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Transcript of 1 OWL The Web Ontology Language W3C standard Collision of DAML (frames) and Oil (DLs in Frame...
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OWL The Web Ontology Language
W3C standard Collision of DAML (frames) and Oil (DLs in Frame clothing) Three ‘flavours’
OWL-Lite –simple but limited OWL-DL – complex but deliverable (real soon now) OWL-Full – fully expressive but serious logical/computational
problems Russel Paradox etc etc
All layered (awkwardly) on RDF Schema Still work in progress – see Semantic Web Best Practices &
Deployment Working Group (SWBP)
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Note on syntaxes for OWL Three official syntaxes + Protégé-OWL syntax
Abstract syntax -Specific to OWL N3 -OWL & RDF
-used in all SWBP documents XML/RDF -very verbose Old Protégé-OWL -Compact, derived from DL syntax
New Protégé-OWL simplified abstract syntax someValuesFrom some allValuesFrom only intersectionOf AND unionOf OR complementOf not
Protégé/OWL can generate all syntaxes
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A simple ontology: Animals
Living Thing
Grass
Animal
Plant
Tree
Body Part
Arm
Leg
Person
Cow
Carnivore
Herbivoreeats
eats
eats
has part
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Description Logics What the logicians made of Frames
Greater expressivity and semantic precision Compositional definitions
“Conceptual Lego” – define new concepts from old
To allow automatic classification & consistency checking The mathematics of classification is tricky
Some seriously counter-intuitive results The basics are simple – devil in the detail
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Description Logics
Underneath: computationally tractable subsets of first order logic
Describes relations between Concepts/Classes Individuals secondary
DL Ontologies are NOT databases!
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Description Logics:A brief history Informal Semantic Networks and Frames (pre 1980)
Wood: What’s in a Link; Brachman What IS-A is and IS-A isn’t. First Formalisation (1980)
Bobrow KRL, Brachman: KL-ONE All useful systems are intractable (1983)
Brachman & Levesque: A fundamental tradeoff Hybrid systems: T-Box and A-Box
All tractable systems are useless (1987-1990) Doyle and Patel: Two dogmas of Knowledge Representation
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A brief history of KR ‘Maverick’ incomplete/intractable logic systems (1985-90)
GRAIL, LOOM, Cyc, Apelon, …,
Practical knowledge management systems based on frames Protégé
The German School: Description Logics (1988-98) Complete decidable algorithms using tableaux methods (1991-1992) Detailed catalogue of complexity of family – “alphabet soup of systems”
Optimised systems for practical cases (1996-)
Emergence of the Semantic Web Development of DAML (frames), OIL (DLs) DAML+OIL OWL
Development of Protégé-OWL
A dynamic field – constant new developments & possibilities
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Why the “Best Practice working Group”? There is no established “best practice”
It is new; We are all learning A place to gather experience A catalogue of things that work –
Analogue of Software Patterns Some pitfalls to avoid
…but there is no one way
Learning to build ontologies Too many choices
Need starting points for gaining experience
Provide requirements for tool builders
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Contributing to “best practice”
Please give us feedback Your questions and experience
On the SW in general:[email protected]
For specific feedback to SWBP Home & Mail Archive:
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/[email protected]
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Protégé-OWL & CO-ODE
Joint work: Stanford & U Manchester + Southampton & Epistemics Please give us feedback on tools – mailing lists & forums at:
protege.stanford.edu www.co-ode.org
Don’t beat your head against a brick wall! Look to see if others have had the same problem; If not… ASK!
We are all learning.
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Part II – Creating an ontology Useful patterns
Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Building from trees and untangling Using a classifier Closure axioms Specifying Values n-ary relations Part-whole relations
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Upper Ontologies
Ontology Schemas High level abstractions to constrain
construction e.g. There are “Objects” & “Processes”
Highly controversial Sumo, Dolce, Onions, GALEN, SBU,…
Needed when you work with many people together
NOT in this tutorial – a different tutorial
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Domain Ontologies Concepts specific to a field
Diseases, animals, food, art work, languages, … The place to start
Understand ontologies from the bottom up Or middle out
Levels Top domain ontologies – the starting points for the field
Living Things, Geographic Region, Geographic_feature Domain ontologies – the concepts in the field
Cat, Country, Mountain Instances – the things in the world
Felix the cat, Japan, Mt Fuji
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Part II – Useful Patterns (continued)
Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Building from trees and untanglingBuilding from trees and untangling Using a classifierUsing a classifier Closure axioms & Open World ReasoningClosure axioms & Open World Reasoning Specifying Values n-ary relations
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Example: Animals & Plants Dog Cat Cow Person Tree Grass Herbivore Male Female
Dangerous Pet Domestic Animal Farm animal Draft animal Food animal Fish Carp Goldfish
Carnivore Plant Animal Fur Child Parent Mother Father
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Example: Animals & Plants Dog Cat Cow Person Tree Grass Herbivore Male Female
Healthy Pet Domestic Animal Farm animal Draft animal Food animal Fish Carp Goldfish
Carnivore Plant Animal Fur Child Parent Mother Father
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Choose some main axesAdd abstractions where needed; identify relations; Identify definable things, make names explicit
Living Thing Animal
Mammal Cat Dog Cow Person
Fish Carp Goldfish
Plant Tree Grass Fruit
Modifiers domestic
pet Farmed
Draft Food
Wild Health
healthy sick
Sex Male Female
Age Adult Child
Definable Carinvore Herbivore Child Parent Mother Father Food
Animal Draft Animal
Relations eats owns parent-of …
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Reorganise everything but “definable” things into pure trees – these will be the “primitives”
Primitives Living Thing
Animal Mammal
Cat Dog Cow Person
Fish Carp
Goldfish Plant
Tree Grass Fruit
Modifiers Domestication
Domestic Wild
Use Draft Food pet
Risk Dangerous Safe
Sex Male Female
Age Adult Child
Definables Carnivore Herbivore Child Parent Mother Father Food
Animal Draft Animal
Relations eats owns parent-of …
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Set domain and range constraints for properties
Animal eats Living_thing eats domain: Animal;
range: Living_thing Person owns Living_thing except person
owns domain: Person range: Living_thing & not Person
Living_thing parent_of Living_thing parent_of: domain: Animal
range: Animal
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Define the things that are definable from the primitives and relations
Parent = Animal and parent_of some Animal
Herbivore= Animal and eats only Plant
Carnivore = Animal and eats only Animal
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Which properties can be filled inat the class level now?
What can we say about all members of a class? eats
All cows eat some plants All cats eat some animals All dogs eat some animals &
eat some plants
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Fill in the details(can use property matrix wizard)
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Check with classifier
Cows should be Herbivores Are they? why not?
What have we said? Cows are animals and, amongst other things,
eat some grass and eat some leafy_plants
What do we need to say:Closure axiom
Cows are animals and, amongst other things,eat some plants and eat only plants
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Closure Axiom Cows are animals and, amongst other things,
eat some plants and eat only plants
ClosureAxiom
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In the tool
adds closure axiom
Right mouse button short cut for closure axiom for any existential
restriction
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Open vs Closed World reasoning
Open world reasoning Negation as contradiction
Anything might be true unless it can be proven false
Reasoning about any world consistent with this one
Closed world reasoning Negation as failure
Anything that cannot be found is false Reasoning about this world
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Normalisation and UntanglingLet the reasoner do multiple classification
Tree Everything has just one parent
A ‘strict hierarchy’
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) Things can have multiple parents
A ‘Polyhierarchy’
Normalisation Separate primitives into disjoint trees Link the trees with restrictions
Fill in the values
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Tables are easier to manage than DAGs / Polyhierarchies
…and get the benefit of inference:Grass and Leafy_plants are both kinds of Plant
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Remember to add any closure axioms
Then let the reasoner do the work
ClosureAxiom
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Normalisation:From Trees to DAGs
Before classification A tree
After classification A DAG
Directed Acyclic Graph
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Part II – Useful Patterns (continued)
Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Building from trees and untangling Using a classifier Closure axioms & Open World Reasoning Specifying ValuesSpecifying Values n-ary relations
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Examine the modifier list Identify modifiers that have mutually
exclusive values Domestication Risk Sex Age
Make meaning precise Age Age_group
NB Uses are not mutually exclusive Can be both a draft (pulling) and a
food animal
Modifiers Domestication
Domestic Wild
Use Draft Food
Risk Dangerous Safe
Sex Male Female
Age Adult Child
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Extend and complete lists of values
Identify modifiers that have mutually exclusive values Domestication Risk Sex Age
Make meaning precise Age Age_group
NB Uses are not mutually exclusive Can be both a draft and a food
animal
Modifiers Domestication
Domestic Wild Feral
Risk Dangerous Risky Safe
Sex Male Female
Age Infant Toddler Child Adult Elderly
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Note any hierarchies of values
Identify modifiers that have mutually exclusive values Domestication Risk Sex Age
Make meaning precise Age Age_group
NB Uses are not mutually exclusive Can be both a draft and a food
animal
Modifiers Domestication
Domestic Wild Feral
Risk Dangerous Risky Safe
Sex Male Female
Age Child
Infant Toddler
Adult Elderly
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Specify Values for each: Two methods
Value partitions Classes that partition a Quality
The disjunction of the partition classes equals the quality class
Symbolic values Individuals that enumerate all states of a Quality
The enumeration of the values equals the quality class
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Method 1: Value Partitions- example “Dangerousness”
A parent quality – Dangerousness Subqualities for each degree
Dangerous, Risky, Safe All subqualities disjoint Subqualities ‘cover’ parent quality
Dangerousness = Dangerous OR Risky OR Safe A functional property has_dangerousness
Range is parent quality, e.g. Dangerousness Domain must be specified separately
Dangerous_animal = Animal and has_dangerousness some Dangerous
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as created by Value Partition wizard
disjointspartitions
covering axiomquality
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DangerousRisky
Safe
Leo’sDanger
Dangerousanimal
Leo theLion
has_danger
ousness
someValuesFro
m
has_dang
erousnes
s
Value partitionsDiagram
Dangerousness
Animal
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Dangerousness_Value
Safe_value
Risky_value
Dangerous_value
Animal
DangerousAnimal
Leo theLion
Leo’sDangerousness
owl:unionOf
has_dangerousness
has_dangerousnesssomeValuesFrom
Value partitions UML style
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Method 2: Value sets –Example Sex
There are only two sexes Can argue that they are things
“Administrative sex” definitely a thing “Biological sex” is more complicated
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Method 2: Value sets-example Sex A parent quality – Sex_value Individuals for each value
male, female Values all different (NOT assumed by OWL)
Value type is enumeration of values Sex_value = {male, female}
A functional property has_sex Range is parent quality, e.g. Sex_value Domain must be specified separately
Male_animal = Animal and has_sex is male
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Value sets UML style
SexValue
Person
Man
John
owl:oneOf
has_sex
has_sex
female male
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Issues in specifying values Value Partitions
Can be subdivided and specialised Fit with philosophical notion of a quality space Require interpretation to go in databases as values
in theory but rarely considered in practice Work better with existing classifiers in OWL-DL
Value Sets Cannot be subdivided Fit with intuitions More similar to data bases – no interpretation Work less well with existing classifiers
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Value partitions – practical reasons for subdivisions
See also “Normality_status” inhttp://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~rector/ontologies/mini-top-bio
One can have complicated value partitions if needed.
“All elderly are adults” “All infants are children” etc.
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Picture of subdivided value partition
Adult_value Child_value
Elderly_ value
Infant_ value
Toddler_ value
Age_Group_value
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More defined kinds of animals
Before classification, trees After classification, DAGs
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Part III – Hands On
Be sure you have installed the software (See front page)
Open Animals-tutorial-step-1
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Explore the interface
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Explore the interface
AssertedHierarchy
New Subclassicon
ClassDescription
DisjointClasses
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Explore the interface
Newexpression
Newrestriction
Addsuperclass
Description “Necessary Conditions”
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Explore the interface
Definition“Necessary &SufficientConditions”
“Defined class” has necessary & sufficient conditions ( )
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Explore the interfaceClassify button (racer must be running*)
*Or some other DIG compliant classifier
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Exercise 1
Create a new animal, an Elephant and an Ape Make them disjoint from the other animals Make the ape an omnivore
eats animals and eats plants Make the sheep a herbivore
eats plants and only plants
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Exercise 1b: Classification
Check it with the classifier Is Sheep classified under Herbivore
If not, have you forgot the closure axiom? Did it all turn red?
Do you have too many disjoint axioms?
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Exercise 1c: checking disjoints – make things that should be inconsistent
Create a Probe_Sheep_and_Cow that is a kind of both Sheep and Cow
Create a Probe_Ape_and_Man that is a kind of both Ape and Man
Run the classifier Did both probes turn red?
If not, check the disjoints
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Exercise 1d: Using Unit Tests
Right click on each of the Probe classes and select “Edit Unit Test Information” Mark each class as “unsatisfiable”
From the tools menu select “OWL Unit Testing”--> “Run Unit Tests”
The Unit tests should be ticked I.e. the classes were correctly found to be unsatisfiable.
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Exercise 2: A new value partition
Create a new value partition Size_partition
Big Medium Small
Describe Lions, Cows, and Elephants as Big
domestic_cat as Small the rest Medium
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Exercise 2b
Define Big_animal and Small_animal Does the classification work
Extra Make a subdivision of Big for Huge and make
elephants Huge Do elephants still classify as “Big Animal
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Part IV – Patterns: n-ary relations
Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Building from trees and untangling Using a classifier Closure axioms & Open World Reasoning Specifying Values n-ary relationsn-ary relations
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Saying something about a restriction
Not just that an a book is good but who said so And its price And where to buy it
But can say nothing about properties except special thing
Super and subproperties Functional, transitive, symmetric
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N-ary Relations
Binary Relation
According to whom?
"Lions:Life in the Pride"
excellentquality
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Adding attributes to a Relation
"Lions:Life in the Pride"
excellent
NY TimesBook review
quality
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Define a class for a relation: Reification
"Lions:Life in the Pride"
Description_1
Quality: ExcellentSource: NY Times Book review
qualitydescription
Class: Description
instance-of
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A Relation Between Multiple Participants
John buys “Lions:Life in the Pride” from books.com for $15
Participants in this relation: John “Lions: Life in the Pride” books.com $15
No clear “originator”
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Network of Participants
John
Class: Purchase
This Purchase
$15
"Lions:Life in the Pride"
books.com
buyerobject seller
price
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Considerations
Choosing the right pattern: often subjective Pattern 1: additional attributes for a relation Pattern 2: a network of participants
Instances of reified relations usually don’t have meaningful names
Defining inverse relations is more tricky
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Qualified cardinality constraints
Use with partonomy Use with n-ary relations
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Cardinality Restrictions
“All mammals have four limbs” “All Persons have two legs and two arms” “(All mammals have two forelimbs and two
hind limbs)”
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What we would like to say:Qualified cardinality constraints
Mammalhas_part cardinality=4 Limb
Mammal has_part cardinality = 2 Forelimb has_part cardinality = 2 Hindlimb
Arm = Forelimb AND is_part_of some Person
Glossary: “Forelimb” = front leg or arm “Hindlimb” = back leg
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What we have to say in OWL The property has_part has subproperties:
has_limb has_leg has_arm has_wing
Mammal, Reptile, Bird has_limb cardinality=4Person has_leg cardinality=2Cow, Dog, Pig… has_leg cardinality=4Bird has_leg cardinality=2
Biped = Animal AND has_leg cardinality=2
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Classification of bipeds and quadrupeds
Before classification
Afterclassificaiton
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Cardinality and n-ary relations
Need to control cardinality of relations represented as classes An animal can have just 1 “dangerousness”
Requires a special subproperty of quality: has_dangerousness_quality cardinality=1
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Re-representing the property has_danger asthe class Risk
Animal Dangeroushas_dangercardinality=1‘functional’
Animal Riskhas_Qualitycardinality=1
Risk_type
Seriousness
Avoidance
has_risk_typ
e
cardina
lity=1
has_seriousnesscardinality=1has_avoidance
cardinality=1
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In OWL must add subproperty for each qualityto control cardinality, e.g. has_risk_quality
Leads to a proliferation of subproperties The issue of “Qualified Cardinality Constraints”
Animal Riskhas_Risk_Qualitycardinality=1
Risk_type
Seriousness
Avoidance
has_risk_typ
e
cardina
lity=1
has_seriousnesscardinality=1has_avoidance
cardinality=1
specialsubproperty of has_quality
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Part VII – Summary Upper ontologies & Domain ontologies Building from trees and untangling Using a classifier Closure axioms & Open World Reasoning Specifying Values n-ary relations Part-whole relations
Transitive properties Qualified cardinality restrictions
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End To find out more:
http://www.co-ode.org Comprehensive tutorial and sample ontologiesxz
http://protege.stanford.org Subscribe to mailing lists; participate in forums
On the SW in general:[email protected]
For specific feedback to SWBP Home & Mail Archive:
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/[email protected]
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“Elephant Traps”:Part 1
‘Some’ does not imply only‘Only’ does not imply some’
Trivial satisfaction of universal restrictions Domain and Range Constraints What to do when it all turns red
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someValuesFrom means “some”
someValuesFrom means “some” means “at least 1” Dog_owner complete
Person and hasPet someValuesFrom Dog means:
A Pet_owner is any person who has as a pet some (i.e. at least 1) dog
Dog_owner partialPerson and hasPet someValuesFrom Dog
means All Pet_owners are people and have as a pet some (i.e. at least 1) dog.
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allValuesFrom means “only”
allValuesFrom means “only” means “no values except” First_class_lounge complete
Lounge and hasOccupants allValuesFrom FirstClassPassengers Means
“A ‘first class lounge’ is any lounge where the occupants are only first class passengers” or“A first ‘class lounge’ is any lounge where there are no occupants except first class passengers”
First_class_lounge partial Lounge and hasOccupants allValuesFrom FirstClassPassengers
Means“All first class lounges have only occupants who are first class passengers”“All first class lounges have no occupants except first class passengers”“All first class lounges have no occupants who are not first class passengers”
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“Some” does not mean “only” A “dog owner” might also own cats, and rats, and
guinea pigs, and… It is an open world, if we want a closed world we must add a
closure restriction or axiom Dog_only_owner complete
Person and hasPet someValuesFrom Dog and hasPet allValuesFrom Dog
A “closure restriction” or “closure axiom” The problem in making maguerita pizza a vegie pizza Closure axioms use ‘or’ (disjunction) dog_and_cat_only_owner complete
hasPet someValuesFrom Dog and hasPet someValuesFrom Cat and hasPet allValuesFrom (Dog or Cat)
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“Only” does not mean “some”
There might be nobody in the first class lounge That would still satisfy the definition It would not violate the rules
A pizza with no toppings satisfies the definition of a vegetarian pizza Pizza & has_topping_ingredient allValuesFrom Vegetarian_topping
It has no toppings which are meat It has not toppings which are not vegetables
It has no toppings which aren’t fish…
Analogous to the empty set is a subset of all sets One reason for a surprising subsumption is that you have made it
impossible for there to be any toppings allValuesFrom (cheese and tomato)
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Trivial Satisfiability
A universal (‘only’) restriction with an unsatisfiable filler is “trivially satisfiable” i.e. it can be satisfied by the case where there
is no filler If there is an existential or min-cardinality
restriction, inferred or explicit, then the class will be unsatisfiable
Can cause surprising ‘late’ bugs
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Domain & Range Constraints: Part 2
Actually axioms Property P range( RangeClass)
means owl:Thing
restriction(P allValuesFrom RangeClass)
Property P domain( DomainClass )means
owl:Thing restriction(inverse(P) allValuesFrom DomainClass)
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What happens if violated
Actually axioms Property eats range( LivingThing)
means owl:Thing
restriction(P allValuesFrom LivingThing) Bird eats some Rock
All StoneEater eats some rocks What does this imply about rocks?
Some rocks are living things because only living things can be eaten What does this say about “all rocks”?
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Domain & Range Constraints
Actually axioms Property eats domain( LivingThing )
means owl:Thing
restriction(inverse(eats) allValuesFrom LivingThing) “Only living things eat anything”
StoneEater eats some Stone All StoneEaters eat some Stone
Therefore All StoneEaters are living things If StoneEaters are not already classified as living things, the
classifier will reclassify (‘coerce’) them If StoneEaters is disjoint from LivingThing it will be found disjoint
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Example of Coercion by Domain violation
has_topping: domain(Pizza) range(Pizza_topping)
class Ice_cream_conehas_topping some Ice_cream
If Ice_cream_cone and Pizza are not disjoint: Ice_cream_cone is classified as a kind of Pizza
…but: Ice_cream is not classified as a kind of Pizza_topping
Have shown that: all Ice_cream_cones are a kinds of Pizzas,but only that: some Ice_cream is a kind of Pizza_topping
Only domain constraints can cause reclassification
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Domain & Range ConstraintsNon-Obvious Consequences
Range constraint violations – unsatisfiable or ignored If filler and RangeClass are disjoint: unsatisfiable Otherwise nothing happens!
Domain constraint violations – unsatisfiable or coerced If subject and DomainClass are disjoint: unsatisfiable Otherwise, subject reclassified (coerced) to kind of
DomainClass!
Furthermore cannot be fully checked before classification although tools can issue warnings.
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Part 3: What to do when “Its all turned red”
Unsatisfiability propagates – so trace it to its source Any class with an unsatisfiable filler in a someValuesFor
(existential) restriction is unsatisfiable Any subclass of an unsatisfiable class is unsatisfiable Therefore errors propagate, trace them back to their source
Only a few possible sources Violation of disjoint axioms Unsatisfiable expressions in some restrictions
Confusion of “and” and “or” Violation of a universal (allValuesFrom) constraint
(including range and domain constraints) Unsatisfiable domain or range constraints
Tools coming - Try the debugger
Don’t Panic!Don’t Panic!
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End To find out more:
http://www.co-ode.org Comprehensive tutorial and sample ontologiesxz
http://protege.stanford.org Subscribe to mailing lists; participate in forums
On the SW in general:[email protected]
For specific feedback to SWBP Home & Mail Archive:
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/[email protected]
![Page 90: 1 OWL The Web Ontology Language W3C standard Collision of DAML (frames) and Oil (DLs in Frame clothing) Three ‘flavours’ OWL-Lite –simple but limited OWL-DL.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102800/56649e7a5503460f94b7b58c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
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Part VI – Hands On supplement
Open Animals-tutorial-step-2
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Exercise 3: (Advanced supplement)
Load Animals-Tutorial-complete.pprj Define a new kind of Limb – Wing Describe birds as having 2 wings Define a Two-Winged_animal Does bird classify under
Two-Winged_animal?