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PLANT BIOLOGY

www.lmpc.edu.au/.../livingthings/gymnosperm.htm

ourohio.org/index.php?page=growing-fresh-air

www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/hj/moss.html

http://www.bayergarden.co.uk/images/gardendoctor/feature7.jpg

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waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Mitosis is the division of a haploid (n) or diploid (2n) cell into two duplicate daughter cells.

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Meiosis is a special kind of cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced in half.

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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What is a plant?

From Latin “Planta” Sole of foot

1. Multicellular (differentiated cells)2. Has haploid spores (n)3. Embryo develops inside of female part of plant4. Mostly photosynthetic (have green chlorophyll) except some parasites, like Indian Pipes and Beach Drops

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A Plant is (Cont.):

5.Except for certain aquatic plants plants have the following adaptations to reduce water loss on land:

A. Waxy Cuticle covers stem and leaves – Stomata let air and water in

http://www.sxc.hu/pic/m/t/tc/tcreagh/1161450_leaf_stomata.jpg

https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/figures/7.1.gif

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A Plant is (Con’t.)

B. Spores and seeds dispersed by wind and animals C. Roots anchor the plant and help absorb water and nutrients

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A Plant is (Con’t.)

D. Have STEMS for support and transport of materials within the plant:Vascular Plants (All but Moss which stay short and wet) have:• Xylem tubes to carry water and nutrients up• Phloem tubes to carry sugar down

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Actually – Fungi called Mycorrhizae cover or enter the roots of most true plants to assist the plant with absorption of water and nutrients (esp. phosphorus) (roots similar to Lichens)

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9f6p5qcrmew/SjYAQTCG9_I/AAAAAAAAAqE/FfaT0xyXtvs/s400/myco2.JPG

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A Plant is (Con’t.)

These Mycorrhizae are SO important that the may explain: • why certain plants can live in certain soils only• why soil must be moved with the roots• why citrus trees require more water and fertilizer when treated with fungicides• Why air pollution kills forests (it kills this fungus)

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A Plant is (Con’t.)

E. Growth regions at the tips of stems and roots to maxamize the use of soil, air and light

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2153/fig3-10.jpg

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Modern classification system3 Domains (Bacteria (Prokaryote, Moneran with

peptidoglycan cell walls), Archaea (Prokaryote, Moneran with no

peptidoglycan), Eukarya (with nucleus (Eukaryote) and with cell walls absent or ofcellulose or chitin.

6 Kingdoms (Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria – typical bacteria, NO membrain organelles), Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea – live in severe conditions: hot springs, salt pools, no O2, NO membrane organelles), Protista (all not in the other 5), Fungi (chitin cell walls, no chloroplasts), Plant (cellulose cell walls with chloroplasts), and Animal (no cell walls or chloroplasts).

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Phylum (Animals only)– Divisions for the rest!! Plant examples: Division Bryophyta and Division Tracheophyta)

Class (Coniferinae and Angiospermae)

Order (Most important for animals)

Family (-idea for animals

-aceae for plants) Genus (1 word) (Acer = Maple) Upper case, Underline

Species (2 words) 1st (upper case & underline) = the Genus 2nd (lower case & underline) = the specific epithet Species name example = Acer rubrum (Red Maple)

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Non-Vascular Plants

Division Bryophyta

The MOSSES and LIVERWORTS

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Moss Life Cycle

                                                                                                                                                        

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Find your example of a moss from outside:

Locate and sketch the

A.Gametophyte

B. Sporophyte

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Vascular PlantsDivision Tracheophyta

Without Seeds

(Reproduce with spores)

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Xylem and Phloem tubes of a vascular plant:

https://www.uwsp.edu/natres/nres743/images/T1/tree_layers_web2.jpg

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Fern Life Cycle

                                                                                                                                                                                 

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Find your example of a FERN from outside

Find and sketch a

A.GametophyteB. Sporophyte (Label the SORI

(spore cases))

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http://people.virginia.edu/~lmm6n/images/Fiddlehead.jpg

Fern Fiddleheads

Some species have edible fiddleheads (BUT you MUST learn which are first!!)

http://www.thenourishinggourmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ng_fiddleheads2.jpg

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Vascular Plants with

Naked Seeds

(Not enclosed in Fruits)

Conifers, Cycads and Ginkgos

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http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_Plantae_Fig_f/Pine_Life_Cycle.GIF

-Usually 2 years

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Now obtain a pine coneOpen up the lower cone leavesand attempt to find a seed.(the pine seeds from some of our western pines have very large seeds and are sold forFood as “Pine Nuts”

http://offtheurbangrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/stone-pine-cone-and-pine-nuts.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tXy4SMLFFJg/RtIoUm4eutI/AAAAAAAAAWM/1_QMTWY6r74/s320/pine+nuts_2.jpg

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Class Angiospermae

Angiosperms

Vascular Plants with Flowers,And seeds inclosed in fruits

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http://www.life.illinois.edu/plantbio/260/Origins/timescale.jpg

Why Angiosperms took over:

A. Animals helped in reproduction due to flowers and fruits B. Fruits protect seeds

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Now get out the flower you picked outside

Find and sketch the following

Stamen, anther, filament,Pistil,stigma, style & ovary Petals, sepals and receptacle

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The following illustration shows a typical bisexual flower:

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Flowering Plant Life Cycle

                                                                                                                                                                                          

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Angiosperms are divided into

Two large Subclasses:

A. Monocots – often smaller plantsB. Dicots – often larger plants

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http://dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol103/labs/Wyrick/10b_plant_diversity_gymnosperms_angiosperms_files/image003.gif

How do these 2 Subclasses differ?

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http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/images/Corn_Grain_ls.jpg

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/seed%20dicot.jpg

Monocot and Dicot seed

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Now, Please obtain a corn Fruit

And a Bean Seed

Open each carefully as I talk you through the procedure.

Sketch and label the Cotyledon(s) and Embryo in both cases.

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What do you believe to be the purpose of the Cotyledon(s) and the Endosperm?

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If you said:

“Protection” and “Food”

you are GOOD!!!!

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Next, let’s talk about 7 common local Plant FamiliesAnd their general characteristics.

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Family Fabaceae: Legume Family

Nitrogen fixation occurs in the root nodules that contain bacteria (Bradyrhizobium for soybean, Rhizobium for most other legumes

Pea, alfalfa, clover, common bean, peanut, lentil and Redbud trees are examples.

http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1(legumes).html

Fabaceae

http://www.botany.wisc.edu/garden/UW-Botanical_Garden/Fabaceae.html

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PINE FAMILY

PINACEAE

http://trees.stanford.edu/images/Pinaceae/jeffreyi.jpg

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Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)The Largest Plant Family On Earth

                                              

                                                                                       

Capitulum: Inflorescence Of The Sunflower Family

                                                                                                                                                               

http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2008/09/22/1_6.jpg

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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http://lh3.ggpht.com/_HyG4qYcYV1Y/SSkzo9DqHoI/AAAAAAAARi8/kmOeRqgexIo/s800/thome00478.jpg

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

                                                                                                                              

Beach Family (Fagaceae)

http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/commontr/american.htm

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Flowers Of The Grass, Sedge & Rush Families The Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                

Typical Flower Of The Rush Family (Juncaceae)

                                                                                                                                                                                         

http://librarywork.taiwanschoolnet.org/gsh2009/gsh5845/index06.htm

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

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Rose Family: Rosaceae

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Heath Family (Ericaceae)Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Bearberry,

Azalea, Rhododendron etc.

waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/alpine-bearberry