1 Part 3 Tools of Ontology: Universals, Partitions.
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Transcript of 1 Part 3 Tools of Ontology: Universals, Partitions.
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Part 3
Tools of Ontology:
Universals, Partitions
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Porphyrian Hierarchy
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Linnaean Hierarchy
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Medical Diagnostic Hierarchy
a hierarchy in the realm of processes
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Species-genus hierarchies
capture the way the world is (Aristotelian realism)
– they depict the invariant structures/patterns/regularities in reality
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or: species-genus hierarchies
may capture the way the world should be
– by depicting the structures/patterns/regularities in the realm of standards, ideal cases, recipes
(cf. a hierarchy of medical therapies)
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Anglocentric (Aristotelian) Realism
The general terms of TEE (or many of them),
including terms like ‘Coca Cola’,
correspond to universals (species and genera, invariant patterns) in reality
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Two distinct realms of being
universals particulars
general individual
types tokens
species instances
essence fact
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siamese
mammal
cat
organism
substancespecies, genera
animal
instances
frog
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Common nouns
pekinese
mammal
cat
organism
substance
animal
common nouns
proper names
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siamese
mammal
cat
organism
substancetypes
animal
tokens
frog
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Accidents: Species and instances
substance
animal
mammal
human
Irishman
types
tokensthis individual token man
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There are universals
both among substances (man, mammal)
and among moments (run, movement)
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Substance universals
pertain to what a thing is at all times at which it exists:
cow man rock planetVW Golf
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Note use of ‘substance’
in the sense of ‘thing’, ‘object’
count sense of substance vs.
mass sense of substance
(‘milk’, ‘gold’)
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Moment universals
pertain to how a thing is at some time at which it exists:
red hot suntanned spinningClintophobic Eurosceptic
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Moments, too, instantiate genera and species
Thus moment universals form trees
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quality
color
red
scarlet
R232, G54, B24
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moments too are distinguished as between tokens and types
which is to say: between genera and species on the one hand,
... and instances on the other
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Accidents: Species and instances
quality
color
red
scarlet
R232, G54, B24
this individual accident of redness (this token redness – here, now)
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One plus Nine Categories (AQL)
quid? substance
quale? quality
quantum? quantity
ad quid? relation
ubi? place
quando? time
in quo situ? status/context
in quo habitu? habitus
quid agit? action
quid patitur? passion
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Not in a SubjectSubstantial
In a SubjectAccidental
Said of a SubjectUniversal, General,Type
Second Substances
man, horse, mammal
Non-substantial Universals
whiteness, knowledge
Not said of a Subject Particular, Individual,Token
First Substances
this individual man, this horse this mind, this body
Individual Accidents
this individual whiteness, knowledge of grammar
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Dependent Entities
Exercise of power Exercise of function
Movement
Action
Substances
Collectives
Undetached parts
Substantial boundaries
Powers
Functions
Qualities
Shapes
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Moments (Dependent)
Exercise of power Exercise of function
Movement
Action
Substances
Collectives
Undetached parts
Substantial boundaries
Powers
Functions
Qualities
Shapes
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Dependent Entities
Exercise of power Exercise of function
Movement
Action Processes?
Substances
Collectives
Undetached parts
Substantial boundaries
Powers
Functions
Qualities
Shapes
Moments?
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Dependent Entities
John‘s reddening
John‘s blushing
John‘s bruising
4-DSubstances
Collectives
Undetached parts
Substantial boundaries
John‘s redness
John‘s blush
John‘s bruise
3-D
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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Refining the Ontological Square
Substantial Dependent Entities
John‘s reddening
John‘s blushing
John‘s bruising
4-D (perduring)
Stuff
(Blood, Snow, Tissue)
Mixtures
Holes
John‘s redness
John‘s blush
John‘s bruise
3-D (enduring)
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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A Refined Ontological SquareSubstantial Dependent Entities
John‘s reddening
John‘s blushing
John‘s bruising
4-D (perduring)
Stuff
(Blood, Snow, Tissue)
Mixtures
Holes
John‘s redness
John‘s blush
John‘s bruise
3-D (enduring)
Occ
urre
nts
Con
tinua
nts
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Aristotle’s Ontological SquareSubstantial Accidental
Second substance
man
cat
ox
Second accident
headache
sun-tan
dread
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Some philosophers
accept only part of the Aristotelian multi-categorial ontology
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Standard Predicate Logic – F(a), R(a,b) ...
Substantial Accidental
Attributes
F, G, R
Individuals
a, b, c
this, that
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Bicategorial Nominalism
Substantial Accidental
First substance
this man
this cat
this ox
First accident
this headache
this sun-tan
this dread
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Process MetaphysicsSubstantial Accidental
Events
Processes
“Everything is flux”
Uni
vers
alP
artic
ular
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Problems arise for such partial ontologies
arise only if they come along with the claim to be complete
(reductionists are nearly always correct in what they hold to exist --
but incorrect when they hold that nothing else exists)
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Reductionism
is like holding that only maps of some one specific scale (say 1:10,000) are true representations of reality
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Basic Formal Ontology
BFO is neutral with regard to mental/intentional entities
BFO is neutral with regard to sets/classes
… ontology is like every other science a work in progress
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Species-genusgenus trees can be represented also as map-like partitions
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From Species to Genera
canary
animal
bird
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From Species to Genera
animal
bird
canarycanary
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Species Genera as Tree
canary
animal
bird fish
ostrich
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Species-Genera as Map/Partition
animal
bird
canary
ostrich
fish
canary
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Tree and Map-Partitions Together
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‘Granularity’ in two senses:
depth of a tree hierarchy
resolution of a map-like partition
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There are many different species-genus hierarchies
many different ways to cut through the complex thicket of invariant patterns in reality
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Recall the distinct temporal partitions of reality as a whole
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Coarse-grained Partition
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Fine-Grained Partition
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Basic Formal Ontology
??
?
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Ontological Zooming
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Universe/Periodic Table
animal
bird
canary
ostrich
fishfolk biology
partition of DNA space
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Universe/Periodic Table
animal
bird
canary
ostrich
fish
both are transparent partitions of one and the same reality
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France
RegionsDepartments
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Perspectivalism
Perspectivalism
Different partitions may represent cuts through the same reality which are skew to each other
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An organism is a totality of molecules
An organism is a totality of cells
An organism is a single unitary substance
... all of these express veridical partitions
An organism is a totality of atoms
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all express partitions which are transparent,
at different levels of granularity,
to the same reality beyond
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Ontology
like cartography
must work with maps at different scales and with maps picking out different dimensions of invariants
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Basic Formal Ontology
inspired in part by spatial ontologies developed in Geographic Information Science
Cf. Th. Bittner
map layers
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If Aristotelian realism is right
then there are very many map-like
partitions, at different scales,
which are all transparent to the reality beyond
the mistake arises when one supposes
that only one of these partitions is veridical
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There are not only map-like partitions of reality into spatial chunks
but also distinct partitions of reality into universals
-- mutually compatible ways of providing inventories of universals
(among proteins, among cells, among organisms …)
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Varieties of granular partitions
Partonomies: inventories of the parts of individual entities
Maps: partonomies of space
Taxonomies: inventories of the universals covering a given domain of reality
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come with a labelling and an address system
Partitions
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Lake Tahoe Land Cover
two mutually dependent partitions
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Cerebral Cortex
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Mouse Chromosome 5
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Periodic TablePeriodic Table of Chemical Elements
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Set theory is one possible partition of reality
is it a transparent partition?
or a useful tool of mathematics?
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Partonomies and taxonomies can be combined
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Partonomies and taxonomies can be combined
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Partonomies and taxonomies can be combined
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Partonomies and taxonomies can be combined
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but should not be confused
is-a overloading
ulcer
parts of ulcer types of ulcer phases of ulcer
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Artefactual universalshave crisp borderlines
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birds
ostrich
Natural universals have non-crisp borderlines
sparrow
marked by borderline cases
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Natural universals have a kernel/penumbra structure
kernel of focal
instances
penumbra of borderline cases
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Prototypicality amongsub-categories
some sub-species of a given genus are more typical, standard, than others
canary is more typical than ostrich
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instances
There is prototypicality among instances too
albino frogalbino frog
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Types of boundaries in the realm of universal partitions
Fiat vs. bona fide
Crisp vs. non-crisp
Natural vs. artefactual
Continuous vs. non-continuous
…
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The Ontology of Holes
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Places are holes
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Temple at Corinth
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Pipe
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The Ontology of Places
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Varieties of Controlled Airspace
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Places
For Aristotle there are no empty places
The place of a substance is the interior boundary of the surrounding body
(for example the interior boundary of the surrounding water where it meets a fish’s skin)
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Places
For Aristotle a place is a hole filled by a substance
The place occupied by you is the boundary of the surrounding air where it meets your body
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A more adequate ontology:
Places are holes
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Places are holes
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A hole in the groundSolid physical boundaries at the floor and walls
but with a fiat lid:
hole
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Holes, too, involve two kinds of boundaries
bona fide boundaries which exist independently of our demarcating acts
fiat boundaries which exist only because we put them there
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niches, environments are holes
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Ontology of Environments
Gibson: affordancesgeometry of surface layout