1 Selection Criteria for Turbine and Drive Krishna B. Nakarmi
Transcript of 1 Selection Criteria for Turbine and Drive Krishna B. Nakarmi
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TRUBINE AND DRIVE SYSTEM
Krishna B. Nakarmi
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Development steps on the
Turbine Manufacturing of Micro
Hydro Plants of NEPAL
.
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Krishna Bahadur NakarmiMicro Hydro Consultant
IOE, CES
Project Coordinator
Technical Associates Addresses
Tel: 00 977 1 4244313
Email : kbnakarmi @ ntc.net.npResidence : 00 977 1 4276686,Post Box No.: 10996
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Professional Experience30 Years of experience in the Mechanical Field as aTechnical In-charge of Engineering Department atBalaju Yantra Shala (P) Ltd.
Hydropower Technology
Feasibility Study Designing of MHP equipment Supervision on production in the work shop Installation and Commissioning of equipment at
site .
Machine constructions, R & D of Mech. Devices,Repair and Maintenance, Any kinds of general services
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General Layout of MHP
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Traditional Ghatta(Nepalise Indegenous Technology)
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Water Mill (Ghatta)
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Improved Water Mill
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Water mill with flour fortificationdevice
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T1- CF Turbine
This model is a hand regulatedstraight forward design tomechanically drive a flat belttransmission for the operation ofagro-processing machineries such asflour-mill, rice huskers and oil
expellers etc.
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T1- turbine design
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T2- Turbine
This model is an attempt to come upwith a low cost design. The expensiveturbine housing is omitted to a large
extent. It result in having watersplashing all round the equipment,increasing the humidity in the mill
house and spoiling the flour. Thisdesign is obsolete.
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T3 - Turbine
This model is a compact design, andthe first machine with butterfly valvefor flow regulation. The bearingconcept is under design and notsuitable for outputs higher than20kW.
This design is modified to avoid thebearing problem that rotor can beremoved from the side flange.
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T3-turbine design
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Split flow Turbine
This turbine is designed for high headlow flow site and expecting it willhave high efficiency. But result showopposite way. So, stop productionand obsolete.
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Split flow turbine design
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T4 - Turbine
T4 model has a circular wing foe flowregulation. It was the first turbinewith automatic governor control usedin village electrification projects.
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T5 - Turbine
T5 model is basically the concept ofan enlarged T3 model. However themachine size was not adequate forthe production facility in Nepal. Thisdesign was phased out.
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T6- Turbine
T6 model suitable for governorcontrol, having a butterfly valve asthe flow regulating device. Thismachine is much stiffer thanprevious design, therefore has lowvibration and noise level during
operations. It is a good design forhigh specific discharge.
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T6-turbine design
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T7- Turbine
T7 is first model with fully machineturbine blades in order to increaseits efficiency. This advancedtechnology led to a runner failure dueto fatigue stress problem, so bladedesign was changed and used for
agro processing only.This model also recommended for 20kW plant only.
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T7- turbine design
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T8- Turbine
T8 model is the replacement of T7turbine in case of electrificationprojects. It is fully tested machine
with known characteristics. Thisallowed to define the applicationranges and to standardize the design.
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T8- turbine design
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T9 T11 Turbine
T9 T11 models are test model forthe following T12 Models. Allperformance tests were conducted atthe University of Hong Kong. Theefficiency hill diagram is the result ofthese tests. The design adheres to theconcept of the T8 series with themodified hydraulic profile and securedquality Control to guarantee theexchangeability of the spare parts.
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T12- Turbine
T12 model is the collection of pastexperiences, emphasizing longevity,rugged design etc. It used a newconcept to ventilate the jet (Free jetapproach) and is specially suited for
jet flow control. The main advantage
of this machine is good part loadefficiency as in full load.
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T12-turbine design
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T13- Turbine
T13 is the test model turbine. It ismade for testing purpose with fewmodifications on some parts. Theperformance result shows that theefficiency is increased by somepercent.
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T14- turbine design
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T15- Turbine
T15 model is the advance modelturbine with T 12 turbinecharacteristic and efficiency wise T14turbine. It is now being familiarthrough GTZ as T15 turbine inNepal.
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T16- Turbine
T16 model is developed with newconcept. It is basically upgradedversion model or combination of T7and T12 Turbine and few designparameters changed.This is not tested at any laboratory.But it is installed at existing plantwhere only turbine has to be replaced.
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T16
The client informed that they foundthe electric power output is increasedsignificantly. It means the turbineefficiency is increased. So the turbineefficiency can be guessed that itreached up to 78% to 80%
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T16
On the basis of this experience if theturbine components are madeprecisely the turbine efficiency canbe considered as 80%
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A Typical Cross Flow Turbine DesignDesign by: Krishna B. NakarmiModel: UTSS-08KBN/CF-03
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A typical Pelton Turbine DesignDesign by: Krishna B. NakarmiModel: UTSS-08KBN/PT-03
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Uses of turbine1. Micro Hydro
Electricity Generating
Saw MillingHeat Generating Agro-ProcessingStone Crushing
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1. Selection of turbinePlant SizeLocally / ImportedSkill Man power for O & MEfficiency of TurbineCost of Equipment
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Working principle of differentturbines
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EXAMPLE (IMAGINARY SITE)SITE DATA
Gross Head H g 36 mDischarge Q l/s 600 l/s (AT Rriver)
Designed net head Hn = 32.4 m(Gross Head minus Pipe Lie Losses = 5 to 10 % H g)
Designed discharge Q = 480 l/s Available flow at river * 0.8 (80% of flow of the river)
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Turbine speed
Desired turbine speed is 1500 rpm.(Because normal gen. operating speed is 1500rpm)
Turbine speed depends upon the working pressure andselected turbine rotor diameter.
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Desired speed of the turbine n turb is 1500 rpm.( because operating speed of the commercialstandard alternator is 1500 rpm )
Turbine Speed to be calculatedBut the speed of turbine varies according to theavailable net head and selected turbine rotordiameter
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Turbine Specification(T12 / T15 CF Turbine)
Unit speed n 11 40 normally
Unit discharge Q 11 80
Efficiency of turbine 0.75
Turbine Rotor Diameter D 0.3 m
Rotor shaft Diameter d 80 mm
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(H m)0.5
n turb = 40* ----------Dm
(32.4 m)0.5
n turb = 40* -------------(0.3)
nturb
= 758.9 rpm
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Specific speed
(Q m3/s .)^0.5
n s = 3.65 * n turb rpm * ----------------(Hm) ^0.75
(0.480) ^ 0.5
n s = 3.65 * 758.9 * ------------------- = 141.3(32.4 0) ^.75
(REFERING THIS ns CROSSFLOW OR FRANCIS TURBINECAN BE SELLECTED)
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Hydraulic Power
Hnet * Q l/sP hy = -------------- (kW)
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32.4 m * 480 l/sP hy = ----------------- (kW)
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P hy = 152.4 kW(available power at the site)
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Plant efficiency ( plant )is determined as follows:
Electrical Power Output
P el = P hy * turb * trans * gen
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Turbine Efficiency
0.70 to 0.80 in case of Cross Flow
0.75 to 0.90 in case of Pelton / Francis
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Efficiency of transmission system(belt , coupling system)
= 0.9 to 0.95 in case of normal belts
= 0.95 to 0.98 in case of Habasit flat belt
= 0.98 to 0.99 in case of Flexible Coupling
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Efficiency of generator
= 0.76 to 0.92 in case of Synchronous Generator
( gen = 0.85 can be confirmed )
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Electrical power output
P turb = P hy * turb * Trans * gen
= 152.4 * 0.75*0.95*0.85
= 92.3 kW el
So, plant equipment efficiency can be determined to be 0.6 .
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Thank You