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Sleeping and Sleeping and DreamingDreaming

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Waking ConsciousnessWaking Consciousness

Selective Attention- The ability to focus Selective Attention- The ability to focus conscious awareness on a particular conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. stimulus.

Demo- Human EarphonesDemo- Human Earphones Inattentional Blindness- the inability to Inattentional Blindness- the inability to

‘see” a stimulus do to lack of attention‘see” a stimulus do to lack of attention Ex:Ex:

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electrodes placed Electrodes placed on the scalp on the scalp =electrical activity =electrical activity of the brainof the brain

EEG index EEG index psychological psychological statestate

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EEG Waves of WakefulnessEEG Waves of Wakefulness

Awake, but Awake, but non-attentive - non-attentive - large, regular large, regular alpha wavesalpha waves

1 second

Alpha waves

Awake, nonattentive

1 second

Beta waves

Awake, attentive

Awake and Awake and attentive - low attentive - low amplitude, fast, amplitude, fast, irregular beta irregular beta waveswaves

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Sleep StagesSleep Stages

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072422971/student_view0/chapter5/interactiv422971/student_view0/chapter5/interactive_activities.html#e_activities.html#

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Functions of SleepFunctions of Sleep

Restoration theory - body wears out Restoration theory - body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shapeto put it back in shape

Preservation and protection theory - Preservation and protection theory - preserve energy / protect during the preserve energy / protect during the time of day when there is little value / time of day when there is little value / high dangerhigh danger

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Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm

Any rhythmic change that continues Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cuesabsence of 24-hour cues body temperaturebody temperature cortisol secretioncortisol secretion sleep and wakefulnesssleep and wakefulness

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What is the impact of sleep What is the impact of sleep deprivation ?deprivation ?

Little effect on performance of tasks Little effect on performance of tasks requiring physical skill or intellectual requiring physical skill or intellectual judgmentjudgment

Hurts performance on simple, boring Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks more than challenging onestasks more than challenging ones

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Individual Differences in Sleep Individual Differences in Sleep DriveDrive

Nonsomniacs - sleep far less than Nonsomniacs - sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the most, but do not feel tired during the dayday

Insomniacs - has a normal desire for Insomniacs - has a normal desire for sleep, but is unable to and feels tired sleep, but is unable to and feels tired during the dayduring the day

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Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

Somnambulism - sleepwalkingSomnambulism - sleepwalking Nightmares - frightening dreams that wake a sleeper Nightmares - frightening dreams that wake a sleeper

from REMfrom REM Night terrors - sudden arousal from sleep and intense Night terrors - sudden arousal from sleep and intense

fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-wave sleepwave sleep

Narcolepsy - overpowering urge to fall asleep that may Narcolepsy - overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing upoccur while talking or standing up

Sleep apnea - failure to breathe when asleepSleep apnea - failure to breathe when asleep

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Dreams and REM SleepDreams and REM Sleep

Everyone dreams several times a Everyone dreams several times a nightnight true dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting true dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting

of sensory and motor sensations experienced of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REMduring REM

sleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleepthinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep

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Dreams and REM SleepDreams and REM Sleep

What are true dreams for? What are true dreams for? Although research has yet to answer this question, Although research has yet to answer this question,

a prevalent view today is that dreams don’t serve a prevalent view today is that dreams don’t serve any purpose at all, but are side effects of REMany purpose at all, but are side effects of REM to exercise groups of neurons during sleepto exercise groups of neurons during sleep some are in perceptual and motor areassome are in perceptual and motor areas

REM occurs in other mammals and to a much REM occurs in other mammals and to a much greater extent in fetuses and infants than adultsgreater extent in fetuses and infants than adults

REM sleep may help consolidate memoriesREM sleep may help consolidate memories