1-Pengantar geografi-Interaksi spasial.ppt
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Transcript of 1-Pengantar geografi-Interaksi spasial.ppt
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Tema Geografi
(Themes in World Geography)
Kuliah Pengantar Geografi Ke : 3-4
Ir. Sawitri subiyanto, Msi.
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Apa geografi itu?
Studi tentang variasi spasial (spasial variation)
Bagaimana - dan mengapaada perbedaan di
satu tempat dan tempat lain di permukaan bumi(differ from place to place on the surface of the
earth)
Studi tentang bagaimana pola spasial diamati
berkembang melalui waktu (spatial patterns
evolved through time)
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What is geography?
Geografi adalah ilmu spasial (Geography is a spatial
science)
Perilaku spasial orang (Spatial behaviorof people) Hubungan spasial antara tempat-tempat (Spatial
relationshipsbetween places)
Proses spasial yang menciptakan atau mempertahankan
perilaku tersebut dan hubungannya. (Spatial processesthat create or maintain those behaviors and
relationships)
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Spatial variation: predominant religion
(dominasi agama)
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Why spatial variation exists: earthquakes(Mengapa ada variasi spasial : gempa bumi)
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Changes over time: deforestationPerubahan dari waktu ke waktu: deforestasi
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Spatial behavior of people: population
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HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
How do humans and the environment affecteach other? We depend on it.
People depend on the Tennessee River for water and
transportation.
We modify it. People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
We adapt to it. We adapt to the environment by wearingclothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
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Spatial relationships between places: trade
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Spatial processes: commuting and
urban form
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Berpolapikir Geografikal
Menurut definisi yang dikemukakan oleh Morrison (1993):
Geography is the study of space (spacial) in the sence of
position and relationships among positions on the surface of the
planet earth.
Geografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari ruang (keruangan) yangmengandung pengertian posisi dan relasinya diantara tempat-
tempat di permukaan planet bumi.
Dari pengertian dan definisi geografi di atas mengemukaadanya pola pikir spasial (spatial thinking) yang menjadi ciri
khas geografi.
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3 Ciri Khas Geografi
Spatial(Keruangan)
Ecological(Kewilayahan)
Regional(Gabungan antara Spatial danEcological)
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Prinsip Geografi
Penyebaran/distribusi(semua fenomena tersebartidak merata di permukaan bumi)
Interaksi (Hubungan saling kait dalam ruang)
Deskripsi(Geografi senantiasa menjelaskan segalasesuatu,melalui angka,tabel,grafik,gambar dsb)
Korologi (Gejala yang ditinjau sebarannya dalamruang beserta integrasi, interelasi dan interaksinya)
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Prasyarat Analisis Spasial
1. Berpola fikir geografikal: understandingspatial order
2. Memiliki spatial knowledge and spatial
skills
3. Memahami spatial framework
Remote sensing
Peta referensi
Survey dan Pemetaan Basis data SIG
Peta tematis
PengambilanKeputusan
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Memahami Elemen Spasial
1. Type of spatial objects and features2. Spatial phenomena
3. Spatial representation
Spatial Knowledge and Skill
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Spatial Points
Set of Spatial
Points
Spatial
universe
Spatial Area
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Ilustrasi Analisis Spatial
Titik : lokasi / tempat layanan
Garis: jaringan transportasi (jalan,
sungai, garis layanantransporatsi udaradapat
mempengaruhi alokasi tempat
layanan atau sebaliknya
Area: wilayah layanan jasa/ produk tertentu
untuk segmen pasar pada entitaswilayah layanan tersebut
Contoh
G i b t
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Garis batas
awal
Kabupaten A
Garis batas
pemekaran Daerah
Tipikal Konflik:) Konflik antara
pusat dengan
daerah (konflik
vertikal)
Antara Kab A1
dg Kab A2
(konflik
horizontal
Banyak keterkaitan fungsional pembangunan yang terpotong oleh akibat batas admnistrasi baru dan
menimbulkan resiko masalah pengambilan keputusan sampai pelaksanaan di lapangan
sekolah sekolah
Contoh
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Point object Line object Area object 3D object
REAL WORLD PHENOMENA
Point
Line
Polygon
Point object
Point object
Point object
Line object
Line object
Line object
Area object
Area object
Area object
3D object
3D object
3D object
Mengenal Elemen Spasial
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Representasi Elemen Spasial
Point object Line object Area object 3D object
PointLine
Point objectPoint object
Line objectLine object
Area objectArea object
3D object3D object
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Representasi Elemen Spasial
Point object Line object Area object 3D object
PointLine
Polygon
Point object
Point object
Point objectLine objectLine object
Line object
Area objectArea object
Area object
3D object3D object
3D object
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Spatial Pattern
REGULAR
RANDOM
CLUSTERED
Spatial Framework
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HillsMountains
RawaGambut Tebal
Rawa GambutGambut Tipis
Jalan PropinsiJalan Kabupaten
Jalan LainSungai
Pemukiman
Koridor 10 kmTapak Jalan Tol
# Kota Kecamatan
%U Kota Kabupaten
%[ Kota PropinsiBatas Kabupaten
20 0 20 Kilometers
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%U
%U
%[
Aurd uri
Setangkaikecil
Lipatka in
Pangkalan Pasir
Belimbing
Pebadaran
Geronggang
Gungsahlan
Kotabangun
Pangakalan Kotabaru
Siabu
Mentulik
Langgam
Rantaubarangin
Muaramahat
MuaratakusDanaubingkuang
Teratahbulah
Telukkepih
Pangkalankabung
Parit
Tandun
BatugajahPetapahan
Pantaicermin
Parawang
Sukadamai
Senamaninik
Sikijang
TebingtinggiMinas
Teluklanc ang
Buatan
Rimbapandan
Kotalama
Pekalar
Muaradilam
Sunagimurai
Sontang
Kotatengah
TanjungmedanPujut
Sungaislalang
Tanahputih
Ujungtanjung
Banjarduabelas
Sedinginan
Sintong
Sikapas
Pematangbarangan
Janes
Duri
Balaipungut
Baganbesar
Pangkalanpasir
Sungaisahir
Guntung
Bukitbatu
Batupanjang
Pengalir
Teluklencah
Pangkalanyirih
Hutanraju
Dumai
Bangkinang
Pekanbaru
13
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47
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40
.81
92.06
N
KOTA DUMAI
BENGKALIS
SIAK
KAMPAR
Proximity and Spatial Relation
Spatial Framework
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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
Lokasi/Location
Tempat/Place
Hubungan antar Tempat /Interaksi(Human-Environment Interaction)
Pergerakan/ Movement
Regional/ Regions
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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
1) Lokasi : posisi relatif dan absolut di
permukaan bumi
Contoh/bentuk : Latitude and longitude,
site and situation, direction, distance, scale
Keahlian (skill): Map reading, identification
Pertanyaan : Where is ____? Where is____ relative to where I am?
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LOCATION
Where are we?
Absolute Location
A latitude and longitude
(global location) or a
street address (locallocation).
Paris France is 48o North
Latitude and 2oEast
Longitude.
The White House is
located at 1600
Pennsylvania Ave.
Relative Location
Described by landmarks,
time, direction or
distance. From one placeto another.
Go 1 mile west on main
street and turn left for 1
block.
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Relative and absolute location
Where were you born?
Where do you live?
Wheres the most beautiful place youve everbeen?
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Spatial Location and Reference
Geographical Grid
Lintang Utara
Lintang Selatan
Equator
Bujur Barat Bujur TimurMeridian
Latitude = Lintang
Longitude = Bujur
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Peta Referensi
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Memahami Skala
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130' 130'
115' 115'
11000' 11015'
110
1105 0 5 10 Kilometer
DP
DP
DP
DPSP
SP
Peat MappingUsing Land sat ETMLandsystem Boundary
DP
SP
Deep Peat
Shallow Peat
Ketapang
West Kalimantan
Legend
Peta Dari Citra Satelit
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2) Place: yaitu karakteristik fisik dan kekhasan
manusia pada suatu tempat (characteristics of
locales)
Contoh/bentuk: yaitu tentang fisk dan budayasuatu tempat (Physical and cultural landscapes,
sense of place)
Keahlian : mendiskripsikan (Description) dan
membandingkan (compare)
Questions: What does ____ look like? Why? How
is it different from ____?
5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
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PLACE
What is it like there, what kind of place is it?
Human
Characteristics What are the mainlanguages, customs, and
beliefs.
How many people live,
work, and visit a place.
Physical
Characteristics Landforms (mountains,rivers, etc.), climate,
vegitation, wildlife, soil, etc.
http://www.swagattours.com/rajasthan-overview/gifs/people-rajasthan.jpg -
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3) Hubungan antar tempat (Relationships within places):tentang pengembangan dan konsekuensi dari hubungan
manusia-lingkungan(human-environment relationships)
Contoh: Ekosistem (Ecosystems), sumber daya alam(natural resources), pencemaran lingkungan
(environmental pollution)
Keahlian : Evaluation, analysis
Pertanyaan: Apa hubungan manusia-lingkungan yangterjadi? Bagaimana mereka mempengaruhi tempat dan
penghuninya?
5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
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4) Movement: pola dan perubahan dalam interaksi
spasial manusia di bumi (patterns and change in
human spatial interaction on the earth)
Sample terms: Migration, diffusion, globalization
Skills: Explanation, prediction
Questions: How has this spatial pattern
developed? Will it continue to change? Whatdoes it mean for the places involved?
5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
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HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
How do humans and the environment affecteach other? We depend on it.
People depend on the Tennessee River for water and
transportation. We modify it.
People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
We adapt to it. We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
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MOVEMENT
How are people, goods, ideas moved from
place to place?
Human Movement
Trucks, Trains, Planes
Information Movement
Phones, computer (email), mail
Idea Movement How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines
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5) Regions: how they form and change
Sample terms: Formal vs. functional regions
Skills: Synthesis, application Questions: How has this spatial pattern
developed? Will it continue to change?
What does it mean for the places involved?
5 Konsep Tema Dasar di Geografi
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REGIONS
How are Regions similar to and different from other
places?
Formal Regions
Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries
(States, Countries, Cities)
Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky
Mountain region, Chinatown).
Functional Regions
Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phonecoverage area).
Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)
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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di
Geografi
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5 Konsep Tema Dasar di
Geografi
Jika ingin mengingat :
MR. HELP!!! MMovement
RRegions
HEHuman Environment interaction
LLocation P- Place
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World-system
CORE - Industrialized, market-oriented countries
Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia.
PERIPHERY - Poor, ex-colonial nations
Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.
SEMI-PERIPHERY - Partially industrialized
ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter)South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.
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Not regional geography approach
Country-by-country, or region-by-region
Examines internal geography of each
world region.
Does not adequately show connections
between regions (basis of globalization)
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Systematic geography approach
Through human geographic lenses: Population geography
Cultural geography
Economic geography Urban geography
Political geography
Some environmental geography
P l i h
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Population geography
Growth in Periphery
Graying in Core
Resulting changes inmigration patterns
Causes and
consequences offorced migration.
Cultural geography
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Cultural geography
Relationship between
place & cultural identity.
Cultural homogenization(Americanization) fromglobalization?
Yet cultural differences
across places arebecoming significant?
E i h
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Economic geography
Rising economic
interdependence among
places.
Local responses in turn
affect globalization.
Glocalization a better
term than globalization?
li i l h
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Political geography
Economics supposedly erodingsignificance of borders.
Ethnic minorities feel theydeserve states of their own.
States under attack from above(global economics) and frombelow (ethnic communities).
Yet states are still powerful, andcan respond.
U b h
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Urban geography
Different types of citiesin core and periphery.
How globalizationaffects cities. Are they
still needed in theinformation age ?
Strong reasons for cities
to still exist.
S t Id tifi ti 0Model Geography
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Cities, Settlements, Urban hierarchies
System Identification, 0
Geographical
Form
Spatial Model
Analytical
Techniques
Heritage of
Spatial Model
Rank-size analysis, Nearest-neighbor analysis,
Quadrat analysis
Central-place theory, Gravity models, Weberian
models, Economic base models
Point set theory (Mathematics), Organization models
(Management), Packing theory (Mathematics)