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The

GNU-Project

Payam Pirghaibi

The GNU-Project

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• What is GNU?

• GPL/LGPL

• The History of GNU

• GNU/Linux

• Free Software Foundation and Open Source Initiative

• Advantages of Free Software

• Final remarks

The GNU-Project

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The GNU-Project

GNU is a Unix-compatible software system. It‘s source code is free for all

and is protected against transformation in commercial software by

General Public License.

„What is GNU? GNU’s Not Unix.”

What is GNU?

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• “Free Software“

• Free not in the sense of “no cost“ but in the sense of “freedom“

• “Free speech, not free beer“

The philosophy of the GNU-Project

The GNU-Project

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The four gradations of freedom

• The freedom to use a software no matter for which purpose (freedom 0)

• The freedom to examine a software, to understand and to adapt it as one likes (freedom 1)

• The freedom to distribute copies of the software, to let friends participate and help (freedom 2)

• The freedom to improve and publish the software, so that everbody can profit from it (freedom 3)

The GNU-Project

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License-characteristic

Software-typ

Non-profitable Free distribution

Unlimited use Sourcecode available

Sourcecode modification

All divisions have to be free

No mixing with commercial software

commercial

(„Microsoft“)

Sample-software, shareware

(X) X

Freeware

(„Pegasus-Mail“) X X X

licensefree libraries X X X X

Free-Software

(BSD, NPL,…) X X X X X

Free Software

(GNU, LGPL) X X X X X X

Free Software

(GNU GPL) X X X X X X X

The GNU-Project

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GPL:

• Constructed and published in 1983 by Richard Stallman

• Garanties the freedom of the users while dealing with software

LGPL:

• Libraries

• Collection of functions

The GNU-Project

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Richard Matthew Stallman

The GNU-Project

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• Born in New York in 1953

• Founder of the GNU-Project

• The first president of the Free Software Foundation

• Prize winner of the MacArthur Fellowship, the Association of Computing Machinery’s Grace Murray Hopper Award

• Receiver of the Takeda Foundation Award

• Devoloper of gcc, GNU Emacs and many other elements of the GNU-Project

• “The true Hacker“

Richard Matthew Stallman

The GNU-Project

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Hacker or Cracker?

I am a hacker. With other words, I love to play about with computers, to work with clever computer programms, to understand and write them. I am not a cracker, I don‘t occupy myself with cracking security systems of computers. [...]Newspapers like your‘s [...] convey hacking means the cracking of security systems and nothing else. They bring hackers into disrepute [...].

Wall Street Journal 1984

The GNU-Project

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1969

- Stallman joins IBM

- Development of the first UNIX-Version by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie

1971

- Stallman changes to the Artificial Intelligence Lab of the MIT

„But by then it began to be something else because you weren't alone, there were a few other hackers there too, and so it became a social phenomenon. During the daytime if you came in, you could expect to find professors and students who didn't really love the machine, whereas if during the night you came in you would find hackers. Therefore hackers came in at night to be with their culture. And they developed other traditions such as getting Chinese food at three in the morning. And I remember many sunrises seen from a car coming back from Chinatown."

The time before GNU

The GNU-Project

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1975

- Development of the first Emacs-Version from Stallman as a macrocollection for the ITS-Editor TECO

- First PC on the market

1981

- The “community of hackers“ leaves the MIT

1982

- AI Lab changes to the DECs commercial operating system

- James Gosling writes the Gosling Emacs

1983

- AT&T commercializes the UNIX System as Closed Source

The time before GNU

The GNU-Project

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The beginning

The printer of the department was the release for the foundation of the GNU-Project

- Insufficient functionality of the printer software

- Not existing source codes

- Non-cooperative colleague in the company Xerox

The GNU-Project

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The beginning

The GNU-Project starts on September 17th. 1983

Aim of the project:

Creation of a free operating system in the sense of the “Software Sharing Community“ of the AI Lab. This means:

- To open the source codes

- The freedom to copy, to manipulate and to distribute the software

The GNU-Project

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The beginning1984

- Stallman leaves the MIT

- New Emacs-Version by Stallman

- Quarrel between Stallman and the company UniPress

1985

- Establishment of the Free Software Foundation

- GNU Manifesto

1986

- First version of the GNU General Public License

The GNU-Project

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The beginning1990

- An almost complete operating system

- Start of the GNU Hurd-Project for the development of the Kernel

1991

- Second version of the GNU General Public License

- First version of the GNU Lesser/Library General Public License

- Richard Stallman recieves the „Grace-Hopper-Award" of the Association for Computing Machinery for the development of the Emacs-Editor

- Linus Torvalds releases Linux Version 0.01

The GNU-Project

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The beginning1992

- Development of GNU/Linux

1993

- Establishment of the Linux-Distributor Debian

- The rank of a honorary doctor of the Royal University of Applied Sciences in Stockholm is confered to Richard Stallman

1996

- Development of the KDE with commercial QT-libraries from the company Trolltech

The GNU-Project

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The beginning1998

- Launch of the project "GNU Network Object Model Environment“ (GNOME)

- Development of the Harmony-library

- Stallman and Torvald recieve the “Pioneer Award" of the Electronic Frontier Foundation

- Trolltech renounces it‘s copyright on the QT-libraries

- Establishment of the Open Source Initiative

1999

- Stallman recieves the “Yuri Rubinski Award“

- Release of the GNU Lesser GPL Version 2.1

The GNU-Project

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The GNU-Project

The future

Sectors where the Free Software needs to be accepted:

1. Secret hardware

2. Proprietary libraries

3. Software patents

4. Free documentation

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The GNU-Project

Linus Benedict Torvalds

Founder of the operating system Linux, named after him.

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The GNU-Project

• Born on December 28th. 1969 in Helsinki

1988

• Beginns his studies at the university of Helsinki

1990

• First experiences with C-programming

August 25th. 1991

• Announcement of his plan to write an operating system in the newsgroup comp.os.minix

Linus Benedict Torvalds

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September 17th. 1991

• First Linux-Version

1997 - 2003

• Employed at Transmeta in California

Currently working at the Open Source Devolopment Lab (OSDL)

Linus Benedict Torvalds

The GNU-Project

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The GNU-Project

What is Linux?

Linux is only a Kernel

A piece of software that regulates the communication between the hardwarecomponents

and the userprogramms

Linux is put together by Linus and Unix

Right: GNU/Linux

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The GNU-Project

The development of GNU/Linux

September 17th. 1991

• Linux Version 0.01

Oktober 5th. 1991

• First official version of the Linux Kernel

Dezember 19th. 1991

• Release of the first independant running version of Linux

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The GNU-Project

The development of GNU/Linux

1992

• New version with more functionality

• Kernel is protected by GPL

• The rights of Linux are ceded from Mr. William R. Della Croce, Jr. to Torvalds

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The GNU-Project

Linux logo

Why a penguin?

Re: Linux Logo

Linus Torvalds (Torvalds@cs.helsinki.fi) Sun, 12 May 1996 09:39:19 +0300 (EET DST)

"Linus likes penguins". That's it. There was even a headline on it in some Linux Journal some time ago (I was bitten by a Killer Penguin in Australia - I'm not kidding). Penguins are fun.

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The GNU-Project

Linux logo

Why TUX?

Re: Let's name the penguin! (was: Re: Linux 2.0 really _is_ released..)

James Hughes (jamesh@interpath.com)

Mon, 10 Jun 1996 20:25:52 -0400

(T)orvalds (U)ni(X) -> TUX!

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The GNU-Project

Linux logo

Why TUX?

Re: Let's name the penguin! (was: Re: Linux 2.0 really _is_ released..)

James Hughes (jamesh@interpath.com)

Mon, 10 Jun 1996 20:25:52 -0400

(T)orvalds (U)ni(X) -> TUX!

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The GNU-Project

Linux today

10 million users

Torvalds‘ announcement in Berlin in 1996:

World Domination through Linux

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation and Open Source Initiative

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

1985

Establishment by Richard Stallman.

Aims:

• To open the source code

• The freedom to copy the software

• The freedom to manipulate the software

• The freedom to distribute the software

“Free speech, not free beer“

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The GNU-Project

Open Source Initiative

1998

Establishment by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens.

Aims:

• To open the source code

• Free distribution

• Free Software as a business-model

• Help Linux and Open Source software to a broader use

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

Linux

Examples of FSF and OSI products:

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

MySQL

Examples of FSF and OSI products:

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

Apache

Examples of FSF and OSI products:

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

Apache

Examples of FSF and OSI products:

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The GNU-Project

Free Software Foundation

Sendmail

Samba

KDE, GNOME

Mozilla

OpenOffice

Perl, Phyton, PHP

Examples of FSF and OSI products:

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The GNU-Project

Characteristic of Free Software

• Social aspects

• Improvement of quality

• Flexibility/compatibility

• Reuseability

• Credibility

• Independence

• Cost advantage

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The GNU-Project

Costcomparison

—     245 x Standard Workstations

—     3 x Developer Workstations

—     2 x Graphics/Design Workstations

—     1 x Mail Server

—     5 x File/Print Server

—     1 x Proxy/Firewall Server

—     1 x Intranet & SQL Server

—     1 x E-Business Server (incl. SQL & Web Server)

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The GNU-Project

Microsoft solution:Norton Antivirus 2002 250 copies $12,487.50

MS Internet Information Server 2 copies $0.00

MS Windows 2000 Advanced Server 9 copies $35,991.00

MS Commerce Server 1 copy $12,333.00

MS ISA Standard Server 2000 1 copy $1,499.00

MS SQL Server 2000 1 copy $4,999.00

MS Exchange Standard Server 2000 1 copy $1,299.00

Windows XP Professional 250 copies $74,750.00

MS Visual Studio 6.0 3 copies $3,237.00

MS Office Standard 250 copies $119,750.00

Adobe Photoshop 6 2 copies $1218.00

Additional Client Access Licenses 2 copies $15,410.00

Total: $282,973.50

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The GNU-Project

Linux solution:Linux Distribution (eg SuSE 7.3) only 1 copy necessary $79.95

Apache (Web server) provided with distribution $0.00

Squid (Proxy server) provided with distribution $0.00

PostgreSQL (Database) provided with distribution $0.00

iptables (Firewall) provided with distribution $0.00

Sendmail / Postfix (Mail servers) provided with distribution $0.00

KDevelop (IDE) provided with distribution $0.00

GIMP (Graphics) provided with distribution $0.00

OpenOffice (Productivity suite) provided with distribution $0.00

The Exchange Project

(e_ Commerce system)

only 1 copy necessary

(free download )

$0.00

Total: $79.95

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The GNU-Project

Final remarks

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The GNU-Project

Source Declaration

- Linus Torvalds und David Diamond, Just for fun. Wie ein Freak die Computerwelt revolutionierte, München 2001.

- The GNU Project: http://www.gnu.org

- The Open Source Definition: http://www.opensource.org

- GPL/LGPL: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html

- http://www.linux.de/linux

- http://www.linux.org/info/index.html

- http://www.openoffice.de/linux/Debian

- http://www.fsf.org/

- http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html

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The GNU-Project

Questions?