1 Organization of Knowledge (LIS 703) Taverekere (Kanti) Srikantaiah Director and Professor Center...

1

Organization of KnowledgeOrganization of Knowledge(LIS 703)(LIS 703)

Taverekere (Kanti) SrikantaiahTaverekere (Kanti) SrikantaiahDirector and ProfessorDirector and Professor

Center For Knowledge ManagementCenter For Knowledge ManagementDominican UniversityDominican UniversityRiver Forest, IL 60305River Forest, IL 60305

Email: [email protected]: [email protected] 1/22/08

Organization of KnowledgeOrganization of Knowledge

T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 2

Information Management is:Information Management is:

Identifying information needsIdentifying information needs Locating information sourcesLocating information sources Selecting information sourcesSelecting information sources Organizing informationOrganizing information Disseminating informationDisseminating information



S.R. Ranganathan’s Five S.R. Ranganathan’s Five LawsLaws

Books are for useBooks are for use Every reader his bookEvery reader his book Every book its readerEvery book its reader Save the time of the readerSave the time of the reader A library is a growing organizationA library is a growing organization(From Jesse H. Shera. Libraries and the Organization of (From Jesse H. Shera. Libraries and the Organization of

Information. Hamdon, CT: Archon Books, 1965)Information. Hamdon, CT: Archon Books, 1965)



Information ContextInformation Context

UsersUsers

Sources/ToolsSources/Tools ContentsContents



Information ContextInformation Context

Information systems have Information systems have collections and policies. Their collections and policies. Their effectiveness is based on:effectiveness is based on:

– ReliabilityReliability– EfficiencyEfficiency– SecuritySecurity– QualityQuality– Etc.Etc.

–Response timeResponse time–AccuracyAccuracy–Through putThrough put–RelevancyRelevancy–EconomyEconomy



InformationInformation

Categories of InformationCategories of Information– Are they external or internal?Are they external or internal?– What do contents reflect?What do contents reflect?– What are the available formats?What are the available formats?– Are there any specific terms and conditions Are there any specific terms and conditions

to access?to access?– How are the systems regarding speed, How are the systems regarding speed,

accuracy, consistency, and accountability?accuracy, consistency, and accountability?– What about costs?What about costs?



StandardsStandards

Internal and External StandardsInternal and External Standards– Are there any standards?Are there any standards?– Are those standards internal, external, Are those standards internal, external,

or both?or both?– Do they comply with the stated Do they comply with the stated

standards?standards?– Who (or unit) has the responsibility in Who (or unit) has the responsibility in

implementation, monitoring and implementation, monitoring and evaluation of standards?evaluation of standards?



Defining Information NeedsDefining Information Needs

Users of InformationUsers of Information– Do they belong to different groups?Do they belong to different groups?– Who are they?Who are they?– What are their information needs?What are their information needs?– How would information help?How would information help?



Bibliographical RecordBibliographical Record

Serves users and also information Serves users and also information providersproviders

Data elements relevant to a Data elements relevant to a documentdocument

Controlled vocabularyControlled vocabulary House-keeping aspectsHouse-keeping aspects



Level of Description (1.0D)Level of Description (1.0D)

““Base the choice of a level of Base the choice of a level of description on the purpose of the description on the purpose of the catalogue or catalogues for which catalogue or catalogues for which the entry is constructed”the entry is constructed”

First Level of Description (1.0D1)First Level of Description (1.0D1) Second Level of Description (1.0D2)Second Level of Description (1.0D2) Third Level of Description (1.0D3)Third Level of Description (1.0D3)


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 11Source: ManheimerSource: Manheimer T. Kanti SrikantaiahT. Kanti Srikantaiah


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 12Source: ManheimerSource: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah



Chief Source of Information Chief Source of Information (CSOI)(CSOI)

Type of MaterialType of MaterialAtlasesAtlasesOther Other CartographicCartographicItemsItemsManuscriptManuscriptPublished MusicPublished Music

CSOICSOITitle PageTitle PageItem; Container/CaseItem; Container/CaseManuscript/Other Manuscript/Other SourcesSourcesList Title Page, Cover, List Title Page, Cover, Caption, Colophon, Caption, Colophon, Other SourcesOther Sources




Type of MaterialType of MaterialSound RecordingsSound Recordings

DiscDiscTape (Reel to Tape (Reel to Reel)Reel)Tape CassetteTape CassetteTape CartridgeTape CartridgeRollRollSound Recording Sound Recording on Filmon Film

CSOICSOI

Disc and LabelDisc and LabelReel and LabelReel and LabelCassette and Cassette and LabelLabelCartridge and Cartridge and LabelLabelLabelLabelContainer and Container and LabelLabel




Type of MaterialType of MaterialMotion Pictures and Motion Pictures and Video recordingsVideo recordings

Graphic MaterialsGraphic Materials

Computer FilesComputer Files

Three-DimensionalThree-Dimensional

CSOICSOIFilm, Cartridge, Film, Cartridge, Container and Label, Container and Label, Other SourcesOther SourcesItems, Labels, Items, Labels, ContainersContainersTitle Screen, Other Title Screen, Other Internal Sources Internal Sources (Menus/Programs)(Menus/Programs)



Development of Catalog Development of Catalog CodesCodes

Ad-hoc rules all overAd-hoc rules all over Anthony Panizzi -BM (91 rules)Anthony Panizzi -BM (91 rules) 18411841 Charles Cutter (Charles Cutter (Rules for Dictionary Catalog)Rules for Dictionary Catalog) 18761876 Prussian Instructions (Basis for German Union Prussian Instructions (Basis for German Union

Catalog)Catalog) 18981898 Anglo-American Code (AA Code)Anglo-American Code (AA Code) 19081908 1949 rules for descriptive cataloging in LC1949 rules for descriptive cataloging in LC ALA CodeALA Code 19491949 Lubetzky’s RevisionsLubetzky’s Revisions 1949-19671949-1967



Bibliographic RecordBibliographic Record

1961 Paris principles1961 Paris principles 1966 international meeting of cataloging 1966 international meeting of cataloging

experts of IFLA and initiation of ISBDexperts of IFLA and initiation of ISBD 1977 ISBD’s general eight specific areas: 1977 ISBD’s general eight specific areas:

each area divided into a number of each area divided into a number of elements later fully expanded to cover M, elements later fully expanded to cover M, A, MRF, NBM, PM, and SA, MRF, NBM, PM, and S



Development of Catalog Development of Catalog CodesCodes

AACR1AACR1 19671967 AACR2AACR2 19781978 AACR2RAACR2R 19881988

– with Amendmentswith Amendments 2002+ 2002+ The FutureThe Future ????????



AACR2RAACR2R

General Rules for DescriptionGeneral Rules for Description Chapter 1Chapter 1 Books, Pamphlets, and Printed SheetsBooks, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets

Chapter 2Chapter 2 Cartographic Materials Cartographic Materials Chapter 3Chapter 3 ManuscriptsManuscripts Chapter 4Chapter 4 Published MusicPublished Music Chapter 5Chapter 5 Sound RecordingsSound Recordings Chapter 6Chapter 6



AACR2RAACR2R Motion Pictures and Video recordingsMotion Pictures and Video recordings Chapter Chapter

77 Graphic MaterialsGraphic Materials Chapter 8Chapter 8 Electronic ResourcesElectronic Resources Chapter 9Chapter 9 Three-Dimensional Artifacts and Realia Chapter 10Three-Dimensional Artifacts and Realia Chapter 10 MicroformsMicroforms Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Continuing Resources Continuing Resources Chapter 12 Chapter 12 AnalysisAnalysis Chapter 13 Chapter 13



Rules for Descriptive Rules for Descriptive CatalogingCataloging

Appendix A: Capitalization (563-599)Appendix A: Capitalization (563-599)

Appendix B: Abbreviations (600-610)Appendix B: Abbreviations (600-610)

Appendix C: Numerals (611-614)Appendix C: Numerals (611-614)

Appendix D: Glossary (615-624)Appendix D: Glossary (615-624)

Appendix E: Initial ArticlesAppendix E: Initial Articles



Rules for Descriptive Rules for Descriptive CatalogingCataloging

(Print Materials)(Print Materials)REFER:REFER: Anglo American Cataloguing Rules. 2nd Anglo American Cataloguing Rules. 2nd

ed., revised 1988, 2002.ed., revised 1988, 2002. Chapter 1: General Rules for DescriptionChapter 1: General Rules for Description Chapter 2: Books, Pamphlets, and Chapter 2: Books, Pamphlets, and

Printed SheetsPrinted Sheets



The CatalogThe Catalog

Parts of the catalogsParts of the catalogs– Public catalogPublic catalog– Shelf listShelf list– Authority fileAuthority file



T. Kanti SrikantaiahSource: ManheimerSource: Manheimer




Call numberCall number Main entryMain entry Title proper : other title informationTitle proper : other title information Statement of responsibility; Statement of responsibility;

subsequent statements of subsequent statements of responsibility. responsibility.

Edition statement/statement of Edition statement/statement of responsibility relating to the editionresponsibility relating to the edition




Imprint Place: publisher, date (Place: Imprint Place: publisher, date (Place: printer)printer)

Physical description, Number of pages, Physical description, Number of pages, Number of plates: illustration statement; Number of plates: illustration statement; size + accompanying material. size + accompanying material.

Series; numberSeries; number NotesNotes Standard Number (ISBN)Standard Number (ISBN) Subject headingSubject heading Added entryAdded entry



Authority ControlAuthority Control

Interchangeable with vocabulary Interchangeable with vocabulary controlcontrol

Consistency in description of any Consistency in description of any elementelement

Enhances information retrievalEnhances information retrieval Shows relationshipsShows relationships

– PersonsPersons– TitlesTitles– SubjectsSubjects



Authority ControlAuthority Control

Maintain consistencyMaintain consistency

Enhance information retrievalEnhance information retrieval

Show relationships: persons, titles, Show relationships: persons, titles, and subjectsand subjects



MARC (Machine Readable MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)Cataloging)

1960's - publisher, printers, editors started 1960's - publisher, printers, editors started experimenting with computers to produce experimenting with computers to produce booksbooks

1964 - The recording of library of congress 1964 - The recording of library of congress bibliographical data in machine readable bibliographical data in machine readable formform

1965 - LC/CLR/ARL sponsored a 1965 - LC/CLR/ARL sponsored a conference to determine requirements for conference to determine requirements for a machine readable recorda machine readable record




1966(Nov) to 1968(Jun) - LC distributed 1966(Nov) to 1968(Jun) - LC distributed 50,000 records for English language 50,000 records for English language monographs on magnetic tape to 16 monographs on magnetic tape to 16 participating librariesparticipating libraries

1968 - The MARC pilot project. Final 1968 - The MARC pilot project. Final report on a project sponsored by the report on a project sponsored by the Council on Library Resources, Inc Council on Library Resources, Inc (includes description of work and (includes description of work and reports of the participating libraries)reports of the participating libraries)




1969 - Implementation of MARC 1969 - Implementation of MARC distribution service to participating distribution service to participating libraries and institutionslibraries and institutions



MARCMARC

Each USMARC has three Each USMARC has three elements:elements:– Record StructureRecord Structure– Content DesignationContent Designation– Data Content of the RecordData Content of the Record



MARC: Record StructureMARC: Record Structure Implementation of ANSI Z39.2Implementation of ANSI Z39.2 Bibliographic Information Interchange Bibliographic Information Interchange

on magnetic tape (adopted in 1971)on magnetic tape (adopted in 1971) ISO 2709 (1981 & Revisions)ISO 2709 (1981 & Revisions) Documentation format for Documentation format for

Bibliographic Information Interchange Bibliographic Information Interchange on magnetic tape (1973) on magnetic tape (1973) (international equivalent of ANSI)(international equivalent of ANSI)




MARC I became MARC IIMARC I became MARC II MARC was later called LCMARCMARC was later called LCMARC LCMARC eventually became LCMARC eventually became

USMARCUSMARC MARC 21 (current)MARC 21 (current)



LC ResponsibilitiesLC Responsibilities

(MARC and standardization are (MARC and standardization are complimentary activities)complimentary activities)– Make necessary changes to established Make necessary changes to established

formatsformats– Design new formats collaborating with the Design new formats collaborating with the

library communitylibrary community– Compile and distribute MARC documentationCompile and distribute MARC documentation– Maintain liaison with the ALA (MARBI)Maintain liaison with the ALA (MARBI)– Represent the U.S. library community in Represent the U.S. library community in

international MARC activitiesinternational MARC activities



MARC Display (sample tags)MARC Display (sample tags)

008008 Coded control informationCoded control information010010 LC Control NumberLC Control Number020020 ISBNISBN040040 Cataloging SourceCataloging Source043043 Geographic Area CodeGeographic Area Code050050 LC Call NumberLC Call Number082082 Dewey Call NumberDewey Call Number090090 Local Call NumbersLocal Call Numbers100100 Main Entry--Personal NameMain Entry--Personal Name




110110 Main Entry--Corporate NameMain Entry--Corporate Name111111 Main Entry--Meeting NameMain Entry--Meeting Name130130 Main Entry--Uniform TitleMain Entry--Uniform Title245245 Title StatementTitle Statement250250 Edition StatementEdition Statement260260 ImprintImprint300300 Physical DescriptionPhysical Description400400 Series Statement/Added Entry--Personal NameSeries Statement/Added Entry--Personal Name410410 Series Statement/Added Entry--Corporate Series Statement/Added Entry--Corporate

NameName




440440 Series Statement/Added Entry--TitleSeries Statement/Added Entry--Title500500 General NoteGeneral Note504504 Bibliography NoteBibliography Note505505 Contents NoteContents Note600600 Subject Added Entry--Personal NameSubject Added Entry--Personal Name610610 Subject Added Entry--Corporate NameSubject Added Entry--Corporate Name611611 Subject Added Entry--Meeting NameSubject Added Entry--Meeting Name650650 Subject Added Entry--Topical TermSubject Added Entry--Topical Term651651 Subject Added Entry--Geographic NameSubject Added Entry--Geographic Name




700700 Added Entry--Personal NameAdded Entry--Personal Name

710710 Added Entry--Corporate NameAdded Entry--Corporate Name

730730 Added Entry--Uniform TitleAdded Entry--Uniform Title

740740 Added Entry--Variant TitleAdded Entry--Variant Title

800800 Series Added Entry--Personal NameSeries Added Entry--Personal Name

810810 Series Added Entry--Corporate NameSeries Added Entry--Corporate Name

811811 Series Added Entry--Meeting NameSeries Added Entry--Meeting Name




Identification of information in a Identification of information in a traditional bibliographic recordtraditional bibliographic record– Call numbersCall numbers– Main entryMain entry– Bibliographic description (areas and Bibliographic description (areas and

elements)elements)– TracingTracing– LC control number/othersLC control number/others




What is a catalog?What is a catalog? Functions of the catalogFunctions of the catalog Objectives of the catalogObjectives of the catalog Bibliographic record formats and Bibliographic record formats and

elements (identification and elements (identification and terminology)terminology)




Access points: headings and entriesAccess points: headings and entries– Main entry: personal name, corporate Main entry: personal name, corporate

name, titlename, title– Added entries: personal name, corporate Added entries: personal name, corporate

name, title, series, subjectname, title, series, subject– Non-traditional access points: Non-traditional access points:

classification, standard numbers, other classification, standard numbers, other elementselements

– The unit record and the complete card setThe unit record and the complete card set




Identification of information in a MARC Identification of information in a MARC bibliographic recordbibliographic record– All of above+All of above+– Fixed-length data fields (fixed fields)Fixed-length data fields (fixed fields)– Variable-length data fields (variable Variable-length data fields (variable

fields) and subfieldsfields) and subfields– Record directory and data field tagsRecord directory and data field tags– Data field indicatorsData field indicators



Card Cataloging Rules Adequate Card Cataloging Rules Adequate for Electronic Processing?for Electronic Processing?

Rules should serve both manual Rules should serve both manual and on-lineand on-line

AAACR2 rules applicable to AAACR2 rules applicable to computer processing?computer processing?

Bibliographical syntax and Bibliographical syntax and complexitycomplexity



Computerized Record Computerized Record FormatsFormats

Fixed length fieldFixed length field– # of characters fixed# of characters fixed– No computer instruction on ending of No computer instruction on ending of

fieldfield– Economical on data storageEconomical on data storage– Easy to codeEasy to code



Computerized Record Computerized Record FormatsFormats

Variable length fieldVariable length field– Length varies within fields and subfieldsLength varies within fields and subfields– Computerized records operated by Computerized records operated by

separators (delimiters)separators (delimiters)– Content designatorsContent designators– Fields and subfieldsFields and subfields– Repeatable fields and subfieldsRepeatable fields and subfields– IndicatorsIndicators– DirectoryDirectory– Label (leader)Label (leader)



OCLC, MARC, SGML and OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTMLHTML

Traditional mark up deal with Traditional mark up deal with physical formatphysical format

Electronic systems have built in Electronic systems have built in procedure for formattingprocedure for formatting

When system software (sometimes When system software (sometimes hardware) changes data conversion hardware) changes data conversion is necessary (time-consuming and is necessary (time-consuming and costly)costly)



OCLC, MARC, SGML and OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTMLHTML

In descriptive (text) mark up In descriptive (text) mark up contents of a document is structured contents of a document is structured not the physical formatnot the physical format

Document contents (chapter, Document contents (chapter, paragraph, footnote, bibliography) paragraph, footnote, bibliography) are categorized using codes for are categorized using codes for effective retrieval to meet different effective retrieval to meet different needsneeds



SGMLSGML

Standard Generalized Mark Up Standard Generalized Mark Up Language (SGML) is referred to as Language (SGML) is referred to as MetalanguageMetalanguage

Developed in 1970 as GML Developed in 1970 as GML (General Mark Up Language) (General Mark Up Language) meets national and international meets national and international standards (ISO 8879)standards (ISO 8879)



SGMLSGML

Permits description of structured Permits description of structured information through syntax (classes of information through syntax (classes of documents) called DTDs (Document documents) called DTDs (Document Type Definitions) written with specific Type Definitions) written with specific applicationsapplications

3 projects: TEI (The Text Encoding 3 projects: TEI (The Text Encoding Initiative); BFAP (Berkeley Finding Aid Initiative); BFAP (Berkeley Finding Aid Project); and DIAP (Columbia University Project); and DIAP (Columbia University Digital Image Access Project)Digital Image Access Project)



HTMLHTML

Hypertext Mark Up LanguageHypertext Mark Up Language Since 1990: WWW Browsers -- Since 1990: WWW Browsers --

Netscape, Mosaic, and Internet Netscape, Mosaic, and Internet Explorer. Etc.Explorer. Etc.



International Exchange of International Exchange of DataData

UNIMARC initiation developed through IFLA UNIMARC initiation developed through IFLA (to resolve problems in exchanging data(to resolve problems in exchanging data

UNIMARC has two conversion programs(1977)UNIMARC has two conversion programs(1977)– To convert from national format to UNIMARCTo convert from national format to UNIMARC– To convert from UNIMARC to national formatTo convert from UNIMARC to national format

IFLA’s UBCIM (Universal Bibliographic Control IFLA’s UBCIM (Universal Bibliographic Control & International MARC Core Program) is & International MARC Core Program) is responsible for all MARC related programresponsible for all MARC related program



International Exchange of International Exchange of DataData

UBCIM continues to work on standards UBCIM continues to work on standards on books and non-books (ISBD etc.)on books and non-books (ISBD etc.)

UNIMARC manual is available in many UNIMARC manual is available in many languagelanguage

UNIMARC also assist in managing and UNIMARC also assist in managing and using name authority filesusing name authority files



Non-MARC/ISO 2709 Non-MARC/ISO 2709 FormatsFormats

Issue of history and economicsIssue of history and economics UNISIST reference manualUNISIST reference manual CCF (Common Communication CCF (Common Communication

Format)Format) Acceptance of bibliographic Acceptance of bibliographic

entitles (global)entitles (global)



Bibliographical Record/ISBNBibliographical Record/ISBN ISBN (International Standard Book Number)ISBN (International Standard Book Number) Unique identification system for each Unique identification system for each

monograph by a specific publishermonograph by a specific publisher 1967 Introduced in UK by Whitaker & Sons1967 Introduced in UK by Whitaker & Sons 1968 Introduced to USA by R.R. Bowker1968 Introduced to USA by R.R. Bowker International organization for International organization for

standardization (ISO TC 46) has standardization (ISO TC 46) has responsibility for standardizationresponsibility for standardization



Bibliographic Record/ISBN Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.)(cont.)

Assigned to printed books, pamphletsAssigned to printed books, pamphlets Electronic publicationsElectronic publications Educational/instructional filmsEducational/instructional films Videos and transparenciesVideos and transparencies Educational/instructional softwareEducational/instructional software Audio books on cassettes or CD or DVDAudio books on cassettes or CD or DVD Braille publicationsBraille publications Microform publicationsMicroform publications




ISBN is used by publishers, ISBN is used by publishers, distributors, wholesalers, distributors, wholesalers, bookstores and libraries, in 217 bookstores and libraries, in 217 countries as ordering systems.countries as ordering systems.

To date, the U.S. ISBN Agency has To date, the U.S. ISBN Agency has more than 180,000 publishers.more than 180,000 publishers.



Bibliographical Record/ISBN Bibliographical Record/ISBN (cont.)(cont.)

Formerly 10 digits is currently replaced Formerly 10 digits is currently replaced by 13 digits to identify: by 13 digits to identify: – National, geographic, language or other National, geographic, language or other

convenient groupconvenient group– Publisher or producerPublisher or producer

Publishers with existing ISBN-10s will need to Publishers with existing ISBN-10s will need to convert their ISBNs to ISBN-13s by the addition of convert their ISBNs to ISBN-13s by the addition of a prefix 978 and recalculation of the new check a prefix 978 and recalculation of the new check digit.digit.

– Title identifierTitle identifier– Check digitCheck digit

Validates the ISBN-13Validates the ISBN-13




In the United States, a five-digit add-on-In the United States, a five-digit add-on-code is used for additional information.code is used for additional information.

In the publishing industry, the code is In the publishing industry, the code is used for price information.used for price information.

The lead digit of the five-digit add-on-The lead digit of the five-digit add-on-code is a currency identifier: 5 for the code is a currency identifier: 5 for the U.S. dollar, 6 for the Canadian dollar, 1 U.S. dollar, 6 for the Canadian dollar, 1 for the British pound, 3 for the Australian for the British pound, 3 for the Australian dollar, 4 for the New Zealand dollar, etc.dollar, 4 for the New Zealand dollar, etc.

If publishers do not want to indicate the If publishers do not want to indicate the price add-on should be the code 90000.price add-on should be the code 90000.




Administered at three levels:Administered at three levels:– ISBN Agency in UKISBN Agency in UK– National agenciesNational agencies– Publishing housesPublishing houses

ISBN Agency website: ISBN Agency website: http://www.isbn.orghttp://www.isbn.org



Bibliographic Record/ISSNBibliographic Record/ISSN

Serials are known and cited by title.Serials are known and cited by title. ISSN is limited to the key title.ISSN is limited to the key title. Only one ISSN for each title and a Only one ISSN for each title and a

particular medium (separate ISSNs particular medium (separate ISSNs are assigned to each medium are assigned to each medium version).version).

If title changes, new ISSN is required.If title changes, new ISSN is required.



Bibliographic Record/ISSN Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.)(cont.)

In the U.S., the National Serials Data In the U.S., the National Serials Data Program at the Library of Congress Program at the Library of Congress has the responsibility to assign and has the responsibility to assign and maintain ISSNs for all U.S. serial titles.maintain ISSNs for all U.S. serial titles.

Application form is required.Application form is required. Assignment of ISSN is free (no Assignment of ISSN is free (no

charge).charge). ISSN instructions: ISSN instructions:

http://lcweb.loc.gov/issn.http://lcweb.loc.gov/issn.




ISSNISSN (International Standard Serial (International Standard Serial Number)Number)– Product of 1970sProduct of 1970s

ISO 3297/ANSI/ NISO Z 39.9ISO 3297/ANSI/ NISO Z 39.9 Number appear as two groups of four Number appear as two groups of four

digits separated by a hyphen digits separated by a hyphen EX: 1234-5678EX: 1234-5678

Not assigned by publishersNot assigned by publishers




Administered by ISSN Network Administered by ISSN Network (International Organization) with the (International Organization) with the UNESCO/UNISIST ProgramUNESCO/UNISIST Program

ISSN International Centre located in ISSN International Centre located in Paris (Network consists of national Paris (Network consists of national and regional centers)and regional centers)

Centers have the responsibility to Centers have the responsibility to register serials in their countriesregister serials in their countries


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 67Source: LCSource: LC



ISBDISBD

AreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement1.1. Title andTitle and 1.1 Title proper1.1 Title proper

statement of []statement of [] 1.2 General material 1.2 General material

designationdesignation

responsibility =responsibility = 1.3 Parallel title1.3 Parallel title

area area : : 1.4 Other title information1.4 Other title information

1.5 Statements of 1.5 Statements of

responsibilityresponsibility

// First statementFirst statement

;; Subsequent Subsequent

statementstatement



ISBDISBDAreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement2. Edition2. Edition 2.1 Edition statement2.1 Edition statementareaarea == 2.2 Parallel edition statement2.2 Parallel edition statement

2.3 Statements of responsibility2.3 Statements of responsibilityrelating to the editionrelating to the edition

// First statementFirst statement;; Subsequent statementSubsequent statement,, 2.4 Additional edition statement2.4 Additional edition statement

2.5 Statements of responsibility2.5 Statements of responsibilityfollowing an additional following an additional

editioneditionstatementstatement

// First statementFirst statement;; Subsequent statementSubsequent statement



ISBDISBD

AreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement3. Material (or type)3. Material (or type)of publication)of publication)specific areaspecific area



ISBDISBDAreaArea Punctuation Punctuation ElementElement4. Publication,4. Publication, 4.1 Place of publication, 4.1 Place of publication,

distribution, etc.distribution, etc.distribution, distribution, First placeFirst placeetc., areaetc., area ; ; Subsequent placeSubsequent place

: : 4.2 Name of publisher, distributor, 4.2 Name of publisher, distributor, etc.etc.

[][] 4.3 Statement of function of 4.3 Statement of function of publisher,publisher,

distributor, etc.distributor, etc., , 4.4 Date of publication, 4.4 Date of publication,

distribution, etc.distribution, etc.(( 4.5 Place of manufacturer4.5 Place of manufacturer:: 4.6 Name of manufacturer4.6 Name of manufacturer,),) 4.7 Date of manufacture4.7 Date of manufacture



ISBDISBD

AreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement5. Physical5. Physical 5.1 Specific material designation 5.1 Specific material designation andanddescription areadescription area extent of itemextent of item

:: 5.2 Other physical details5.2 Other physical details;; 5.3 Dimensions of item5.3 Dimensions of item++ 5.4 Accompanying material 5.4 Accompanying material

statementstatement6. Series area6. Series area 6.1 Title proper of series6.1 Title proper of seriesNote: A seriesNote: A series == 6.2 Parallel title of series6.2 Parallel title of seriesstatement isstatement is :: 6.3 Other title information of 6.3 Other title information of seriesseriesenclosed byenclosed byparenthesesparentheses..



ISBDISBDAreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement6. Series area6. Series area 6.4 Statements of responsibility6.4 Statements of responsibility

relating to the seriesrelating to the seriesNote: When thereNote: When there // First statementFirst statementare two or moreare two or more ;; Subsequent statementSubsequent statementseries statementsseries statements,, ,, 6.5 International Standard 6.5 International Standard SerialSerialeach is enclosedeach is enclosed Number of seriesNumber of seriesby parentheses.by parentheses. ;; 6.6 Numbering within series6.6 Numbering within series

.. 6.7 Enumeration and/or title of6.7 Enumeration and/or title ofsub seriessub series

== 6.8 Parallel title of sub series6.8 Parallel title of sub series:: 6.9 Other title information of sub 6.9 Other title information of sub

seriesseries



ISBDISBD

AreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement6. Series area6. Series area 6.10 Statements of responsibility6.10 Statements of responsibility

relating to the sub seriesrelating to the sub series // First statementFirst statement

;; Subsequent statementSubsequent statement6.11 International Standard Serial6.11 International Standard SerialNumber of sub seriesNumber of sub series6.12 Numbering within sub series6.12 Numbering within sub series



ISBDISBD

AreaArea PunctuationPunctuation ElementElement7. Note area7. Note area

8. Standard8. Standard 8.1 Standard number (or 8.1 Standard number (or

alternative)alternative)

number (or number (or == 8.2 Key title8.2 Key title

alternative) andalternative) and :: 8.3 Terms of availability and/or 8.3 Terms of availability and/or

priceprice

terms ofterms of ()() 8.4 Qualification (in varying 8.4 Qualification (in varying

positions)positions)

availability areaavailability area



Main EntryMain Entry Authorship (based on Paris Principle)Authorship (based on Paris Principle)

The person or corporate body chiefly The person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the creation of the responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a workintellectual or artistic content of a work

Corporate AuthorshipCorporate AuthorshipAdministrative (21.1B2)Administrative (21.1B2)Legal/Governmental Laws etc. (21.32-21.39)Legal/Governmental Laws etc. (21.32-21.39)Conference etc. (21.1B1)Conference etc. (21.1B1)Sound Recordings, Films etc. (21.23)Sound Recordings, Films etc. (21.23)Official Communications--Govt. Etc. (21.4D1)Official Communications--Govt. Etc. (21.4D1)



Main EntryMain Entry

Personal AuthorshipPersonal AuthorshipClassical Works (Homer, Plato, etc.)Classical Works (Homer, Plato, etc.)

Anonymous ClassicsAnonymous Classics

OthersOthers

Single Personal Authorship (21.4A)Single Personal Authorship (21.4A)

Shared Responsibility (21.6B)Shared Responsibility (21.6B)



Main EntryMain Entry– OthersOthers

Mixed ResponsibilityMixed Responsibility– Adapter (21.10)Adapter (21.10)– Artist/Illus (21.11A)Artist/Illus (21.11A)– Revised, Enlarged, Updated, etc. (21.12A)Revised, Enlarged, Updated, etc. (21.12A)– Commentator (21.13B)Commentator (21.13B)– Text/Comm. By a Different Person (21.13C)Text/Comm. By a Different Person (21.13C)– Translator (21.14A)Translator (21.14A)– Biographer/Critic (21.15A) Biographer/Critic (21.15A)



ClassificationClassification

Organize collections/knowledge Organize collections/knowledge according to some systemaccording to some system

Provide a systematic arrangement Provide a systematic arrangement -- a formal and orderly access to -- a formal and orderly access to collectionscollections

Bring related items together -- Bring related items together -- leading users to identify and locateleading users to identify and locate



CriteriaCriteria

Inclusive as well as comprehensiveInclusive as well as comprehensive SystematicSystematic Flexible and expandableFlexible and expandable Clear terminology for users and Clear terminology for users and

classifiersclassifiers



SystemsSystems

Enumerative (based on collections)Enumerative (based on collections) Hierarchical Hierarchical

(deductive/philosophical)(deductive/philosophical) Synthetic (generalized rules/facet Synthetic (generalized rules/facet

approachapproach

(Notation can be pure or mixed)(Notation can be pure or mixed)



Some ExamplesSome Examples

Dewey’s Decimal ClassificationDewey’s Decimal Classification(Melvil Dewey 1851-1931; Amherst (Melvil Dewey 1851-1931; Amherst

College)College)

Cutter’s Expansive ClassificationCutter’s Expansive Classification(Charles Ammi Cutter 1837-1903; Boston (Charles Ammi Cutter 1837-1903; Boston

Athenaeum)Athenaeum)

Brown’s Subject ClassificationBrown’s Subject Classification(James Duff Brown 1864-1914)(James Duff Brown 1864-1914)



Some Examples (cont.)Some Examples (cont.)

Bliss’s Bibliographic ClassificationBliss’s Bibliographic Classification(Henry Evelyn Bliss 1870-1955)(Henry Evelyn Bliss 1870-1955)

Ranganathan’s Colon ClassificationRanganathan’s Colon Classification(S. R. Ranganathan 1892-1972)(S. R. Ranganathan 1892-1972)



Some OthersSome Others

Universal Decimal Classification Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)(UDC)

FID ManagedFID Managed

National Library of Medical National Library of Medical ClassificationClassification

NLM ManagedNLM Managed

A Classification Scheme for Law A Classification Scheme for Law BooksBooks

Adaptation of K of LCCAdaptation of K of LCC



Some OthersSome Others

A Classification Scheme for Physics A Classification Scheme for Physics Electrotechnology, computers and Electrotechnology, computers and controlcontrol

Inspec ManagedInspec Managed

The London Classification of Business The London Classification of Business StudiesStudies

A Classification of Library and A Classification of Library and Information ScienceInformation Science

CRG GroupCRG Group



Four Major Classification Four Major Classification SchemesSchemes

Library of Congress ClassificationLibrary of Congress Classification (LCC) (LCC)– The scheme of classification drawn up by Herbert The scheme of classification drawn up by Herbert

Putnam in 1897. Although based in some respects on Putnam in 1897. Although based in some respects on the Dewey Decimal Classification and Cutter’s the Dewey Decimal Classification and Cutter’s expansive schemes, it does not conform to expansive schemes, it does not conform to theoretical rules for classification. It was quite theoretical rules for classification. It was quite explicitly compiled to meet the needs of the library’s explicitly compiled to meet the needs of the library’s huge collection of books and is too detailed and huge collection of books and is too detailed and complex to use in small libraries. It has however, complex to use in small libraries. It has however, been adopted by research and university libraries been adopted by research and university libraries throughout the world.throughout the world.Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science.




Dewey Decimal ClassificationDewey Decimal Classification (DDC) (DDC)– Devised by Melvil Dewey and first published in 1876, Devised by Melvil Dewey and first published in 1876,

since when it has been revised nineteen times. since when it has been revised nineteen times. Knowledge is divided into the ten main classes, each Knowledge is divided into the ten main classes, each designated by a numeral form zero to nine, which can designated by a numeral form zero to nine, which can be then subdivided by the addition of two numerals be then subdivided by the addition of two numerals before a decimal point and further numerals after it. It before a decimal point and further numerals after it. It has a relative index which shows the relation of each has a relative index which shows the relation of each subject that is indexed to a larger subject (or class subject that is indexed to a larger subject (or class division). The published schedules have been extended division). The published schedules have been extended and modified in successive editions.and modified in successive editions.Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science.




Universal Decimal ClassificationUniversal Decimal Classification (UDC) (UDC)– Essentially an elaborate expansion of the Decimal Essentially an elaborate expansion of the Decimal

Classification of Melvil Dewey, using various symbols Classification of Melvil Dewey, using various symbols in addition to Arabic numerals to create long and in addition to Arabic numerals to create long and expressive notations for particular documents. This expressive notations for particular documents. This makes it particularly appropriate for use in specialist makes it particularly appropriate for use in specialist libraries and collections, and its adoption by the libraries and collections, and its adoption by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has ensured its worldwide use. It was developed by has ensured its worldwide use. It was developed by the Insitut Internationale de Bibliographie, now FID, the Insitut Internationale de Bibliographie, now FID, under the direction of Paul Otet and Henri la under the direction of Paul Otet and Henri la Fontaine.Fontaine.Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science.




Colon ClassificationColon Classification (CC) (CC)– Designed by S.R. Ranganathan, it is based on the Designed by S.R. Ranganathan, it is based on the

classficiation of any subject by its uses and relations, classficiation of any subject by its uses and relations, which are indicated by numbers divided by a colon which are indicated by numbers divided by a colon ’:’. It was the first example of an analytical-synthetic ’:’. It was the first example of an analytical-synthetic classification, in which the subject field is first classification, in which the subject field is first analyzed into facets, and class numbers are provided analyzed into facets, and class numbers are provided for most topics but are constructed combining the for most topics but are constructed combining the classes of the various unit schedules of which the classes of the various unit schedules of which the scheme consists. It has proved particularly popular in scheme consists. It has proved particularly popular in India and has inspired classification researchers in India and has inspired classification researchers in many parts of the world. many parts of the world. Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science.



Dewey SummariesDewey Summaries

First SummaryFirst SummaryThe Ten Main ClassesThe Ten Main Classes

000000 GeneralitiesGeneralities100100 Philosophy & psychologyPhilosophy & psychology200200 ReligionReligion300300 Social sciencesSocial sciences400400 LanguageLanguage500500 Natural sciences & mathematicsNatural sciences & mathematics



Dewey SummariesDewey Summaries

600600 Technology (Applied sciences)Technology (Applied sciences)

700700 The arts - Fine and decorative artsThe arts - Fine and decorative arts

800800 Literature & rhetoricLiterature & rhetoric

900900 Geography & historyGeography & history


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 92T. Kanti Srikantaiah



Subject CatalogingSubject CatalogingPurpose:Purpose: Provide access by subject to all materialProvide access by subject to all material Bring together material of same subjectBring together material of same subject Show relationships among subjectsShow relationships among subjects Identify specific document(s) through Identify specific document(s) through

subject(s)subject(s) Retrieve specific document(s) using subject Retrieve specific document(s) using subject

approachapproach Search for information on a given subjectSearch for information on a given subject



Subject AccessSubject Access Classifying Knowledge- on the teachings of Classifying Knowledge- on the teachings of

Callimachus, Plato, Aristotle, and BaconCallimachus, Plato, Aristotle, and Bacon ALA ALA List of Subject HeadingsList of Subject Headings in 1885 in 1885 Cutter’s Cutter’s Rules for Dictionary CatalogRules for Dictionary Catalog revised in 1905 revised in 1905 In 1914, Library of Congress first edition of In 1914, Library of Congress first edition of Subject Subject

Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogues of the Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogues of the Library of CongressLibrary of Congress

In 1975, title changes to In 1975, title changes to Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject HeadingsHeadings (LCSH) (LCSH)

In 1988, LC included online versionIn 1988, LC included online version In 1923, Sears List of Subject Headings (In 1923, Sears List of Subject Headings (SearsSears) was ) was

introduced to small librariesintroduced to small libraries



Subject Access to Subject Access to InformationInformation

Design and Development of Subject Design and Development of Subject HeadingsHeadings– Main Headings and SubdivisionsMain Headings and Subdivisions– Cross ReferencesCross References– Special TypesSpecial Types



Subject Access to Subject Access to InformationInformation

Two Main Viewpoints:Two Main Viewpoints:– Natural Language VS. Controlled VocabularyNatural Language VS. Controlled Vocabulary

Controlled Vocabulary SystemsControlled Vocabulary Systems– EvolutionEvolution– Alphabetic VS. Classified ArrangementAlphabetic VS. Classified Arrangement– Current ScenarioCurrent Scenario

Library of Congress Subject HeadingsLibrary of Congress Subject Headings Sears List of Subject HeadingsSears List of Subject Headings Medical Subject HeadingsMedical Subject Headings OthersOthers



Comparison of Natural and Comparison of Natural and Controlled LanguageControlled Language

Natural LanguageNatural Language

StrengthsStrengthsHigh specificity gives precision. Excels High specificity gives precision. Excels in retrieving individual terms- names of in retrieving individual terms- names of persons, organizations, etc.persons, organizations, etc.Exhaustively gives potential for high Exhaustively gives potential for high recall. Does not apply to title-only recall. Does not apply to title-only databases.databases.Up-to-date. New terms immediately Up-to-date. New terms immediately available.available.Words of author used- no Words of author used- no misinterpretation by indexer.misinterpretation by indexer.Natural language words used by Natural language words used by searcher.searcher.Low input costs.Low input costs.Easier exchange of material between Easier exchange of material between databases- language incompatibility databases- language incompatibility removed.removed.

Controlled LanguageControlled Language

WeaknessesWeaknessesLack of system specificity, even in Lack of system specificity, even in detailed systems.detailed systems.Lack of exhaustively. Cost of indexing to Lack of exhaustively. Cost of indexing to level of natural language prohibitive. Also level of natural language prohibitive. Also terms may be omitted in error by terms may be omitted in error by indexers.indexers.Not immediately up-to-date. Time lag Not immediately up-to-date. Time lag while terms are added to the thesaurus.while terms are added to the thesaurus.Words of authors liable to be Words of authors liable to be misconstrued. Errors in indexing terms misconstrued. Errors in indexing terms can cause losses.can cause losses.Artificial language has to be learned by Artificial language has to be learned by the searcher.the searcher.High input costs.High input costs.Incompatibility a barrier to easy Incompatibility a barrier to easy exchange.exchange.

Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search aids- truncation, word proximity, etc.aids- truncation, word proximity, etc.



Comparison of Natural and Comparison of Natural and Controlled Language (cont.)Controlled Language (cont.)

Natural LanguageNatural LanguageWeaknessesWeaknessesIntellectual effort placed on searcher. Intellectual effort placed on searcher. Problems arise with terms having many Problems arise with terms having many synonyms and several species.synonyms and several species.Syntax problems. Danger of false drops Syntax problems. Danger of false drops through incorrect term association.through incorrect term association.Exhaustively may lead to loss of Exhaustively may lead to loss of precision.precision.

Controlled LanguageControlled LanguageStrengthsStrengthsEases the burden of searching:Eases the burden of searching:

–Controls synonyms and near-synonyms Controls synonyms and near-synonyms and leads to specific natural language and leads to specific natural language concepts to the nearest preferred terms concepts to the nearest preferred terms to broaden searchto broaden search–Qualifies homographsQualifies homographs–Provides scope notesProvides scope notes–Displays broader, narrower and related Displays broader, narrower and related termsterms–Expresses concepts elusive in free text.Expresses concepts elusive in free text.

Overcomes syntax problems with Overcomes syntax problems with compound terms and other devices.compound terms and other devices.At normal levels of indexing, avoids At normal levels of indexing, avoids precision loss through over-exhaustively precision loss through over-exhaustively (i.e. retrieval of minor concepts of (i.e. retrieval of minor concepts of peripheral interest).peripheral interest).An asset in numerical databases and An asset in numerical databases and multilingual systems.multilingual systems.

Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search aids- truncation, word proximity, etc.aids- truncation, word proximity, etc.



Controlled VocabulariesControlled Vocabularies

Subject ApproachSubject Approach– Point out what a library/information source Point out what a library/information source

or database has on a particular subjector database has on a particular subject– Point out what a library/information source Point out what a library/information source

or database has on a related subjectsor database has on a related subjects Two popular pre-coordinated subject Two popular pre-coordinated subject

heading lists in the US:heading lists in the US:– The Library of Congress The Library of Congress – Sears List of Subject Headings Sears List of Subject Headings



Controlled VocabulariesControlled Vocabularies Other lists are in specific fieldsOther lists are in specific fields

– Ex: MESH (Medical Subject Heading List)Ex: MESH (Medical Subject Heading List) ApproachApproach

Topical or Form HeadingsTopical or Form Headings– Single Noun: Cats, Economics, PoetrySingle Noun: Cats, Economics, Poetry– Phrases: Phrases: AdjectuvalAdjectuval--Agricultural credit, English literature, --Agricultural credit, English literature,

Library science, teenage automobile drivers; Library science, teenage automobile drivers; PrepositionalPrepositional--Children in motion pictures, Federal aid to --Children in motion pictures, Federal aid to youth services, Costume in art; youth services, Costume in art; ConjunctiveConjunctive--Emigration --Emigration and immigration, Open and closed shelves, Children’s and immigration, Open and closed shelves, Children’s encyclopedias and dictionaries, bolts and nuts; encyclopedias and dictionaries, bolts and nuts; InvertedInverted----Chemistry, Organic, Maps, Statistical, Knowledge, Chemistry, Organic, Maps, Statistical, Knowledge, Sociology of; Sociology of; Free FloatingFree Floating--Nixon, Richard M. (Richard --Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-, In fiction, drama, poetry, etc.Milhous), 1913-, In fiction, drama, poetry, etc.



Library of Congress Subject Library of Congress Subject HeadingsHeadings

263,000 authority records263,000 authority records– 19,200 personal19,200 personal– 4,500 corporate4,500 corporate– 12 meeting or conference12 meeting or conference– 480 uniform title480 uniform title– 197,000 topical197,000 topical– 42,000 geographical42,000 geographical

Source: Library of CongressSubject Headings, 30th Edition, 2007



LCSH HeadingsLCSH Headings

One wordOne word Two wordsTwo words More than two wordsMore than two words Class numbers (36% of headings Class numbers (36% of headings

followed by #S)followed by #S) Scope notesScope notes



SubdivisionsSubdivisions

Topical SubdivisionTopical Subdivision Form SubdivisionForm Subdivision Chronological SubdivisionChronological Subdivision Geographical SubdivisionGeographical Subdivision Free-Floating SubdivisionFree-Floating Subdivision Pattern HeadingsPattern Headings



Subdivisions (contd)Subdivisions (contd)

Order of SubdivisionOrder of Subdivision– Main Heading--Topical Subdivision--Main Heading--Topical Subdivision--

Geographic Subdivision--Chronological Geographic Subdivision--Chronological Subdivision--Form DivisionSubdivision--Form Division

France--Intellectual Life--20France--Intellectual Life--20thth Century--Historiography Century--Historiography

Teachers--Training of--United States--BibliographyTeachers--Training of--United States--Bibliography

Farm Buildings--Specifications--Maryland--Montgomery Farm Buildings--Specifications--Maryland--Montgomery CountyCounty

Visual Aids--Collectors and Collecting--Standards--Visual Aids--Collectors and Collecting--Standards--JapanJapan




Form Subdivisions:Form Subdivisions:– Engineering-examinations, questions, etc.Engineering-examinations, questions, etc.– Gardens--Pictorial Works Gardens--Pictorial Works – PoetryPoetry– Engineering--DictionariesEngineering--Dictionaries

Topical Subdivisions:Topical Subdivisions:– Wages--Minimum WageWages--Minimum Wage– Engineering--ResearchEngineering--Research– Agriculture--AccountingAgriculture--Accounting




Period (Chronology)Period (Chronology)France--History--Louis XIV, 163-1715France--History--Louis XIV, 163-1715

United States--History--Civil War, 1861-United States--History--Civil War, 1861-18651865

Greece--History--1453-1821Greece--History--1453-1821

English Language--Grammar--1950-English Language--Grammar--1950-

Sculpture, AncientSculpture, Ancient

Great Britain--History--Wars of the Roses, Great Britain--History--Wars of the Roses, 1455-14851455-1485



Subdivisions (contd)Subdivisions (contd) GeographicGeographic

Sports--EnglandSports--EnglandEducation, Elementary--United StatesEducation, Elementary--United StatesMusic--AfricaMusic--AfricaEducation--Demographic Aspects--JapanEducation--Demographic Aspects--JapanArt--Great BritainArt--Great BritainCharities--Italy--FlorenceCharities--Italy--FlorenceWool Industry--Government Policy--Italy--NaplesWool Industry--Government Policy--Italy--NaplesCities and Towns--India--BangaloreCities and Towns--India--BangaloreAgriculture--FloridaAgriculture--FloridaMusic--ScotlandMusic--Scotland




Free Floating:Free Floating:– GeneralGeneral

--Abstracts--Abstracts

--Cost Effectiveness--Cost Effectiveness

--Library Resources--Library Resources

--Periodicals--Indexes--Periodicals--Indexes

--Software--Software

--Study and Teaching--Study and Teaching




Free Floating (contd):Free Floating (contd):– Specific TypeSpecific Type

Actors--Political ActivityActors--Political Activity

Asian Americans--Race IdentityAsian Americans--Race Identity

Illinois--Governors--ElectionIllinois--Governors--Election




Free Floating (contd):Free Floating (contd):– Control by Pattern HeadingsControl by Pattern Headings

ColoniesColonies Great Britain--ColoniesGreat Britain--ColoniesChemicalChemical CopperCopper

InsulinInsulinIndiansIndians Indians of North AmericaIndians of North AmericaMilitary ServicesMilitary Services United States--Armed ForcesUnited States--Armed ForcesMusical CompositionsMusical Compositions OperasOperasSacred WorksSacred Works BibleBibleWarsWars World War, 1939-1945World War, 1939-1945



LCSH HeadingsLCSH Headings

ReferencesReferences– Equivalence relationshipsEquivalence relationships– Hierarchical relationshipsHierarchical relationships– Associate relationshipsAssociate relationships– General referencesGeneral references



Cross ReferencesCross References Equivalence RelationshipEquivalence Relationship

English Hymns use Hymns, EnglishEnglish Hymns use Hymns, English

Unconventional Warfare use Guerilla WarfareUnconventional Warfare use Guerilla Warfare

Illiteracy use LiteracyIlliteracy use Literacy

Hymns, EnglishHymns, English UF English HymnsUF English Hymns

LiteracyLiteracy UF IlliteracyUF Illiteracy Hierarchical RelationshipHierarchical Relationship

PoetryPoetry BT LiteratureBT Literature

NT Children’s PoetryNT Children’s Poetry

Classical PoetryClassical Poetry



Cross ReferencesCross References Associative RelationshipAssociative Relationship

AliensAliens RT CitizenshipRT Citizenship

ImmigrantsImmigrants

NaturalizationNaturalization

PhysiciansPhysicians RT MedicineRT Medicine

Similarly,Similarly,

MedicineMedicine RT PhysiciansRT Physicians



Cross ReferencesCross References General referencesGeneral references

AtlasesAtlases SA Subdivision maps under SA Subdivision maps under names of countries, cities etc.,names of countries, cities etc.,and under topicsand under topics

CranberriesCranberries --Diseases and Pets--Diseases and PetsSA Names of pests, SA Names of pests, e.g. Cranberry Root-worme.g. Cranberry Root-worm

Court of Last ResortCourt of Last Resort SA Names of SA Names of individual supreme courtsindividual supreme courts


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 115Source: Taylor

Outline of Subconcepts of Subject Outline of Subconcepts of Subject AnalysisAnalysis

Identify concepts and determine what is the purpose of the Identify concepts and determine what is the purpose of the information package (e.g., who the intended users are) in the information package (e.g., who the intended users are) in the following:following:– Title and subtitle.Title and subtitle.– Table of contents or equivalent.Table of contents or equivalent.– Preface and/or introduction (etc.).Preface and/or introduction (etc.).– Illustrations and their captions.Illustrations and their captions.

Identify names used as subject concepts.Identify names used as subject concepts. Identify role(s) of any geographic name(s) present.Identify role(s) of any geographic name(s) present. Identify chronological elements.Identify chronological elements. Identify form of the item being analyzed.Identify form of the item being analyzed. Construct a sentence giving analysis of what this information package Construct a sentence giving analysis of what this information package

is about.is about.– Identify index terms from the sentence to be searched in the controlled Identify index terms from the sentence to be searched in the controlled

vocabulary.vocabulary.– Translate the terms into specific headings from the controlled vocabulary Translate the terms into specific headings from the controlled vocabulary

list.list. Construct the hierarchy (discipline/subdiscipline/concept/topic, etc.) Construct the hierarchy (discipline/subdiscipline/concept/topic, etc.)

into which the “aboutness” falls.into which the “aboutness” falls.– Convert the hierarchy into a classification notation.Convert the hierarchy into a classification notation.



Mechanization of Mechanization of BibliographyBibliography

Automation first entered in 1870’s with the Automation first entered in 1870’s with the introduction of typewriters (Lot of discussion)introduction of typewriters (Lot of discussion)

In 1890’s, the documentation Movement in In 1890’s, the documentation Movement in EuropeEurope

Development of Professional Organizations and Development of Professional Organizations and Scientific ResearchScientific Research

UDC was discussed in 1892 conference in UDC was discussed in 1892 conference in Brussels (organized by Otlet and LaFontaine)Brussels (organized by Otlet and LaFontaine)

In 1937, the American Documentation Institute In 1937, the American Documentation Institute was formed. In 1968 changed its name to ASIS. was formed. In 1968 changed its name to ASIS. In 2000 became ASIS & TIn 2000 became ASIS & T



In 1938, FID was establishedIn 1938, FID was established In 1928, Eastman Kodak’s technological In 1928, Eastman Kodak’s technological

advance in microfilmadvance in microfilm World War II- Information ExplosionWorld War II- Information Explosion In 1945, Vannevar Bush opened a new era In 1945, Vannevar Bush opened a new era

(associative index)(associative index) In the 1950 and 1960’s many mechanization In the 1950 and 1960’s many mechanization

attempts:attempts:– Creation of MARC format at LCCreation of MARC format at LC– OCLC (online college library center)OCLC (online college library center)– RLIN (research libraries network) in 1977RLIN (research libraries network) in 1977

Mechanization of Mechanization of BibliographyBibliography



How does system design relate to How does system design relate to the organization or information?the organization or information?

System design holds together the metadata that serve as System design holds together the metadata that serve as surrogates for the information package within a domain.surrogates for the information package within a domain.

Before computerization, the people who created Before computerization, the people who created surrogate records were the same people who organized surrogate records were the same people who organized them, so system design was not a separate process.them, so system design was not a separate process.– Panizzi’s rules proposed the contents of surrogate records Panizzi’s rules proposed the contents of surrogate records

and also the standards for cataloging them.and also the standards for cataloging them.– Cutter’s rules included an emphasis on collocation (logical Cutter’s rules included an emphasis on collocation (logical

juxtaposition of records) and a design for the card catalog juxtaposition of records) and a design for the card catalog and filing.and filing.

– Each edition of ALA filing rules has assumed that the system Each edition of ALA filing rules has assumed that the system design is based on a card catalog.design is based on a card catalog.



System designs differ, so users System designs differ, so users must learn each system by asking:must learn each system by asking: How does the system accept queries? Commands? Forms? How does the system accept queries? Commands? Forms?

Menus? Command structure?Menus? Command structure? Can one search by Author? Title? Subject? Form/genre? Can one search by Author? Title? Subject? Form/genre?

Keywords? Combinations? Exact word-for-word matches?Keywords? Combinations? Exact word-for-word matches? Are Boolean searches allowed? Order of operations? Default Are Boolean searches allowed? Order of operations? Default

AND or OR? How are search results displayed? In what AND or OR? How are search results displayed? In what order?order?

Are “guides” presented before actual listings of records? Are “guides” presented before actual listings of records? How do they divide up (organize) responses? How do you How do they divide up (organize) responses? How do you sift through a multiscreen response?sift through a multiscreen response?

What kinds of information are included in records in the What kinds of information are included in records in the database? Is coded data translated in a meaningful way?database? Is coded data translated in a meaningful way?

Is a record displayed in full or briefly, and what is included Is a record displayed in full or briefly, and what is included at each level of detail?at each level of detail?



Do records contain subject data in the form of Do records contain subject data in the form of controlled vocabulary?controlled vocabulary?

Does the system support controlled vocabulary by Does the system support controlled vocabulary by displaying relationships between subjects? (Broader, displaying relationships between subjects? (Broader, narrower, and related terms)narrower, and related terms)

How are author searches interpreted by the system- How are author searches interpreted by the system- exact match, near match, keyword?exact match, near match, keyword?

Which keys on keywords have special functions in the Which keys on keywords have special functions in the system? (Ctrl, Alt)system? (Ctrl, Alt)

How are hyphens, punctuation, symbols treated? How are hyphens, punctuation, symbols treated? Normalization algorithms?Normalization algorithms?

Does the system “remember” where the user is in a Does the system “remember” where the user is in a search? Navigation?search? Navigation?

System designs differ, so users System designs differ, so users must learn each system by asking:must learn each system by asking:



T. Kanti SrikantaiahT. Kanti SrikantaiahFrom different sourcesFrom different sources

Filing PrinciplesFiling Principles


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 122From different sources T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.)Filing Principles (Cont.)


T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 123From different sourcesFrom different sources




Examples of Basic ALA Rules

T. Kanti SrikantaiahT. Kanti SrikantaiahSource: ALA Filing RulesSource: ALA Filing Rules



T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 126T. Kanti SrikantaiahT. Kanti SrikantaiahSource: ALA Filing RulesSource: ALA Filing Rules



T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 128Source: ALA Filing RulesSource: ALA Filing Rules



T. Kanti. SrikantaiahT. Kanti. Srikantaiah 129Source: ALA Filing RulesSource: ALA Filing Rules


1 Organization of Knowledge (LIS 703) Taverekere (Kanti) Srikantaiah Director and Professor Center...

Documents

Transcript of 1 Organization of Knowledge (LIS 703) Taverekere (Kanti) Srikantaiah Director and Professor Center...