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Targeted exploratory trials

and large-scale mobility surveys

Marco Diana, Cristina Pronello, Alessia Gaia,Marco Diana, Cristina Pronello, Alessia Gaia,

Maria Lapietra, Francis PaponMaria Lapietra, Francis Papon

Politecnico di Torino, Italy & INRETS, FrancePolitecnico di Torino, Italy & INRETS, France

WG3 meeting in Torino, 5WG3 meeting in Torino, 5thth October 2007 October 2007

COST action 355 “WATCH”COST action 355 “WATCH”

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Experimental vs. large-scale surveysExperimental vs. large-scale surveys

Experimental surveys advantages: reduced effort (money and time), greater flexibility, more room for specific questions / trials

Experimental surveys drawbacks: results are hardly generalizable

Large-scale surveys advantages: sample representativeness, joint availability of “behavioural” and “classical” mobility data

Large-scale surveys drawbacks: constraints concerning both the tasks complexity and the tasks length

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Using both kinds of surveyUsing both kinds of survey

1. Define the transport-related behavioural issue(s) under investigation

2. Run a small-scale exploratory trial, redundantly implementing several different survey instruments

3. Define the time budget than can be allocated within the larger mobility survey

4. Design the survey inset on the basis of the exploratory trial outcomes and the time budget allocation

5. Run the large-scale survey and analyse the results

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Survey trials run by POLITOSurvey trials run by POLITO

1. Mobility opinions on a given trip in medium-sized cities (Piedmont, Italy)

2. Attitudinal travel diaries (Torino, Italy)

3. Travel demand management in a university campus (Campinas, Brazil and Torino, Italy)

4. Attitudinal travel survey for a sample of qualified workers (INRETS, France)

French NTS 2007 “Primary utility” inset

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

1518 completed CATI over 4 cities (45 000 - 100 000 inhabitants)

Statistically significant sample, sampling error of 4%

Questionnaire contents: 1) characterization of a trip 2) attitudes and opinions about the used mode 3) general travel attitudes

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

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1. Surveys in medium-sized cities1. Surveys in medium-sized cities

2. Cluster analysis

City Envir Sensitivity

Time Saving

WTP Envir

Travel Pleasure

Import_speed 0.04110 0.16592 -0.05234 -0.03684 Import_cost 0.02414 0.14198 -0.10046 -0.14517 Import_comfort -0.01206 -0.02642 0.05009 -0.00256 Import_route 0.01280 -0.02652 0.06064 -0.14941 Import_activity 0.01366 0.03515 0.03502 -0.03694 Teleportation -0.03091 -0.11910 0.04343 0.04248 Personality -0.03453 0.00401 0.05283 0.02911 Econ_advant 0.00503 -0.23496 0.03167 -0.13060 -20%_VoT 0.04722 0.34330 0.03195 0.25970 No_work_VoT 0.00758 0.21822 0.07448 0.04928 Envir_concern 0.01226 -0.00590 0.06315 0.00776 Sunday_on_foot -0.02052 -0.04768 -0.00041 0.15965 Wtp_airpollution 0.00759 -0.04235 0.36622 -0.02460 Wtp_noise 0.00276 -0.10950 0.50308 -0.05866 Access_per_week -0.02553 0.00522 0.05897 0.27132 Wtp_access 0.03015 0.05259 0.06320 0.02983 City_greenareas 0.09379 -0.04487 0.01216 0.03888 City_noise 0.29201 0.20156 0.01117 -0.25155 City_cyclepath 0.18472 -0.07231 0.09001 0.27658 City_traffic 0.17744 0.00364 0.04084 0.22225 City_pavements 0.16591 0.05691 0.06138 -0.13770 City_carparking 0.10961 0.00994 0.00195 -0.02539 City_airpollution 0.22627 0.04769 0.03036 0.03078

1. Factor analysis

Green consciousUnderstatement

UtilitarianHedonist

Timeserver

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2. “Attitudinal” travel diaries in Torino2. “Attitudinal” travel diaries in Torino

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3. TDM in Campinas, Brazil3. TDM in Campinas, Brazil

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4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey

1. Multimodal behaviour in the past 12 months

2. Trips collection in the preceding weekday

3. Full description for a randomly selected trip

4. Attitudes and feelings concerning this trip

5. Mode diversion SP experiments

6. Perceived frequencies and desired travel amounts

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Enquête sur les attitudes individuelles de déplacementProblèmes, remarques... n'hésitez pas à nous solliciter par courrier (diana@inrets.fr) ou par télephone (7254)

Fiabilité, ponctualité

Possibilité de changer ses plans

Confort du voyage

Rapidité du voyage

Familiarité avec ce moyen

Facilité d'accès

Sécurité (accidents)

Sécurité (delinquance)

Espace suffisant

Qualité des rapports humains

Temperature

Maintenant, pensez aux performances globales de tous les moyens (y compris la marche)que vous avez utilisés lors de ce déplacement spécifique. Pouvez-vous exprimer un dégréde satisfaction à l'egard des éléments suivants ?

Pour celà, il suffit de cliquer une fois sur l'échelle à proximité de la zone où vous souhaitez vous situer

4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey

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4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey4. INRETS attitudinal travel surveyEnquête sur les attitudes individuelles de déplacementProblèmes, remarques... n'hésitez pas à nous solliciter par courrier (diana@inrets.fr) ou par télephone (7254)

... utilisé la bicyclette ?

... utilisé des rollers, un skate, une trottinette ?

... voyagé à motocyclette ou à moto ?

... conduit une voiture ?

... voyagé en voiture sans la conduire (hors taxi) ?

... utilisé le bus ?

... utilisé le tram ?

... utilisé le metro ou le RER?

... voyagé en taxi ?

... voyagé dans un train de banlieue ou régional ?

... voyagé dans un train de grande ligne ?

... voyagé en bateau ?

... voyagé en avion ?

Au cours des 12 derniers mois, pour vos déplacements, avec quelle fréquence avez-vous...

Plus de 3 foispar semaine

1-2 fois parsemaine

1-3 fois parmois

Moinssouvent

Jamais oupresque

Pour commencer, intéressons-nous à votre fréquence d'utilisation des moyens de transport.

Enquête sur les attitudes individuelles de déplacementProblèmes, remarques... n'hésitez pas à nous solliciter par courrier (diana@inrets.fr) ou par télephone (7254)

Déplacements à pied

Déplacements en roller/skate/trottinette

Déplacements à bicyclette

Déplacements à motocyclette/moto

Déplacements en conduisant une voiture

Déplacements en voiture passager (hors taxi)

Déplacements en bus

Déplacements en tram

Déplacements en métro ou RER

Déplacements en taxi

Déplacements en train de banlieue ou régional

Déplacements en train de grande ligne

Déplacements en bateau

Déplacements en avion

Pas dutout

Vraimentbeaucoup

Enquête sur les attitudes individuelles de déplacementProblèmes, remarques... n'hésitez pas à nous solliciter par courrier (diana@inrets.fr) ou par télephone (7254)

Beaucoupmoins

Beaucoupplus

Commemaintenant

Déplacements à pied

Déplacements en roller/skate/trottinette

Déplacements à bicyclette

Déplacements à motocyclette/moto

Déplacements en conduisant une voiture

Déplacements en voiture passager (hors taxi)

Déplacements en bus

Déplacements en tram

Déplacements en métro ou RER

Déplacements en taxi

Déplacements en train de banlieue ou régional

Déplacements en train de grande ligne

Déplacements en bateau

Déplacements en avion

Screen 2

Screen 40

Screen 42

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4. INRETS attitudinal travel survey4. INRETS attitudinal travel surveyEnquête sur les attitudes individuelles de déplacementProblèmes, remarques... n'hésitez pas à nous solliciter par courrier (diana@inrets.fr) ou par télephone (7254)

Imaginez qu'il existe une ligne de bus régulière et directe qui vous permette d'effectuer cedéplacement sans correspondance.

Dans le futur, quelle serait votre propension à effectuer ce même déplacement, en utilisantexclusivement ce service de bus en remplacement des moyens que vous avez utilisés, ensupposant qu'il a les caractéristiques suivantes ?

Même question, si les caractéristiques du service de bus étaient les suivantes ?

1) Intervalle de passage entre deux bus:2) Distance pour rejoindre une station (à l'origine comme à la destination) :3) Temps de trajet:4) Coût du billet:

1) Intervalle de passage entre deux bus:2) Distance pour rejoindre une station (à l'origine comme à la destination) :3) Temps de trajet:4) Coût du billet:

20 minutes200 métres

0 minutes0 €

5 minutes50 métres

0 minutes0 €

Très faible Très fortePlutôt faible Plutôt forte

Très faible Très fortePlutôt faible Plutôt forte

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SEM model for primary utilitySEM model for primary utility

PURPOSE

IMPORT

DESTIN

PRIMARY

ACTIVITIES

DES_LENGHT

RELIABILITY

FLEXIBILITYCOGNITIVE

FREEDOM

WELLBEING

AFFECTIVE

MOTIVRELAX

IDEAS

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SEM model for mode switchSEM model for mode switch

PAST_MEAN

FUT_MEAN

MULTIM

REL_COST

REL_TIME

REL_WAIT

REL_WALK

SWITCH

RELIABILITY

FLEXIBILITYCOGNITIVE

FREEDOM

WELLBEING

AFFECTIVE

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FNTS 2007 “primary utility” insetFNTS 2007 “primary utility” inset

Travel may have utility besides destination Previous findings Brief presentation of the FNTS 2007-08 Six questions Promenade purpose Possible outcomes Conclusions

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Travel may have utility Travel may have utility besides destinationbesides destination

Traditionally, travel considered as derived demand necessary to perform other activities

But, travel is sometimes an activity per se conducted for its own sake, such as – recreational walking, cycling, horseback riding etc.

Or often the utility of travelling is part of the motivation for travelling, aside destination– activities or feelings during trip

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Pure recreational travel

Pure destination

travel

Some utility during travel

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Previous findingsPrevious findings

Mokhtarian’s papers (Mokhtarian & Salomon 1999, 2001; Redmond & Mokhtarian, 2001; Mokhtarian 2005).

Diana’s experimental questionnaire with INRETS staff

Evidence of the intrinsic utility of travel Varies among trips:

– zero for trips exclusively dedicated for destination– 100% of trip utility for trips entirely for their own sake– most of trips in-between, with some degree of

satisfaction coming from the travel activity

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Brief presentation of the FNTS 2007-08Brief presentation of the FNTS 2007-08Sample ofdwellings

Respondents households

Individuals living in the selected households

Vehicle fleet[car, motorbike, moped, bicycle]

Kish

Daily trips

Primary utility of travelLong distance trips

GPS surveys

Vehicle diary

Biography For a randomly selected trip described by kish, six specific questions added

in the NHTS survey

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Six questionsSix questions

Which activity was carried out during this trip? Whether an incident occurred during this trip? If so, which one? Whether the trip was pleasant or not? Whether the trip was tiring or not? Which is the sentence that best fits this trip?

– 1. The only important thing regarding this trip was to get from one place to another

– 2. The activities carried out during this trip were important for me– 3. The feelings during this trip were important for me

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Activities during travelActivities during travelWhich activity was carried out during the trip?1. working, studying 2. reading 3. making phone calls,

sending messages 4. speaking with other people 5. playing alone or with other

people or carrying out handiwork

6. listening to music or the radio

7. thinking, staying alone 8. looking at the landscape,

the shop windows, the people

9. eating, drinking, smoking 10.sleeping, drowsing 11.other (to specify)

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Incidents during travelIncidents during travelThis trip was?

– Without incident– With incident => If so:

Which kind of incident was it? 3 answers

1. Broken down vehicle2. Vehicle blocked in congestion3. Train or subway stopped

between two stations4. Aggressive traveller with you

and/or with someone else5. Dangerous behaviour of driver6. Little loss of control of vehicle7. Imprudent behaviour of a

pedestrian or a two-wheeler who hindered you

8. Missed connection causing a delay of more than 20 min

9. Other Specify …

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Pleasant, tiring, most important thingPleasant, tiring, most important thingHow did you find this trip?

(only one answer)

1. Pleasant or rather pleasant

2. Unpleasant or rather unpleasant

3. Neither one nor the other

Did you find this trip tiring? (only one answer)

1. Yes, especially nervously

2. Yes, especially physically

3. Yes, both (nervously and physically)

4. No, not tiring

Which is the sentence that best fits this trip? (only one answer)

1. The only important thing regarding this trip was to get from one place to another

2. The activities carried out during this trip were important for me

3. The feelings during this trip were important for me

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Promenade purposePromenade purpose

• One trip => those specific questions on the primary utility of travel

• All trips => traditional question about purpose at destination

• Including promenade without precise destination

• Makes it possible to• Analyse pure recreational travel for all trips• Sketch the contours of travelling for its own sake

for all transport modes.

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Possible outcomesPossible outcomes

The activity, incident, pleasantness and tiredness questions will describe circumstances that increase or decrease the utility of travel.

Crossing these questions with trip purposes, travel modes, or socio-demographics will help to answer such questions as – “What is the preferred travel mode?” or – “What category of trips makes the most useful

(or pleasant) journeys?”

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ConclusionsConclusions

• Opportunity of the French National Travel Surveys to include primary utility of travel

• Questions about positive and negative circumstances during one trip will help understand the intrinsic drivers of mobility

• Accurate count of trips undertaken for the sake of it, as the only purpose, as the main motivation, or as a secondary reason

• Input data for travel demand models, relating to demand induced by better travel conditions

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Thank youThank you

Targeted exploratory trials

and large-scale mobility surveys

Marco Diana, Cristina Pronello, Alessia Gaia,Marco Diana, Cristina Pronello, Alessia Gaia,

Maria Lapietra, Francis PaponMaria Lapietra, Francis Papon

marco.diana@polito.itmarco.diana@polito.it – – francis.papon@inrets.frfrancis.papon@inrets.fr