1 Review What are autosomes Explain What determines whether a person is male or female
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Transcript of 1 Review What are autosomes Explain What determines whether a person is male or female
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1 Review What are autosomes Explain What determines whether a person is male
or female Propose a Solution How can you use a karyotype to
identify a species2 Review Explain how sex linked traits work Infer Why would the Y chromosome be unlikely to
contain any of the genes that are absolutely necessary for survival
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CH 14 HUMAN HEREDITY14.1 Human Chromosomes
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Karyotypes
Shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
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Genome Full set of genetic information that an organism
carries.
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Sex Chromosomes
Two of the 46 chromosomes determine sex Females are XX Males XY.
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X chromosome contains 1200 genes
Y chromosome contains 140 genes Most are associated with
male development.
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Autosomal Chromosomes
Remaining 44 human chromosomes.
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Transmission of Human Traits
Many traits have a pattern of simple dominance Many are also codominant.
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Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Rhesus, or Rh blood group Rh+ and Rh-
Rh+ is dominant so heterozygous individual is Rh+ Rh- individuals need to have both negatives.
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Codominant and Multiple Alleles
Human blood types Determined by a gene with three alleles: IA, IB, and i.
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Codominant and Multiple Alleles
Alleles IA and IB are codominant Produce molecules known as antigens on the
surface of red blood cells Individuals with alleles IA and IB produce both A
and B antigens Blood type AB
The i allele is recessive Homozygous for the i allele (ii) produce no antigen
and are type O.
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Sex Linked Gene
Gene located on a sex chromosome Genes on Y chromosomes only pass from father to
son Genes on X chromosome are found in both sexes
Remember males only have one.
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Sex-Linked Inheritance
Three genes responsible for color vision all are on the X chromosome
Males only have one X so if they have one recessive allele they will have some form of color blindness, 1 in 12
Females have 2 X chromosomes so they would need both copies of a recessive allele, 1 in 200.
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X-Chromosome Inactivation
Females really only need to use 1 X chromosome (males make it work)
The second X chromosome is turned off Barr Body
Inactivated x chromosome that gets shoved off to the side.
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X-Chromosome Inactivation
Also occurs in other mammals like cats One X chromosome has an allele for
orange spots Other X chromosome has an allele for
black spots Some cells has one X chromosome
switched off other cells turns off the other.
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Pedigree
Shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships between parents, siblings, and offspring.
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This pedigree shows how a white lock of hair just above the forehead passes through three generations of a family
White lock is dominant.
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Grandfather has trait Two of his three children inherited the trait Three grandchildren have the trait, but two do
not.
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All family members lacking this trait must have homozygous recessive alleles
One of the grandfather’s children lacks the white forelock trait, so the grandfather must be heterozygous.