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The Impact of the Internet on Research Universities
Examples from Distance Education & Digital Libraries
William Y. Arms
Department of Computer Science
Cornell University
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Universities and Cost
In 1978, a Cornell education cost one Chevrolet per year.
In 2001, a Cornell education costs one BMW per year.
Every year, costs have gone up faster than average income.
The costs of research universities are dominated by personnel.
Major reductions in unit costs require different use of personnel.
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Technology in Education and Distance Education
By creative use of technology:
Can we teach more students, to a high level, with less faculty per student?
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Technology in Education
Technology Example Date
History
Time sharing Dartmouth Basic 1964
Television Open University 1972
Personal computers Apple University Consortium 1984
Campus networks Carnegie Mellon Andrew 1986
Current
Internet Digital libraries 1991+
Web Distance learning 2000+
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Course Web Sites
One third of Cornell
courses have web sites
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eCornell
For profit, non-degree executive and professional courses
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Technology in Education and Distance Education
Question 1: Quality
Is it good education?
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Skepticism
In a recent survey by JSTOR of faculty in social sciences and humanities, only 17% thought that distance education was as good as conventional campus-based education.
(Preliminary data; please do not quote)
What is the evidence?
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Distance education: Students at home, with limited access to tutors, summer schools.
Technology used as appropriate: Printed materials, home experimental kits, videos, computing, etc.
Academic standards: Full degree programs, external control of quality.
Longevity: First students in 1972.
The British Open University
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• Currently 215,000 students.
• Over 2 million students since 1972.
• Ranked in the top 10% of all UK universities, for teaching quality.
[Ranked after Cambridge, York, Oxford, Imperial College, London School of Economics, Warwick, University College London, Durham and Sheffield.]
Higher Education Funding Council, 1997
The Open University
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Technology in Education and Distance Education
Question 2: Capital Intensive Education
What are the organizational options?
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Capital Intensive Education
Conventional course:
• Major cost is faculty time.
• Costs are repeated every year.
Technology in education and distance education:
• Course materials are a major expense.
• Marginal cost of delivering course is low.
Consequences:
• Economies of scale
• Universities need access to capital
• Course materials are an asset
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Columbia UniversityCambridge University Press
London School of EconomicsNew York Public Library
University of ChicagoUniversity of Michigan
British LibraryAmerican Film Institute
RANDWoods Hole
Victoria and Albert MuseumScience Museum
Natural History Museum
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Technology in Education and Distance Education
Question 3: Ownership and Intellectual Property
If course materials are assets, who owns them?
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Recommendations of a Cornell Committee
1. The university policies on intellectual property should be independent of the media in which ideas are expressed.
2. Creators of works should have control over the intellectual output resulting from their research, teaching, and writing.
3. When there are multiple creators of an individual work, the control should be shared among the creators.
4. When the university contributes substantial resources to the development of specific materials, it has a right to share in the control and returns.
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MIT to make nearly all course materials available free on the World Wide Web
Unprecedented step challenges 'privatization of knowledge'
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- MIT President Charles M. Vest has announced that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology will make the materials for nearly all its courses freely available on the Internet over the next ten years. He made the announcement about the new program, known as MIT OpenCourseWare (MITOCW), at a press conference at MIT on Wednesday, April 4th.
MIT Press Release, April 4, 2001
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Digital Libraries
By creative use of technology:
Can we build libraries that are of high quality at much lower costs?
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Research Libraries are Expensive
library materials
buildings & facilities
staff
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The Open Access Web
Before the web
• Few people had access to scientific, medical, legal information
With the web
• Much high quality information is available with open access• Free services organize this information and provide access to it
"Please can I use the web? I don't do libraries." Anonymous Cornell student, circa 1996.
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computers & networks
The Potential of Digital Libraries
materials
open access
staff
?
staff
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Digital Libraries
Question 1: Economic Models for Open Access
Who pays for open access?
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A False Assumption
Incorrect thinking
The only incentive for creating information is to make money -- royalties to authors and profits for publishers
Correct thinking
Many creators do not require revenue
• Marketing and promotion • Government information • Academic research
They want their materials to be used
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Old New
Books in Print (subscription) Amazon.com (advertising)
Medline (pay-by-use) Grateful Med (external)
Journal (subscription) ePrint archives (external)
Westlaw (pay-by-use) Legal Information Institute (external)
Inspec (subscription) Google (advertising)
Examples
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Before You Ask ...
• The open access information is sometimes a poor substitute
• Much good information is not available with open access
But every year the proportion of important information that is available with open
access increases
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Open Letter
We support the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form. Establishment of this public library would vastly increase the accessibility and utility of the scientific literature, enhance scientific productivity, and catalyze integration of the disparate communities of knowledge and ideas in biomedical sciences.
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Hypotheses for Scholarly Information
The dominant force is author pressure, which emphasizes open access rather than closed access.
1. A mixture of economic models will coexist.
2. Eventually, we will have open access to most scientific and professional information.
3. The most common economic model will be that information is published by the producing organization.
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Digital Libraries
Question 2: Quality
What are the alternatives to peer review?
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Observations about Peer Review
At its best, it is superb.
At its worst, it validates junk.
Some topics can be reviewed from a paper, e.g., mathematics.
Some topics cannot be reviewed from a paper, e.g., computer systems.
"Whatever you do, write a paper. Some journal will publish it." Advice to young faculty member, University of Sussex, 1969.
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How can readers recognize good quality materials?
How can publishers maintain high standards and let readers know?
How can a scientist build a reputation outside the traditional peer-reviewed journals?
A sample of one: William Y. Arms
Quality without Peer Review
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Digital Libraries
Question 3: Brute Force Computing
How far can computers be used for the skilled tasks of professional librarianship?
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Brute Force Computing
Few people really understand Moore's Law
-- Computing power doubles every 18 months
-- Increases 100 times in 10 years
-- Increases 10,000 times in 20 years
Simple algorithms + immense computing powermay outperform human intelligence
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Brute Force Computing
Example
Creators of the world champion chess program (Deep Thought later Deep Blue)
-- moderate chess players
-- simple tree-search algorithm
-- very, very fast computer hardware
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Example: Catalogs and Indexes
Catalog, index and abstracting records are very expensive when created by skilled professionals
-- only available for certain categories of material (e.g., monographs, scientific journals)
-- contain limited fields of information (e.g., no contents page)
-- restricted to static information
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Equivalent Services
Information discovery
I used to be a heavy user of Inspec. Now I use Google instead.
Why are web search services the most widely used information discovery tools in universities today?
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Thinking out of the Box
For information discovery, particularly with untrained users:
automated indexing of full text
is at least as effective as
manually produced indexes and catalogs
[Demonstrated repeatedly in experiments going back to the original Cranfield experiments.]
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Digital Libraries
Question 4: Automated Digital Libraries
What is the state of the art in automated digital libraries?
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Automatic indexing Lycos, Infoseek, Altavista, Google, ...
Query matching Vector methods (Salton)
Ranking importance Google (Page and Brin)
Archiving Internet Archive (Kahle)
Collection development ResearchIndex (Lawrence)
Metadata extraction Informedia (Wactlar)
Automated Digital Libraries: Examples
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Digital Libraries
Question 5: A National Science Library (NSDL)
Can we build a very low cost national science library using the methods of automated digital libraries?
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One of Six Core One of Six Core Integration Integration
Demonstration Projects Demonstration Projects for the NSDLfor the NSDL
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How Big might the NSDL be?
The NSDL aims to be comprehensive -- all branches of science, all levels of education, very broadly defined.
Five year targets:
1,000,000 different users
10,000,000 digital objects
100,000 independent sites
Requires: low-cost, scalable, technology automated collection building and maintenance
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Levels of Interoperability:Metadata Harvesting
Agreements on simple protocol and metadata standard(s)
Example:
Metadata harvesting protocol of the Open Archives Initiative (MHP)
• Moderate-quality services
• Low cost of entry to participating sites
Moderately large numbers of loosely collaborating sites
Promising but still an emerging approach
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Levels of Interoperability:Gathering
Robots gather collections automatically with no participation from individual sites
Examples:
Web search services (e.g., Google)
CiteSeer (a.k.a. ResearchIndex)
• Restricted but useful services
• Zero cost of entry to gathered sites
Very large numbers of independent sites
Only suitable for open access collections
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Technology Demonstrations
1. One Library, Many Portals
2. Coherent Services across Heterogeneous Collections
3. Easy Integration of Participating Collections
4. Variable Levels for Integrating Collections
5. Tools to Create New Collections
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Some Light Reading
William Y. Arms, "Automated digital libraries." D-Lib Magazine, July/August 2000. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july20/07contents.html
William Y. Arms, "Economic models for open-access publishing." iMP, March 2000. http://www.cisp.org/imp/march_2000/03_00arms.htm