1) Quiz- Vocabulary Chapter 8 2) Lecture on Telling Time...
Transcript of 1) Quiz- Vocabulary Chapter 8 2) Lecture on Telling Time...
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Today:1) Quiz- Vocabulary Chapter 82) Lecture on Telling Time Geologically
Next Class:1) Go over Exam 2 2) Continue: Telling Time Geologically3) In Class Exercise: Radiometric dating
Introduction to the Grand Canyon
Monday, November 25, 13
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James Hutton (1727-97)
“Father of Geology”
Charles Lyell
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James Hutton
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
3Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
Physical processes we observe today also operated in the past, at roughly comparable rates.
3Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
Physical processes we observe today also operated in the past, at roughly comparable rates.
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“The Present is the key to the past”
Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
Physical processes we observe today also operated in the past, at roughly comparable rates.
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“The Present is the key to the past”
Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
Physical processes we observe today also operated in the past, at roughly comparable rates.
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“The Present is the key to the past”
Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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The Principle of Uniformitarianism
Physical processes we observe today also operated in the past, at roughly comparable rates.
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“The Present is the key to the past”
Published in the Principles of Geology, by LyellMonday, November 25, 13
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Relative Datingvs.
Absolute Dating
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Relative Datingvs.
Absolute Dating
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Archean-“Ancient” (Single-celled life)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Archean-“Ancient” (Single-celled life)
Proterozoic-Early Life (multi-cellular life)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Archean-“Ancient” (Single-celled life)
Proterozoic-Early Life (multi-cellular life)
Paleozoic- “Old Life” (complex life; coral fish, plants)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Archean-“Ancient” (Single-celled life)
Proterozoic-Early Life (multi-cellular life)
Paleozoic- “Old Life” (complex life; coral fish, plants)
Mesozoic - “Middle Life” (time of the Dinosaurs)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Geologic Time Scale
7Hadean - Beneath the Earth (no Rocks)
Archean-“Ancient” (Single-celled life)
Proterozoic-Early Life (multi-cellular life)
Paleozoic- “Old Life” (complex life; coral fish, plants)
Mesozoic - “Middle Life” (time of the Dinosaurs)
Cenozoic - “Recent Life”(time of the mammals)
Phanerozoic
- (E
vide
nt) V
isib
le L
ife
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The Scale of Geologic Time
Archean PaleozoicHadean Proterozoic
CenozoicMesozoic
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Geology: The science of the obvious(DeVecchio, 2012)
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Principle of Original Horizontality
Sediment on Earth settles out of a fluid in a gravitational field, and accumulates on horizontal surfaces, therefore when originally deposited they are horizontal
River
Lake
River
Beach
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Principle of Original Horizontality
River
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BeddingCross-bedding
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Principle of Original Horizontality
River
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In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers (beds), each layer must be younger than the bed below.
Principle applies to Sedimentary strata
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Principle of Superposition
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Principle of Superposition
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Principle of Lateral/Original Continuity
Principle applies to Sedimentary strata
Layers of sedimentary rocks can be continuous over broad areas when first
deposited. Erosion may later remove part of a layer
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Principle of Lateral/Original Continuity
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The Vermillion Cliffs, Utah
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Principle of Cross Cutting Relations
Principle applies to all rock types and Geologic structures
If one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has been
cut is older
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Principle of Inclusions
Principle applies to all rock types
The rock containing the inclusion must be younger than the rock that is included
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Principle of Baked Contacts
Principle applies to all rock types
shale
limestone
sandstone
An igneous intrusion “bakes” (metamorphoses) surrounding rocks. The rock that is baked must be older than the intrusion
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Principle of Baked Contacts
Principle applies to all rock types
Tierra del Fuego, Chile
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Principle of Baked Contacts
Principle applies to all rock typesBingham Copper mine, Salt Lake City
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Principle of Faunal Succession
William Smith (ca. 1815)
Book: “The Map that Changed the World” by Simon Winchester
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Principle applies to Sedimentary strata
Principle of Fossil Succession
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Extinction Events and Geologic time
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Distribution of sedimentary Rock Ages around the world: Correlation
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Correlation
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Correlation
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Interpretation of Siccar Point Scotland, James Hutton (ca.1780)
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Geologic Unconformity
An unconformity is a buried erosion surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous.
“A gap in the Geologic Time Record”
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Geologic UnconformityAngular unconformity Separates sedimentary that have different degrees of angular bedding dips
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Geologic UnconformityNonconformity Separates older non-layered igneous and metamorphic rocks from younger layered sedimentary rocks
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Geologic Unconformity
Animation
DisconformitySeparates sedimentary strata that are parallel but have discontinuous ages
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