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SWE 205 - Introduction to Software Engineering

Lecture 13 – System Modeling

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Lecture Objectives Data Models

Entity Relationship Model Data Dictionaries

Object Models Inheritance Model

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Semantic data models Used to describe the logical structure of data

processed by the system. An entity-relation-attribute model sets out the

entities in the system, the relationships between these entities and the entity attributes

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Semantic data models Widely used in database design. Can

readily be implemented using relational databases.

No specific notation provided in the UML but objects and associations can be used.

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Data dictionaries Data dictionaries are lists of all of the names

used in the system models. Descriptions of the entities, relationships and

attributes are also included.

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Data dictionaries - Advantages

Support name management and avoid duplication; The names of the data entities and

relationships should be used consistently and should not clash.

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Data dictionaries - Advantages

Store of organisational knowledge linking analysis, design and

implementation; Thus, all information about an entity is

in one place.

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Data dictionary entries

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Object models Object models describe the system in terms

of object classes and their associations. An object class is an abstraction over a set of

objects with common attributes and the services (operations) provided by each object.

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Object models Natural ways of reflecting the real-world

entities manipulated by the system More abstract entities are more difficult

to model using this approach For example, a software system may not

necessary have simple interface consisting of independent attributes and operations.

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Object models Object class identification is recognised

as a difficult process requiring a deep understanding of the application domain.

Object classes reflecting domain entities are reusable across systems

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Object models and the UML The UML is a standard representation

devised by the developers of widely used object-oriented analysis and design methods.

It has become an effective standard for object-oriented modelling.

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Object models and the UML Notation

Object classes are rectangles with the name at the top, attributes in the middle section and operations in the bottom section;

Relationships between object classes (known as associations) are shown as lines linking objects;

Inheritance is referred to as generalisation and is shown ‘upwards’ rather than ‘downwards’ in a hierarchy.

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Object models Various object models may be produced

Inheritance models; Aggregation models; Interaction models.

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Key points Semantic data models describe the

logical structure of data which is imported to or exported by the systems.

Object models describe logical system entities, their classification and aggregation.