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Te Mata o te TauAcademy for Māori Research &

Scholarship

INDIGENEITY,INDIGENEITY,

THE STATE,THE STATE,

AND THE GOALS OF MĀORI AND THE GOALS OF MĀORI DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Mason DurieMason Durie

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States and Indigenous States and Indigenous PeoplesPeoples

Equality and resistance to assimilationEquality and resistance to assimilation

Cession or greater power-sharingCession or greater power-sharing

Nation within a nationNation within a nation

Autonomy within the StateAutonomy within the State

Autonomy based on territory or Autonomy based on territory or populationspopulations

Draft Declaration on the Rights of Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Indigenous Peoples (1993)Peoples (1993)

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Māori and the StateMāori and the State

Treaty of Waitangi (1840)Treaty of Waitangi (1840)

sovereignty ceeded to Britain in exchange for sovereignty ceeded to Britain in exchange for

guarantees that existing property rights guarantees that existing property rights would would

be recognised and Māori individuals would be recognised and Māori individuals would not not

be disadvantagedbe disadvantaged

State perceptions of Māori:State perceptions of Māori:

Māori as a disadvantaged minority Māori as a disadvantaged minority

oror

Māori as an indigenous populationMāori as an indigenous population

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1984 reforms1984 reforms State restructuring and State restructuring and a market-led economya market-led economy

Reduced state expenditure and interventionReduced state expenditure and intervention

Devolution and deregulationDevolution and deregulation

Removal of state subsidiesRemoval of state subsidies

User paysUser pays

But also:But also:

Commitment to Treaty of Waitangi Commitment to Treaty of Waitangi

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Devolution, Deregulation Devolution, Deregulation and Māori Aspirationsand Māori Aspirations

Reduced state Reduced state dependency dependency

Māori autonomyMāori autonomy

DevolutionDevolution Tribal re-developmentTribal re-development

DeregulationDeregulation Māori service deliveryMāori service delivery

By 1995: By 1995: large numbers of Māori providers in large numbers of Māori providers in health, education, social serviceshealth, education, social services

Māori language revitalisation - Kohanga reo Māori language revitalisation - Kohanga reo

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Māori CapacityMāori Capacity

Workforce development

Mangement expertise

Governance arrangements

New structures to meet commercial

and professsional expectations

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Contracts with MāoriContracts with MāoriSome Concerns of the StateSome Concerns of the State

Which organisation should receive Which organisation should receive government funding ?government funding ?

distinctions between tribal distinctions between tribal authorities authorities and non-tribal and non-tribal organisations organisations

processes for mandating processes for mandating

fragmentation of effort in Māori fragmentation of effort in Māori communitiescommunities

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Contracts with the StateContracts with the StateSome Concerns of MāoriSome Concerns of Māori

sectoral approaches limit Māori preference sectoral approaches limit Māori preference for integrated development for integrated development

? Whole of government contracts? Whole of government contracts

Performance measures that reflect Māori Performance measures that reflect Māori world views world views

e.g. ‘Hua Oranga’ (health outcome e.g. ‘Hua Oranga’ (health outcome measure)measure)

Contracts that can provide for Māori Contracts that can provide for Māori culture, culture, perspectives and communication perspectives and communication stylesstyles

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Māori and the CrownMāori and the Crown

Treaty of Waitangi relationships Treaty of Waitangi relationships Māori and the CrownMāori and the Crown

Settling grievancesSettling grievances

Forward planning Forward planning

policy formulation policy formulation

resource allocation resource allocation

priority setting priority setting

processes for decision-making processes for decision-making

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Māori and the StateMāori and the StateContractual RelationshipsContractual Relationships

Measured by the Measured by the terms of the terms of the contractcontract

Specified outputsSpecified outputs

MilestonesMilestones

BudgetBudget

AcountabilitiesAcountabilities

Fee for serviceFee for service

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Māori - State RelationshipsMāori - State Relationships

Devolution of function Devolution of function (Contractual relationships)(Contractual relationships)

vsvs

Devolution of authority Devolution of authority (Treaty (Treaty relationships) relationships)

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Treaty Obligations on the Treaty Obligations on the StateState

Obligations to all citizens Obligations to all citizens

Obligations to Māori Obligations to Māori

(arising from the Treaty)(arising from the Treaty)

Q. How to balance both in a fair and Q. How to balance both in a fair and just just mannermanner

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Increasing Increasing the capacity of the State the capacity of the State to meet Māori objectivesto meet Māori objectives

mainstreaming mainstreaming

BiculturalismBiculturalism

active Māori recruitmentactive Māori recruitment

delivering effective outcomes delivering effective outcomes

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Measuring OutcomesMeasuring Outcomes

Te Puni Kokiri (Ministry of Māori Te Puni Kokiri (Ministry of Māori Development) FrameworkDevelopment) Framework

Generic outcomes - universalGeneric outcomes - universal

Māori specific outcomes – unique to Māori Māori specific outcomes – unique to Māori

Te Ngahuru – an ‘outcomes’ schemaTe Ngahuru – an ‘outcomes’ schema(1)(1) Human capacity – improved Human capacity – improved particpation particpation

as Māorias Māori in society in society

(2)(2) Resource capacity – retention and Resource capacity – retention and development of Māori resources such as development of Māori resources such as art, art, land, fisheriesland, fisheries

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Measuring Public Sector Measuring Public Sector Impacts on MāoriImpacts on Māori

Universal measuresUniversal measures

- reduction in disparities between - reduction in disparities between population groups using generic population groups using generic indicators e.g. life expectancyindicators e.g. life expectancy

Māori specific measuresMāori specific measures

- cultural measures - cultural measures

e.g. language usage e.g. language usage - measures relating to - measures relating to customary resources customary resources

e.g. land.e.g. land.

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Outcome formulaOutcome formula

Universal Outcomes

+Māori SpecifcOutcomes

=Best Outcomes for Māori

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Clarifying the rationale for State Clarifying the rationale for State policies and programmes for Māoripolicies and programmes for Māori

Socio-economic disadvantage ?

Priviledge ?

Righting past wrongs ?

Culture ?

Indigeneous property rights ?

Treaty of Waitangi relationship ?

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Individual Need as a Basis Individual Need as a Basis for Māori Policyfor Māori Policy

‘ ‘Need is colour blind’Need is colour blind’

Ethnicity and race are components of Ethnicity and race are components of social social

and economic policy in New Zealand and and economic policy in New Zealand and should not be dismissed in favour of should not be dismissed in favour of identical individual needidentical individual need

Individual circumstances are not the sum Individual circumstances are not the sum total of Māori aspirationstotal of Māori aspirations

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The Challenge: The Challenge: finding the balancefinding the balance

Universal rights and obligations

Indigenousrights

Māori & the State