1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization...
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Transcript of 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization...
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The Bureaucracy
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The United States Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials
claybennett.com
The United States Bureaucracy
Political authority over the bureaucracy is shared by president and Congress
Federal agencies share functions with related state and local government agencies
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manhattanstrategy.com
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Growth of the Bureaucracy
Patronage in the 19th and early 20th centuries rewarded supporters, induced congressional support, and built party organizations history.com
Growth of the Bureaucracy
The Civil War showed the administrative weakness of the federal government and increased demands for civil service reform
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etc.usf.edu
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Role of Government
Laissez-faire – limited government interference in commerce
The proper role of government was to promote not regulate the economy
flickr.com
Role of Government
The Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states
It took a long time for people to accept agencies and commissions making regulatory decisions
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stus.com
Gibbons v. Ogden
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Growth of the Bureaucracy
The post-Civil War period saw industrialization and the emergence of a national economy
The power of national government to regulate interstate commerce became necessary and controversial
jthgroup1.wikispaces.com
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Expansion of the Bureaucracy
The Depression and World War II led to government activism
The Supreme Court upheld laws that granted discretion to administrative agencies
Heavy use of income taxes supported war effort and a large bureaucracy
thegreatdepression.co.uk
berkeley.edu
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Growth of the Bureaucracy Today Modest increase in
the number of government employees
Significant indirect increase in number of employees through use of private contractors, state and local government employees
Although there are two million civilian employees in the Federal government, most people are shocked to learn that there are over 10 million contractors working for the Federal government—over five times as many contractors as there are civil servants. This brings the actual size of the Federal workforce to nearly 13 million workers, which is nearly 10 percent of the entire U.S. workforce.
Growth of the Bureaucracy Today
Growth in discretionary authority – the extent to which bureaucrats can make policies and take actions not spelled out in advance by laws
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pollsb.com
Endangered Species
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Power of the BureaucracyDelegated Authority by Congress Pay subsidies to groups and organizations in society – farmers, schools, veterans
Transfer money from the federal government to the state and local governments – grant-in-aids, block grants
blackfive.net
Power of the BureaucracyDelegated Authority by Congress Devising and
enforcing regulations for various sectors of society – safety features on automobiles, scientific research, pollution controls
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johnstonpineygrove.org
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Federal Government: Increase in Regulations
Expenditures and employment: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 483 and 582; regulations; Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Miemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics (Washington D.C>: Congressional
Quarterly Press, 1998), tables 6-12, 6-14. Post-2000 data updated by Marc Siegal.
Pigs is Pigs
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Recruitment and Retention Competitive service: bureaucrats compete for jobs through Office of Personnel Management
Appointment by merit based on written exam or through selection criteria
24newsus.com
Recruitment and Retention
Increased decentralization has increasingly allowed agencies to make their own hires and bypass the OPM
Driven by the need to hire people with specialized services
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gizmodo.com
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Characteristics of Federal Civilian Employees, 1960 and 1999
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, 392-394; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 450, 482, 500, 595, 1118.
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Carrying Out Policy Most bureaucrats try to
carry out policy, even those they disagree with
But bureaucrats do have obstructive powers—Whistleblower Protection Act (1989)
Most civil servants have highly structured jobs that make their personal attitudes irrelevant
whistleblowersblog.org
eyespypro.com
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Constraints on the Bureaucracy
Constraints are much greater on government agencies than on private bureaucracies
Hiring, firing, pay, and other procedures are established by law, not by the market
Constraints come from citizens: agencies try to respond to citizen demands for openness, honesty, and fairness
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Agency Allies
Agencies often seek alliances with congressional committees and interest groups
Iron Triangles – Agency – Congressional Committee – Interest Groups
roselawgroup.com
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absoluteastronomy.com
Agency Allies
These alliances are far less common today—politics has become too complicated
Replaced by - Issue networks: groups that regularly debate government policy on certain issues – interest groups, media, congressional staffs, universities, and think tanks
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c-span.org
onedayonejob.com
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Diminishing Role of the Iron Triangle
Increase in the amount of interest groups has subjected Congress to a variety of competing interests
The growth of subcommittees has required agencies to respond to different legislative groups that may have different priorities
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healthcaremusings.com
Financial resources - America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) and Centers for Medicaid and State Operations (CMS)
Delivery system - American Hospital Association, Federation of American Hospitals (FAH), and American Psychological Association (APA)
Consumers - AARP, Families USA, Business Roundtable, AFL-CIO, and National Federation of Independent Business
Nonfinancial resources - Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Physicians for a National Health Program, and American Medical Association (AMA)
Government - U.S. Chamber of Commerce and U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)
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Diminishing Role of the Iron Triangle The courts have
made it easier for interest groups and individuals to directly intervene in agency affairs without going through Congress
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123rf.com
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Congressional Oversight Congress creates agencies Congress authorizes funds for
programs Congressional appropriations provide
funds for the agency to spend on its programs
Congressional investigations
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Bureaucratic Pathologies Red tape: complex,
sometimes conflicting rules
Conflict: agencies work at cross-purposes
Duplication: two or more agencies seem to do the same thing
rebmordechaiwrites.blogspot.com
Bureaucratic Pathologies
Imperialism: tendency of agencies to grow, irrespective of programs’ benefits and costs
Waste: spending more than is necessary to buy some product or service
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deathby1000papercuts.com
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Reforming the Bureaucracy
Most rules and red tape are due to struggles between the president and Congress or to agencies’ efforts to avoid alienating influential voters
Periods of divided government worsen matters, especially in implementing policy