1 STUDIES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF SOME ORGANS OF MICE INFECTED WITH TOXASCARIS...

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1 STUDIES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF SOME ORGANS OF MICE INFECTED WITH TOXASCARIS LEONINA (LISTOW, 1902) (NEMATODA) Nawal A. Mazen 1, M. Bassam Al- Salahy 2 and Ahmed A. Alrifai 1 1 Biochemistry Unit, Regional Animal Health Research Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, EL-Kharga, El Wadi El-Gadid, 7252111 and 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut2, Egypt.

Transcript of 1 STUDIES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF SOME ORGANS OF MICE INFECTED WITH TOXASCARIS...

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STUDIES ON THE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS OF SOME ORGANS OF

MICE INFECTED WITH TOXASCARIS LEONINA (LISTOW, 1902) (NEMATODA)

Nawal A. Mazen 1, M. Bassam Al-Salahy 2 and Ahmed A. Alrifai 1

1 Biochemistry Unit, Regional Animal Health Research Laboratory, Animal Health Research

Institute, EL-Kharga, El Wadi El-Gadid, 7252111 and 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of

Science, Assiut University, Assiut2, Egypt.

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والتوتر الهستوباثولوجيا علي دراساتلبعضأعضاء المصابة التأكسدى الجرذان

) ، ليستو ليونينا توكساسكارس ) 1902بطفيلي( الخيطية( الديدان

الصالحي - بسام محمد مازن السميع عبد نوالالرفاعي– احمد

جامعة – – العلوم كلية الحيوان علم قسمأسيوط

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-Introduction-The occurrence of parasites or their larvae in the different organs of animals and human generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which initiates the oxidative damaging effect (Facino, et al., 1990; Maizels et al., 1993 ; Kilic et al., 2003). -The parasitic infection attenuates the antioxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase in different organs depending on the severity of infection (Harisch et al., 1972; El-Sokkary et al., 2002 ; Kolodziejczyk et al., 2005). -- Most of these studies were focused on parasites such as Schistosoma and protozoa. Little literature was available concerning the effect of helminths (nematodes) on oxidative stress.

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المقدمهفي الهستوباثولوجية التغيرات الدراسة هذه تناولت

والكلي والعضالت الدقيقة واألمعاء والرئتين الكبدبديدان معمليا المصابة الجرذان في والدماغ

ليونينا . توكساسكارساالصابه تأثير على جدا وقليله نادره دراسات يوجد

الجسم اعضاء فى االكسده ضغوط على بالطفيلياتوالكلي والعضالت والرئتين . الكبد

واصابها تاثرت قد االعضاء أي تقييم إلى تهدف الدراسهمن ناتجا حدوثه نتوقع أو يحدث قد الذى الضرر

الطفيل وإفرازات وسلوكيات . حركةأعضاء فى الطفيل حركة تتبع الى البحث يهدف كذلك

فى حدوثها وزمن اإلصابه شدة رصد و الجسمالجسم . أعضاء

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- Migration of larvae of Toxascaris leonina in tissues may result in mechanical changes, hemorrhage, necrosis and severe inflammatory response leading to various clinical and pathological manifestations (Beaver et al., 1984).

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The aim

-To study the effect Toxascaris leonina infection (eggs ) on the pathology of 6 organs: liver, lungs, intestine, kidneys, brain and muscles in mice.

-To study and investigate the changes in some biomarkers of both oxidative stress and antioxidants in lungs, muscles, liver and kidneys of mice infected with T. leonina. (The parameters included lipid peroxidation, total peroxides and nitric oxide ;oxidative stress and glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase ;antioxidants).

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Adult females Toxascaris leonina were recovered from naturally- infected dogs, in Assiut, Egypt.

• They were dissected , the vagina and the proximal third of the uterus were chopped in small pieces in a Petri dish containing a small amount of 1% formalin.

• The eggs were separated by sieving this suspension. Incubation was accomplished in 1% solution of formalin continuously aerated.

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• Ex.1: For histopathological studies tissues were fixed in 10% formalin processed and embedded in paraffin. Seven m sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin-eosin.

Ex. 2: At the end of the experiment, muscles of the hind legs, liver, kidneys and lungs were excised. Ten percentage homogenates (w/v) were made in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) using homogenizer (model IKA- WERKE,D118 BASIC, Germany). Then, homogenates were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min to separate the cytosol. All the samples were stored deep-frozen at –20oC pending analysis.

• Biochemical measurement:

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I- Oxidative stress assay:Damaging effect detectiona- Total peroxides a potential destructive indicator (Harma et al.

2005). b- Lipid peroxidation (Ohkawa et al., 1979) c-Nitric oxide (NO) was assayed by Griess reagent according to

the method of Ding et al. (1988). II- Antioxidant assay:For determination of the extent of

resistance against damaging effect of parasitic infectiona-Glutathione (Ellman, 1959 ; Ravi et al., 2004). b- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (Misra and Fridovich

1972). c- Catalase activity (Beers and Sizer,1952).

III- Total protein (Lowry et al. 1951).

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• Statistical analysis:

The data were expressed as mean + SEM. The results were analysed statistically using column statistics and one way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls Multiple comparison test as a post-test. These analyses were carried out using computer statistics prism 3.0 package (Graph pad software, Inc, San Diego. (A. USA). The minimum level of statistic significance was set at P < 0.05.

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RESULTS

This experiment was continued for 30 days and examination of tissues was done daily to observe the presence of larvae. The larvae could be observed at different periods in the different tissues.

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RESULTS النتائج الكبد . في الثامن اليوم في اليرقات ظهرت وقدالثامن اليوم وفي الدقيقة األمعاء في الرابع واليوم

في اليرقات تر لم ولكن الرئتين، في اإلصابة بدء بعداليرقات . وجدت العضالت وفي والدماغ الكلي من كل

اإلصابة من األول األسبوع . بعدارتشاح شكل في الهستوباثولوجية التأثيرات تمثلت

وظهور للحمض المحبة والخاليا اللمفاوية الخاليافضال . اليرقات تحول مسار علي تدل نزفية مناطقحدوث المصابة الجرذان رئة في لوحظ فقد ذلك عن

سمكها زيادة إلى أدى مما الحويصالت جدر في ارتشاحالدموية األوعية واحتقان البينى اإلستسقاء . وظهور

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• كبيرة بدرجة توافقا البيوكيميائية النتائج أظهرت وقدبعد العاشر اليوم ففي ، الهستوباثولوجية النتائج مع

في كبيرة داللة ذات زيادة وجدت ، دالئل اإلصابةمن الناتج األكسدة ( األكسدة الضرر مثل الرئتين في

الفوقية واألكسيد النيتريك وأكسيد للدهون الفوقيةللدهون) ( ) الفوقية األكسدة مثل العضالت تليها الكلية( النيتريك ( أكسيد الكبد . ثم

األكسدة بعض • المصابة مضادات الجرذان فيإحصائية داللة ذات إنخفاضا انخفضت قد بالطفيلىالعضالت وفي الكتاليز، انزيم نشاط مثل الكبد في

في تغيرات تظهر فلم الكلي أما الجلوتاثيون مثل. األكسدة مضادات أو األكسدة دالئل

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Fig.1: A photomicrograph of liver section after one week of infection showing; larvae encapsulated present in the portal area, Notic: Cellular infiltration and acidophilic homogenous area (*). (H < E X 400).

Fig. 2: A photomicrograph of a liver section after one week of infection showing; central vein (C.V.). The cells have dense nuclei (). Cellular infiltration are present . (H < E X 400).

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Fig. 3: A photomicrograph of Lung

section at the 8th day of infection showing intrapulmonary bronchioles , blood vessel (B) and lung alveoli (V.) The lung showing the presence of second larvae.(H < E X 100).

Fig. 4: Lung A magnified part of Fig.3 showing the second larvae with various types of cellular infiltration. (H < E X 400).

Fig. 5: A photomicrograph of a section in the lung after one week of infection showing marked thickening of the alveolar wall, congestion and haemorrhage.

(H < E X 400).

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Fig. 6: A photomicrograph of

muscle after one week of infection showing ; capsulated form of larvae. (H < E X 400).

Fig. 7: A photomicrograph of muscle, after two weeks of infection showing encapsulated larvae surrounded by hayalinized tissues.

(H < E X 400).

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Fig. 8: A photomicrograph of the jejenum after one week of infection showing , small larvae in muscularis externa (me) with cellular infiltration (). (H < E X 400).

Fig. 9: A photomicrograph of the jejenum after ten days of infection showing well formed larvae in the outer longitudinal layer of the muscle (). (H < E X 400).

Fig. 10: A photomicrograph of a section of jejenum after 12 days of infection showing larvae in the mscularis externa. (H < E X 400).

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Fig. 11: A photomicrograph of the kidney after 30 days of infection showing cellular infilteration and congestion of blood vessels (*). No. (H < E X 400).

Fig. 12: A photomicrograph of the brain after one month of infection, showing; quite normal brain tissue and larvae could not be seen . (H < E X 400).

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• Discussion and ConclusionThis study dealt with the histopathological changes in the lungs,

liver, small intestine, muscles, kidneys and brain of mice experimentally infected with Toxascaris leonina.

Larvae were found on: the 8th dpi (day post infection) in the liver. on the 4th dpi in the small intestine, on 8th dpi in lungs, but it could not be seen in both kidneys and brain. after one week of infection in muscle. The histopathological changes were observed in the form of

infiltration with lymphocytes, eosinophils, with few areas of hemorrhages indicating the migratory pathway of the larvae.

Moreover, the main features in the lungs were the presence of edema, hemorrhages and diffuse infiltration of alveolar wall which appeared thickened as a result of interstitial edema and vascular congestion.

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Discussion and ConclusionDiscussion and Conclusion

واإلستنتاجالمناقشه المناقشه بطفيلى اإلصابة أن الدراسة هذه من االستنتاج يمكن

وضررا هيستوباثولوجية تغيرات تحدث ليونينا توكساسكارسخاصة الجرذان أعضاء بعض أنسجة في األكسدة من ناتجا

الدقيقة واألمعاء والعضالت طردية الرئتين عالقة هناك وأن . األكسدة من الناتج الضرر ودرجة باليرقات اإلصابه شدة بين

اإلصابه بفعل األكسده ضغوط دالئل مستوى إرتفاع تفسير , حركة أن الى ترجع ربما المصابه األعضاء بعض فى الطفيليه

تصديها عند المناعيه األكوله الخاليا وكذلك ونشاطه الطفيلزيادة وكذلك المواد هذه وإبتالع الجسم فى الغريبه للمواد

السوبر, الهيدروجين أكسيد فوق مثل حره شوارد تنتج نشاطهاال إلستهالكها نظرا الهيدروكسيل وأيون NADPHأكسيد

oxidase

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في- كبيرة داللة ذات من زيادة الناتج الضرر دالئلللدهون ( األكسدة الفوقية األكسدة مثل الرئتين في

( تليها الكلية الفوقية واألكسيد النيتريك وأكسيدالكبد ( ) ثم للدهون الفوقية األكسدة مثل العضالت

( الى( وإرجاعه ذلك تفسير أمكن النيتريك أكسيدمن الضار وتأثيرها اإلصابة شدة بين الطرديه العالقه

. الحره الشوارد توليد شدة أخرى ناحيه ومن ناحيهاألكسدة بعض- بالطفيلى مضادات المصابة الجرذان في

مثل الكبد في إحصائية داللة ذات إنخفاضا انخفضت قدالجلوتاثيون مثل العضالت وفي الكتاليز، انزيم نشاط

أو األكسدة دالئل في تغيرات تظهر فلم الكلي أما. الهستولوجيه النتائج ذلك ويؤيد األكسدة مضادات

فى- األكسده مضادات بعض فى الشديد اإلنخفاضاإلصابه شدة على يدلل والعضالت الكبد من كل

إلى أدت ربما التى

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تصديها أثناء األكسده مضادات وإستهالك إستنفاذ الى. الحره للشوارد

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The significant rise in lung total peroxides may be due to activation of macrophages to produce hydrogen peroxide.

The infection of mice with Toxascaris leonina results in marked increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in lungs and muscles ,this represents an indirect evidence of intensified free radical production which attack membranes through peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

Consequently the damaging effect of parasitic infection with T. leonina at 10 days post-infection was the highest in lungs followed by muscles and liver.

The current study showed marked increase in NO level in the liver accompanied with significant decease in enzymatic antioxidant catalase activity.

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The histopathological results were in high accordance with the biochemical results.

At 10th dpi, there were significant rises in the parameters of oxidative damage to lungs with the highest extent (lipid peroxidation LPO, nitric oxide NO and total peroxides TP) followed by muscles (LPO) and liver (NO).

Also, some antioxidants in infected mice showed significant decrease in liver (catalase activity) and muscles (glutathione, GSH). Kidneys did not show any biochemical change.

It could be concluded that Toxascaris leonina infection induces histopathological changes and oxidative damage to some organs of mice especially the lungs, muscles and small intestine. Also, these changes may reflect the direct relationship between the severity of infection with larvae and the degree of oxidative damage.

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