and Keynes 114–15, 180–1on machinery 128money, theory of 143methodology of 35on the Poor Laws 153on population 163on the rate of profit 110rent, theory of 61, 71Ricardian Socialists, hostility

of 165on Say’s Law 114–15, 116–17, 119,

120, 162value, theory of 79other references 6, 8, 46, 58, 60,

67, 68, 69, 122, 140, 144, 154, 155, 169, 171, 176, 187, 206, 209

Maneschi, Andrea 94–5, 96, 100, 105Mann, Michael 13–14, 18–19, 20,

25–6, 26–8Marcuzzo, Cristina 124, 150Marshall, Alfred 1, 36–7, 171,

173, 185, 186, 193, 194–8, 199, 203, 211

Marshall, Mary Paley 198

Marx, Karl 1, 6, 25, 50, 97, 104, 108, 119, 122, 125, 129, 158, 163, 170, 175, 179, 185, 186–94, 196, 202, 205, 211, 212

Massie, Joseph 19McCulloch, J.R. 36, 54, 61, 100, 109,

111, 117, 128, 140, 145, 157, 161–2, 165, 167, 168, 170, 174, 187, 200, 201

Meek, Ronald L. 113, 165–6, 192, 212Menger, Anton 173Menger, Carl 173, 195Meoqui, Jorge Morales 96, 106Milberg, William 97Milgate, Murray 42–3, 158Mill, James 10, 12, 32, 33, 35, 39,

42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 53, 61, 73, 80, 85, 86, 109, 112, 116, 121, 165, 168, 187

Mill, John Stuart 85, 98, 112, 117, 128, 129, 140, 166, 168, 169, 172, 174, 179, 194, 200

Mitchell, Wesley C. 37, 175, 184Mokyr, Joel 23, 24, 25, 26, 88–9,

151, 152, 157Montesqieu, Baron Charles de

Secondat 44Morishima, Michio 130, 186,

199–200Motley, B. 139

Negishi, Takashi 98, 100, 130

O’Brien, Denis P. 1–2, 39, 50, 74, 77, 78, 125, 128–9, 130, 167, 168, 169

O’Brien, Patrick K. 24–5O’Driscoll, Gerald 139Owen, Robert 6, 32, 48–9, 111, 156

Pareto, Vilfredo 173Pasinetti, Luigi L. 67, 206Peach, Terry 43–4, 74, 115, 119–20,

166, 206, 208Peake, Charles 120–1Peel, Robert 93Pennington, James 98Perceval, Spencer 146Pigou, A.C. 141Pilling, Geoffrey 192

Name Index 251

Pitt, William the Elder 23Place, Francis 47, 111, 154, 155Plant, Arnold 86Portarlington, Lord 7Porter, George 163Priestley, Joseph 31Pullen, John 86

Ramsay, Sir George 189Ranelagh, Earl of 22Ravenstone, Piercy 164Read, Samuel 162, 163, 166Reich, Michael 163Riazanov, David 170Ricardo, Abraham (father of

David) 2–5, 12, 17Ricardo, Daniel (brother of David) 5Ricardo, David

Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value (1823) 53, 79, 191

abstract theory in 34–41, 51, 108, 161–2

on accumulation of capital 62, 97, 110, 134

on the Adding-Up Theory of value of Adam Smith 77–8, 80

on agricultural improvements 68–9, 88–90, 197

on agriculture 57, 58, 59–69Ashley on 171Austrian economists on 175–6Bagehot on 61on the Bank of England 9, 40,

127, 144–50on banking 124–5and the bullion controversy 127,

143–4business activities of 5–6on the business cycle 118–20on capital and value 63, 74on capital accumulation 62–3,

110, 134on the capital levy 36, 133, 139,

140–1on central bank

independence 142, 146–9, 211character of 19–21on charity 155children of 7

on circulating capital 74, 75–6as a classical liberal 157–9club memberships of 8–9Cobbett and 9, 26, 46–7, 73, 163–4on colonies 48, 101on the Combination Acts 157on comparative advantage 94,

96–7, 106on the Corn Laws 81, 88–93, 108on contraception 154corn model of 54, 73, 178, 210correspondence of 53–4on counter-cyclical government

spending 140on counter-cyclical monetary

policy 142on credit money 124–5critics of 162–70, 172–6, 180–2death of 11–12and development economics 184–5on diminishing returns in

agriculture 58, 210distribution theory of 35, 52,

56–69, 80, 181, 209on the durability of capital 74, 76on economic crises 118–20on economic growth 57–8, 70,

108–12on economic policy 132–59education of 4, 32on emigration 155Essay on Profits (1815) 51, 61, 69,

77, 89, 110, 177, 206, 208, 212on the falling rate of profit 58,

59, 110family of 2–3, 4–5Fellner on 177–8on fiscal policy 133–42, 184on fixed capital 74, 76Fogarty on 178on free trade 34–5, 40, 58, 68, 72,

81, 90–3on full employment of labour 118Funding System (1820) 135on the gains from trade 98on general gluts 112–20Germany, reaction to in 174,

175, 183on gold, value of 78–9, 122–3

252 Name Index

Ricardo, David – continuedGonner on 38, 52, 54–5, 170,

171, 175Grand Tour of 1822 11on the gross product 129Hartwell on 40, 54–5, 178–9Henry on 200The High Price of Bullion 121on hoarding 124Hollander, Samuel on 199, 201on the incidence of taxation

136–7, 138on India 48on inflation 40, 122, 145influences on political economy

of 49–50ingot plan 144invariable measure of value 78,

80, 205on Ireland 48, 128Jewish heritage of 2, 30, 34, 36–7Kaldor on 1, 65–6, 176, 182, 212Kolthammer on 38, 170, 171–2and labour theory of value 74–80,

94, 200land ownership of 6on land-saving technical

progress 68–9on landlords 67–9, 112on laissez-faire 157–9liberalism of 42, 157–9on luxury goods 87, 192, 204on machinery 92, 99, 126–31,

156macroeconomics of 107–31, 184and Malthus 35, 50, 52, 59, 79,

180–1and marginalism 172–4marriage of 4, 13Marshall on 36–7, 194–8Marx on 186–94McCulloch on 161–2, 165method of 30, 34–41, 108Mitchell on 37, 184on monetary policy 58, 142–50on money 78–9, 107, 113, 115,

120–5Mongiovi on 208–9Morishima on 199–200

on the national debt 40and neoclassical economics 172–3,

194–201and the neutrality of money 122, 125‘new view’ of Ricardo’s

macroeconomics 107‘new view’ of Ricardo’s

politics 42–4‘new view’ of Ricardo on

wages 108–9, 208Notes on Bentham (1810–11) 121–2obituaries 24old age of 21–2on Old Corruption 135optimism of 109–10, 199output, theory of 113–14pamphlets of 51–3Papers on the Currency Question 170on the ‘paradox of value’ 75in Parliament 7–8, 42, 44–5, 48–9,

53, 91–2personality of 9–10pessimism of 71, 108–9, 111–12and philosophy 33–4political career of 7–8on political economy as a

science 34–5on political reform 43–8political views of 42–9politics of trade, neglect of 100–4on the Poor Laws 44, 47, 110,

151–5, 158on population growth 50, 71, 153–4on poverty 151–7as a ‘practical economist’ 40, 210on price and value 73Principles of Economics 51–5, 56,

61, 70, 72–3, 87, 89, 91, 97, 100–1, 107, 109–10, 115, 121, 126–7, 134–5, 146, 149, 154, 160–2, 170–2, 177–8, 183–4, 189, 191, 197, 200, 207, 212

on profits 35, 52, 56, 58, 58–69, 162–3, 192, 193, 201

Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency (1816) 144

Protection to Agriculture (1822) 91–2on the quantity theory of

money 122, 125, 147–8

Name Index 253

on the rate of profit 58–69, 83, 97, 120, 187, 190

on the rate of interest 110, 120, 123–4

religious beliefs of 30–2on rent 35, 38, 52, 56, 58–69, 78,

163, 192, 197, 205and ‘Ricardian equivalence’

138–40, 211Roncaglia on 200–1rural life of 15–16on Say’s Law 49, 112–20, 123,

132, 210Schumpeter on 39, 41, 63, 172,

186–7scientific interests of 17–18, 53–4Second Letter on the Bullion Report

(1810) 123on the Silk Manufacture Bill

(1823) 156Sinking Fund (1820) 134, 135on slavery 48Smith, influence of 49–50on social policy 151–7on socialism 48–9, 111Sraffa on 177, 200, 201–9on the stationary state 108–12, 181style of 34–41, 52, 196–7and supply and demand 75–6,

171, 196, 199, 201, 209and surplus approach to

economics 201on surplus product 60, 62, 63, 67,

70, 127, 185on taxation 52, 70, 72, 133–42on technical progress 68–9theory of distribution 35, 52,

56–69, 80theory of value 72–80Three Letters on the Bullion Report

(1810) 144on tithes 91, 137on trade theory 81–8, 93–100, 171on trade unions 157on truck system 156United States, reaction to in 174–5Utilitarianism and 5, 33on utility and value 73, 75, 80, 211on unemployment 118, 126–31

Unitarian beliefs of 31on unproductive

consumption 171on the usury laws 157on value theory 56, 72–80, 83, 94,

162, 177, 178–9, 195, 205, 211–12vision of 29–34on wage-fixing by magistrates 156on wages 35, 52, 60, 62, 69–72,

108–9, 156–7, 191, 197, 199, 20, 208

on war finance 137wealth of 6–7Winch on 179–80on women 48Works of 49–55, 79, 177, 180

Ricardo, David Jr (son of David) 7Ricardo, Henrietta (daughter of

David) 12Ricardo, Jacob Israel (grandfather of

David) 2Ricardo, Mortimer (son of David) 7Ricardo, Moses (brother of

David) 3–11, 30Ricardo, Osman (son of David) 7Ricardo, Priscilla (née Wilkinson; wife

of David) 4, 6, 11Ricardo, Raphael or Ralph (brother of

David) 3, 5Ricardo, Samson (brother of

David) 146Richardson, J.R. 86–7Robbins, Lionel 41, 158–9, 160–1Robinson, Joan 87, 102, 112, 181Rodbertus, Johann Karl 174, 175, 193Roncaglia, Alessandro 109, 200–1,

202–3Roscher, Wilhelm 163, 175Rosselli, Annalisa 124, 150Rothschild, Nathan Mayer 6Ruskin, John 10Russell, Lord John 44

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri 186Samuelson, Paul A. 67, 130Say, J.B. 49, 54, 73, 76, 112, 115,

116, 123, 137, 138, 146Sayers, Richard S. 40, 123, 124, 147,

149–50

254 Name Index

Schäffle, Albert 174Schmoller, Gustav 175Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 29, 39, 41,

172, 174–5,186–7, 211Scrope, George Poulett 162, 163,

166, 169Seligman, E.R.A. 175Senior, Nassau 162, 168, 169, 178Shaikh, Anwar 106Shoup, Carl 134, 138, 158Sideri, S. 103Sieber, N.I. 170, 187Silberling, Norman J. 9Sinclair, Sir John 139Sismondi, J.C.L. Simonde de 49, 52,

112, 117, 138Smith, Adam

on colonies 101–2criticized by Ricardo 52, 60, 78,

80, 84on free trade 90, 99influence of 49–50, 168, 170money, theory of 121, 143on the rate of interest 120on the ‘paradox of value’ 73religious beliefs of 4rent, theory of 60, 69, 84on taxation 72, 134, 136, 137trade, theory of 94–5, 105on wages 70, 197value, theory of 60, 73, 75, 76, 78,

80, 192, 204other references 1, 160, 164, 169,

171, 179, 183, 186, 187, 201, 211Smith, Matthew 114, 125Smith, Thomas 115Solly, Edward 91Soskice, David 105Sraffa, Piero 2, 5, 31, 32, 36, 46,

53–4, 58, 60, 61, 70, 85, 113, 160, 177, 179, 185, 186, 193, 198, 200, 201–9, 211

Steuart, Sir James 49, 121Stigler, George J. 54, 77, 109, 200Stimson, Shannon 42–3, 158

Taussig, Frank 175Thompson, Thomas Perronet 163Thompson, William 164–5

Thornton, Henry 120, 121, 143, 144, 150

Thünen, Johann Heinrich von 203Thweatt, William 85, 108Tierney, George 145Tooke, Thomas 125Torrens, Robert 60, 84–5, 86, 87,

128, 162, 165, 203, 207Tozer, John 67Trower, Hutches 35, 42, 45, 46–7,

54, 59, 135, 154, 155Tucker, G.L.S. 58–9, 193Turgot, Jacques 49

Uchiyama, Takashi 130–1

Viner, Jacob 96

Wagner, Adolf 174, 175, 187, 198Walpole, Robert 22, 23Walras, Léon 41, 170, 173, 195,

199, 211Walsh, Vivian C. 88Watson, Richard (Bishop of

Llandaff) 140Watt, James 31Weatherall, David 10Wedgwood, Josiah 31West, Edward G. 60, 61, 171Weizsäcker, Carl Christian von 130Whately, Richard 162, 166Wheatley, John 121, 143Whewell, William 67White, Eugene 133–4, 144Wicksell, Knut 41, 129–30, 173Wicksteed, Philip 172Wieser, Friedrich von 173, 195Wilberforce, William 23Wilkinson, Priscilla Ann (wife of

David Ricardo) see Ricardo, Priscilla

Williams, John 94, 97–8Winch, Donald 169, 179–80Wright, Robert E. 183Wrigley, E.A. 153

Yoon, Y.J. 95

Ziber, N.I. 170, 187

255

Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value, by David Ricardo 53, 79, 191

absolute advantage 96–7abstraction, Ricardo’s use of 34–41,

51, 108, 161–2, 189acceleration principle 176accumulation of capital 62–3, 97,

110, 134Act of Resumption (1819) 149Adding-Up Theory of value, of Adam

Smith 77–8, 80, 192agriculture 15, 17–18, 29–30, 57–69

88–9, 92–3, 184agriculture, improvements in 68–9,

89–90, 110, 197Anti-Corn Law League 72, 167anti-Ricardians 163, 165–6anti-Semitism 47aristocracy, English 17, 19armaments, production of 194Austrian economists on

Ricardo 175–6

Bank Charter Act (1844) 150Bank of England 9, 26, 40, 127, 133,

142, 144–50banking, central 144–50banking, commercial 124–5‘Banking School’ 150Brooks’ Club 18bullion controversy 127, 142–3‘Bullionists’ 125business cycle, theory of 118–20,

176, 190

Capital, by Karl Marx 1, 18, 179, 188, 212

capital, accumulation of 62, 97, 110, 134

capital, circulating 74, 75–6, 129capital, durability of 74, 76capital, fixed 74, 76, 129

capital, organic composition of 129, 191–2

capital, theory of 190capital levy 36, 133, 138, 140–1capital-using technical change 131capitalism, English 13, 29–30central banks, independence of 142,

146–9, 211Chambers Encyclopaedia 65charity, Ricardo on 155Chartists 164China 103circulating capital 74, 76class conflict 174, 187class structure, English 13, 17–18,

25–6, 29–30classical dichotomy 124classical liberalism 157–9classical political economy 1–2, 39,

49–50, 158–9, 160–1, 186, 189, 203colonies, Ricardo on 48colonial trade 101Combination Acts (1799, 1800)

157, 165Commons, House of 19–20, 42comparative advantage 94, 96–7,

106, 175Commerce Defended by James Mill 85Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx

and Friedrich Engels 25conflict, social 174, 187contraception 154contradictions of capitalism 113convertibility of banknotes 143,

144, 149Coordinated Market Economies

105–6Corn Laws 59, 72, 81, 88–93, 108,

163, 167–8, 182corn model 73, 178, 203–4, 206, 210counter-cyclical government

spending 140credit money 124–5

Subject Index

256 Subject Index

crises, economic 118–20Critical Dissertation on Value, A,

by S. Bailey 162Critique of Political Economy,

by Karl Marx 188, 190–2crowding-out hypothesis 140‘Currency School’ 150

debt, government 133, 141–2debt, international 100–4, 106deceleration principle 176‘deduction theory’ of profits

(Adam Smith) 60 demand, role of in value theory

195–6, 201dependence, international 100–4, 106Der isolierte Staat, by J.H. von

Thünen 203development economics 184–5diminishing returns in

agriculture 58, 166, 178, 182, 185, 210

distribution, theory of 56–69, 80, 173, 209

durability of capital 74, 76

Eclectic Review 85Économie Politique, Traité de,

by J.-B. Say 115economic crises 118–20, 164economic growth 57–8, 100economic nationalism 163Elements of Political Economy,

by James Mill 85enclosures 17–18, 30, 158emigration 155empiricism 192England

agriculture in 15, 17–18, 29–30, 89–90

aristocracy in 17, 19class structure of 13, 17–18, 25–6,

29–30economy of 12–16, 118–19,

209–10hours of work in 16industrialization of 13, 15inflation in 23–4land, ownership of 16–18

politics in 19–28population of 12–13, 14, 29social structure of 16–19, 25–6state, economic role of 20–2, 23–4taxation, incidence of 24–5, 133trade of 15urbanization of 13wages, real 15–16, 108war finance in 133–4wealth, distribution of 16

Enlightenment liberalism 25, 27, 42, 50

environmental economics 179, 184Essay on the External Corn Trade by

Robert Torrens 89, 207Essay on Profits (1815), by David

Ricardo 51, 61, 69, 77, 89, 110, 177, 206, 208, 212

Essays in Biography, by J.M. Keynes 180

Evangelicals 22, 50exploitation 165exploitation, international 103export subsidies 89extensive margin of cultivation 60, 69

falling rate of profit 58–9, 110, 187, 190

fictitious capital 212fiscal policy 133–42, 184fixed capital 74, 76food riots 71–2, 151France 133–4free trade 58, 68, 90–3, 102–3, 108,

167, 175, 182, 183French Revolution 22, 27, 133–4, 157full employment 97, 118Funding System, by David Ricardo

53, 135

gains from trade 98, 100–1see also unequal exchange

Gatcomb(e) Park 6General Theory of Employment, Interest

and Money by J.M. Keynes 1, 112, 180, 186, 212

general equilibrium 199general gluts 112–20, 167Geological Society of London 8

Subject Index 257

Germany, attitudes to Ricardo in 174–5, 183

globalization 106Glorious Revolution of (1688) 19, 22gold, value of 78–9, 122–3 Gold Standard 118, 149gross product 62growth, economic 57–8, 100, 108–12Grundrisse, by Karl Marx 188

harmony of interests 166High Price of Bullion, by David

Ricardo 51Historical School 175History of Economic Analysis, by Joseph

Schumpeter 29, 172hoarding 124hours of work 16House of Commons 19–20, 42House of Lords 19

imperialism 102incidence of taxation 136–7, 138independent central banks 142,

146–9, 211India 48, 103Industrial Revolution 15 industrialization, of England 13, 15Inquiry into the Principles of

Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness, by William Thompson 164–5

inflation 143, 145, 147ingot plan 144Inquiry Into Rent, by Robert

Malthus 60institutional economics 175intellectual property 212intensive margin of cultivation 60, 69interest, rate of 60, 89, 101, 120,

123–4international capital

movements 97–8Interpreting Ricardo, by Terry

Peach 208invariable measure of value 78,

80, 208investment 113–14Ireland 48, 128

Japan, study of Ricardo in 9Jevonian revolution 162Jews in England 2–3, 30Jewish heritage of Ricardo 2, 30,

34, 36–7joint production 295Journal of a Tour, by David

Ricardo 11Just Wage, The, by M.P. Fogarty 178

Keynesian revolution 112, 180–2, 184

‘King of Clubs’ 8

labour commanded 76labour embodied 76labour market, regulation of 155–7labour theory of value 74–80, 94,

165, 169–70, 179, 191–2, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206

labour-saving technical change 68laissez-faire 25–6, 157–9, 172

see also liberalismland, ownership of in

England 16–18land-saving technical change 68landlords, Ricardo on 67–9, 112Laws of Interchange between Nations,

On the by J.S. Mill 85Lectures on Political Economy,

by K. Wicksell 173lender of last resort 148, 150Liberal Market Economies 105–6liberalism 25–6, 42, 157–9London 14London Institution 8long-period positions 202Lords, House of 19Luddites 127luxury goods 87, 192, 204

machinery, effects of 126–31, 156machinery, export of 99Macmillan Committee 97marginal productivity theory of

distribution 173marginalist revolution 172–4Marxism 186–94, 200, 202mathematical economics 67, 199

258 Subject Index

mercantilism 95, 103Methodenstreit 174Methuen Treaty (1703) 103monetary policy 58, 121, 142–50money, theory of 107, 120–5, 184monopoly price 76Mont Pèlerin Society 152

Napoleonic Wars 23–4, 89, 90, 133, 178

national debt 133, 141–2nationalism, economic 163‘natural’ and ‘market’ price 75, 80 natural laws 33–4natural rate of interest 124Navigation Acts 88neoclassical economics 172–4, 192,

194–201, 202, 204, 211neoliberalism 183net product 62neutrality of money 113, 120, 122,

125, 148New Classical economics 133New International Division of

labour 106New Poor Law (1834) 227‘New Trade Theory’ 95, 96, 104–5‘new view’ of Ricardo’s

macroeconomics 107‘new view’ of Ricardo’s

politics 68–70‘new view’ of Ricardo’s theory of

wages 108–9, 208Notes on Bentham, by David

Ricardo 121–2Notes on Malthus, by David

Ricardo 121–2numerical examples, Ricardo’s use of

52–3, 61–5, 77

Observations on the Conditions of the Labouring Classes, by John Barton 126

Old Corruption 21–2, 29, 42, 47, 88–9, 135, 164, 210

Old Poor Law 152–4‘old regime’ 18, 26On Protection to Agriculture, by David

Ricardo 53

optimism, Ricardo’s 109–10, 199organic composition of capital 129,

191–2, 202output, theory of 113–14over-production see general gluts;

Say’s LawOwenites 165

Parliament, Ricardo in 42, 44–5, 48–9, 53, 91–2

Paper Credit, by Henry Thornton 121Papers on the Currency Question, by

David Ricardo 170paradox of value 75patronage, political 21–2period of production 74pessimism, Ricardo’s 71, 108–9, 112Peterloo massacre 47petite bourgeoisie 18–19, 27philosophy, Ricardo and 33–4‘physicalism’ in economic

theory 114, 204Plan for the Establishment of a

National Bank, A, by David Ricardo 53, 146–50

political economy see classical political economy

Political Economy Club 8, 165, 180political reform, Ricardo on 43–8politics, English 19–28Poor Laws 26, 44, 47, 151–5, 158population growth 12–13, 14, 29,

50, 70–1, 108, 153–4Portugal 83–4, 87, 98poverty, Ricardo on 151–7power relations, in international

trade 103–6‘practical economist’, Ricardo as 65price of labour see wagesPrinciples of Economics, by Alfred

Marshall 1, 194–8Principles of Economics, by David

Ricardo 1, 2, 51–5, 61, 70, 72–3, 87, 89, 91, 97, 100–1, 115, 121, 126–7, 146, 149, 154, 160–1, 161–2, 170–2, 177–80, 183–5, 189, 191, 197, 200

Principles of Economics, by Robert Malthus 5, 117

Subject Index 259

Principles of Economics, by J.S. Mill 128, 166, 194

Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, by Piero Sraffa 201, 203–5

Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency, by David Ricardo 53

profit, Ricardo on 56, 58–69, 162–3, 201

profit, rate of 58–69, 110, 120 123, 187, 190, 205–6, 207

profit, share of 65–6, 182

Quantity Theory of Money 107, 113, 122, 125, 147–8

radicalism 25–7rate of interest 60, 89, 101, 120,

123–4rate of profit 58–69, 83, 87, 120,

187, 190, 205–6, 207‘real bills’ doctrine 143Reform Act of 1832 19rent, theory of 56, 58–9, 163, 192,

197, 205rent, share of 6, 65–6Reply to Bosanquet, by David

Ricardo 40‘Ricardo effect’ 176‘Ricardian Equivalence’ 138–40,

184, 211Ricardian Socialists 164–5, 174‘Ricardian Vice’ 39Ricardo Society (Japan) 2Right to the Whole Produce of Labour,

by Anton Menger 174

saving 113–14Say’s Law 49, 112–20, 123, 125, 132,

167, 180–1, 190, 210Scottish Enlightenment 50Second Letter on the Bullion Report, by

David Ricardo 123Sephardic Jews 2–3, 8, 30Silk Manufacture Bill (1823) 35, 156Sinking Fund 40, 134, 135Sinking Fund by David Ricardo

135, 141Six Acts of 1819 47

slavery 48social policy, Ricardo on 151–7social structure, English 16–19, 25–6socialism 48–9, 111, 163, 164–5, 173–4specialization, degree of

international 99–100Speenhamland system 151Sraffian interpretation of

Ricardo 201–9standard commodity, Sraffian 204state, economic role of 20–2, 23–4static and dynamic trade theory

97, 105stationary state 67, 105–12, 166,

181, 182supply and demand 75–6, 80, 166,

170, 192, 194, 196, 199, 201, 209

surplus approach to economics 60, 201

surplus labour 245 284surplus product 60, 62, 63, 67, 70,

127, 185surplus value 188, 190

tariffs, British 88–9taxation 24–5, 72, 133–42technical change in agriculture 68–9‘technological gap’ theory of

trade 97terms of trade 98, 185Theories of Surplus Value, by Karl Marx

188Three Letters on the Bullion Report,

by David Ricardo 144tithes 91, 137trade, English 15, 93trade, theory of 81–8, 93–100, 171,

183, 204trade theory, static and dynamic 97trade unions 72, 157, 162transformation problem 192, 205truck system 156

underconsumption 117, 164, 167, 174unemployment 118, 126–31unequal exchange 104, 106Unitarians 5, 31United States 104, 174–5, 177, 183

260 Subject Index

unproductive consumption 171urbanization 13Utilitarianism 31, 33utility and the theory of value 73,

75, 80, 197, 206, 211

value, theory of 56, 72–80, 83, 94, 168, 173, 177, 178–9, 195, 205, 211–12

‘value in exchange’ 75‘value in use’ 75varieties of capitalism 105–6vulgar economy 163, 170

‘wages fund’ doctrine 71wage goods 137

wage-fixing, Ricardo on 156wages, international differences

in 104wages, theory of 69–72, 110, 137,

191, 197, 199, 201wages, ‘natural’ and ‘market’ 70wages, share of 65–6, 182war finance 133–4, 142wealth, distribution of 16Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith

1, 50, 70, 73, 179, 212‘welfare dependency’ 158women, Ricardo on 48–9Works of David Ricardo 53–4,

79, 180