1. One who systematically gathers information in order to ...

1. One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain

abnormality is a clinical:

A) mentalist.

B) legalist.

C) scientist.

D) practitioner.

2. If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal

patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a clinical:

A) practitioner.

B) researcher.

C) historian.

D) statistician.

3. The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to

as:

A) norms.

B) culture.

C) morality.

D) conventions.

4. Just decades ago, a woman's love for racecar driving would have been considered

abnormal. This statement illustrates:

A) how dangerous most mentally ill people actually are.

B) that abnormality can be situational.

C) that everyone is a little eccentric.

D) that drug use causes people to become mentally ill.

5. The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and art of a society make up

that society's:

A) laws.

B) norms.

C) culture.

D) conventions.

6. Behavior that violates legal norms is:

A) deviant and criminal.

B) distressful and criminal.

C) deviant and psychopathological.

D) distressful and psychopathological.

7. Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental

disorder, because of specific circumstances?

A) someone whose mother was depressed

B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado

C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance

D) someone who was also an alcoholic

8. If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we

would say that the person was:

A) suffering from a mental illness.

B) deviant but not dangerous.

C) exhibiting a typical reaction.

D) statistically deviant.

9. George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that:

A) distress must always be used to determine abnormality.

B) behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal.

C) distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered

abnormal.

D) behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal.

10. People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress even though

their behaviors are problematic. They are:

A) nevertheless considered to be abnormal.

B) not abnormal because abnormality requires distress.

C) doing something illegal, not abnormal.

D) no longer considered abnormal but were considered abnormal in the past.

11. An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be

at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's

behavior would be considered abnormal because it is:

A) disturbed.

B) deviant.

C) dysfunctional.

D) dangerous.

12. Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself

and work productively?

A) distress

B) deviance

C) dysfunction

D) danger to self or others

13. Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's

behavior is dysfunctional?

A) someone who is too confused to drive safely

B) someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class

C) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice

D) someone who cannot stay alone for even one night

14. A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of

abnormality?

A) deviance

B) distress

C) danger

D) dysfunction

15. A Secret Service agent steps in front of the president of the United States, prepared to be

killed or injured if the president's safety is threatened. Psychologically speaking, the

Secret Service agent's behavior is:

A) distressing and psychologically abnormal.

B) functional and not psychologically abnormal.

C) dysfunctional and psychologically abnormal.

D) dangerous but not psychologically abnormal.

16. Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not:

A) dysfunctional.

B) dangerous.

C) distressing.

D) deviant.

17. According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are

really:

A) mental illnesses.

B) problems in living.

C) caused by one's early childhood experiences.

D) eccentric behaviors with a biological cause.

18. A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library

reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in

the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the

researcher's behavior is that it is:

A) eccentric.

B) abnormal.

C) dangerous.

D) dysfunctional.

19. College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and

academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because:

A) the behavior is not illegal.

B) they are just considered eccentric.

C) they are not harming anyone but themselves.

D) drinking is considered part of the college subculture.

20. Using “the four Ds” to define abnormal behavior:

A) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable.

B) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric.

C) allows us to include those who experience no distress.

D) is still often vague and subjective.

21. Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental

illness because:

A) they are not deviant.

B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.

C) they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves.

D) while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not.

22. Which is NOT a characteristic of eccentric individuals noted by researchers in the field?

A) being a poor speller

B) having a diagnosable mental illness

C) being creative

D) a mischievous sense of humor

23. Studies show that eccentric individuals are more likely than those with mental disorders

to say:

A) I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me.

B) I'm different and I like it.

C) I am in a lot of pain and I suffer a great deal.

D) I wish I were not so “unique.”

24. Which component is NOT noted by clinical theorist Jerome Frank as essential to all

forms of therapy?

A) series of contacts

B) healer

C) third-party payer

D) sufferer who seeks relief

25. One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help

with problems in living as:

A) pupils.

B) patients.

C) trainees.

D) clients.

26. The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was

caused by:

A) germs.

B) poisons.

C) evil spirits.

D) psychological trauma.

27. A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal

potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that “evil spirits” will be driven from

the person's body. This form of “therapy” is called:

A) exorcism.

B) shaman.

C) couvade.

D) trephination.

28. A person being treated by a shaman would MOST likely be undergoing:

A) psychoanalysis.

B) gender-sensitive therapy.

C) community-based treatment.

D) an exorcism.

29. Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:

A) releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain.

B) bringing the four body humors back into balance.

C) punishing the body for its sins.

D) bloodletting.

30. Hippocrates's contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the

view that such conditions were the result of:

A) stress.

B) natural, physical causes.

C) brain pathology.

D) spiritual deviations.

31. Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four

humors, one of which was:

A) water.

B) lymph gland fluid.

C) phlegm.

D) cerebrospinal fluid.

32. Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by:

A) hypnotizing patients.

B) chaining patients to walls.

C) correcting underlying physical pathology.

D) encouraging patients to speak about past traumas.

33. Those who lived during the Middle Ages might find that a flash mob is MOST similar

to:

A) mass madness.

B) melancholia.

C) trephination.

D) eco-terrorism.

34. In the Middle Ages, which model of mental illness did MOST people believe in?

A) the moral model

B) the medical model

C) the psychogenic model

D) the demonology model

35. Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in

Europe in the Middle Ages?

A) The power of the clergy increased greatly.

B) The Church rejected scientific forms of investigation.

C) The Church controlled education.

D) The culture rejected religious beliefs.

36. Which is NOT a disorder that people in the Middle Ages included in the general term

“mass madness”?

A) tarantism

B) lycanthropy

C) exorcism

D) St. Vitus' dance

37. Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of:

A) exorcism.

B) mass madness.

C) physical pathology causing mental illness.

D) disorders that were treated with trephination.

38. St. Vitus' dance, characterized by people suddenly going into convulsions, jumping

around, and dancing, was also known as:

A) lycanthropy.

B) melancholia.

C) phlegmatism.

D) tarantism.

39. Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe

were:

A) physicians.

B) nobility.

C) peasants.

D) clergy.

40. The individual considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology is:

A) Hippocrates.

B) Johann Weyer.

C) Dorothea Dix.

D) Emil Kraepelin.

41. Johann Weyer, considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology,

was a physician in the:

A) 1200s.

B) 1500s.

C) 1700s.

D) 1800s.

42. In the 1600s, Pilgrims in Europe who sought “psychic healing” would have been MOST

likely to go to:

A) Bethlehem Hospital in London.

B) Gheel, Belgium.

C) La Bicêtre in Paris.

D) Athens, Greece.

43. In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide:

A) harsh treatment.

B) care and treatment.

C) religious therapies.

D) psychogenic therapy.

44. In many areas in the 1500s, asylums such as Bethlehem Hospital in London became:

A) shrines.

B) tourist attractions.

C) sheltered workshops.

D) centers of moral treatment.

45. What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?

A) Popularly called “Bedlam,” it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients.

B) It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates.

C) It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives.

D) It was the first asylum where the moral treatment of patients was practiced.

46. Who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England?

A) John Dix

B) Joseph Gall

C) William Tuke

D) Benjamin Rush

47. The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that:

A) mental problems had a biological basis.

B) demonology was a cause of mental illness.

C) mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect.

D) the cause of mental illness was immoral behavior.

48. Who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States?

A) John Dix

B) Joseph Gall

C) William Tuke

D) Benjamin Rush

49. The American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane

treatment of people with mental disorders was:

A) William Tuke.

B) Dorothea Dix.

C) Clifford Beers.

D) Benjamin Rush.

50. Which is a component of the legacy of Dorothea Dix?

A) deinstitutionalization

B) state hospitals

C) federal prisons

D) privatization of mental hospitals

51. Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the

use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century?

A) the total lack of success of moral treatment

B) too many hospitals, resulting in funding and staffing shortages

C) prejudice against poor, immigrant patients in hospitals

D) lack of public and private funding for hospitals

52. The “moral treatment” movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century

because:

A) prejudice against those with mental disorders decreased.

B) fewer and fewer immigrants were being sent to mental hospitals.

C) all patients needing treatment had to be helped.

D) hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded.

53. One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was:

A) prejudice against people with mental disorders.

B) it was shown to be completely ineffective.

C) too few patients were hospitalized.

D) psychogenic drugs replaced it.

54. Hippocrates's model of mental illness can be described as:

A) psychiatric.

B) somatogenic.

C) psychogenic.

D) supernatural.

55. The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological

damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective

about abnormal psychological functioning?

A) somatogenic

B) psychogenic

C) moral

D) deterministic

56. The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by:

A) Benjamin Rush.

B) Emil Kraepelin.

C) Fritz Schaudinn

D) Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

57. The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea

that:

A) mental patients should be deinstitutionalized.

B) organic factors can cause mental illness.

C) antibiotics cannot “cure” viral diseases.

D) physicians should be the ones treating mental illnesses.

58. For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting

for those with mental disorders would be a:

A) community center.

B) spa and retreat center.

C) counselor's office.

D) hospital.

59. Which of statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?

A) Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.

B) Alcoholism tends to run in families.

C) People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms.

D) Most people with depression are helped with medication.

60. Eugenic sterilization reflected the _____ perspective on abnormality.

A) somatogenic

B) psychoanalytic

C) cultural

D) managed care

61. The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been MOST successful

was the use of:

A) psychosurgery.

B) psychoanalysis.

C) various medications.

D) insulin shock therapy.

62. Which option is NOT associated with hypnotism?

A) Friedrich Anton Mesmer

B) the somatogenic perspective

C) hysterical disorders

D) the late 1700s

63. Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients

suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are

termed:

A) somatogenic.

B) hysterical.

C) phlegmatic.

D) bilious.

64. An otherwise “normal” person under the influence of hypnotic suggestion is made to

bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. The occurrence of these “abnormal” behaviors lends

support to which explanation for abnormality?

A) psychogenic

B) somatogenic

C) parthenogenic

D) schizophrenegenic

65. Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g.,

mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis?

A) psychogenic

B) somatogenic

C) demonological

D) moral

66. Bernheim and Liébault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in

“normal” people, providing support for which perspective of abnormality?

A) psychogenic

B) somatogenic

C) demonological

D) sociocultural

67. The early psychogenic treatment that was studied by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud

was:

A) prayer.

B) bleeding.

C) hypnotism.

D) trephining.

68. Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:

A) moral therapy.

B) psychoanalysis.

C) psychogenic therapy.

D) all psychological therapy.

69. Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of __________ therapy.

A) moral

B) outpatient

C) behavioral

D) somatogenic

70. Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call:

A) mesmerism.

B) outpatient therapy.

C) community psychology.

D) Kraepelinism.

71. Which patient would be MOST likely to benefit from psychoanalytic treatment?

A) a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly

B) a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally

C) someone who is insightful and thinks clearly

D) someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital

72. Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused

by:

A) sinful behavior.

B) lack of willpower.

C) lack of self-discipline.

D) something people bring on themselves.

73. People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be ______ than they were 50

years ago.

A) medicated with psychotropic drugs

B) hospitalized in mental institutions

C) homeless or in prison

D) treated in outpatient facilities

74. If a person's primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for that

person would be an _____ medication.

A) antipsychotic.

B) antidepressant.

C) antibiotic.

D) antianxiety.

75. Which BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?

A) Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment.

B) Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street.

C) Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back

and forth through different levels of care.

D) Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe

disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them.

76. A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other

“mood” disorders. The general term for this type of drug is:

A) psychogenic.

B) somatogenic.

C) psychotropic.

D) somatotropic.

77. Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed:

A) antidepressant.

B) antianxiety.

C) mood stabilizers

D) antipsychotic.

78. Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are

called ________ medications.

A) psychedelics

B) antineurotics

C) psychotropics

D) psychophysiologicals

79. Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered

medication, it would MOST likely be a(n) __________ drug.

A) stimulant

B) antianxiety

C) antipsychotic

D) antidepressant

80. Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. The condition is

chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication, it would likely be a(n)

__________ drug.

A) stimulant

B) antianxiety

C) antipsychotic

D) antidepressant

81. The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is

MOST similar to the number hospitalized in:

A) 1990.

B) 1970.

C) 1960.

D) 1950.

82. One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:

A) policy of deinstitutionalization.

B) use of psychotropic medication.

C) decrease in the use of private psychotherapy.

D) move to the community mental health approach.

83. In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient:

A) in a mental hospital.

B) on the street or in jail.

C) receiving drug counseling in a shelter.

D) in private therapy paid for by the state.

84. The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person directly pays a

psychotherapist for services is called:

A) sociological therapy.

B) the medical approach.

C) private psychotherapy.

D) the community mental health approach.

85. Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe

disturbances?

A) Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of

disorders.

B) Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment.

C) It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a “problem in living.”

D) Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.

86. Today about _____ make up the daily patient population in mental health hospitals.

A) 10,000

B) 40,000

C) 250,000

D) 600,000

87. Partly because of this emphasis in mental health, many suffering from mental health

disorders are currently homeless or incarcerated.

A) the use of psychotropic medications

B) psychoanalysis

C) somatogenic perspective

D) community mental health approach

88. Suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST

similar to which kind of market?

A) Whole Foods, a large market that offers many different types of food

B) Sweet Cupcakes, a store that specializes in only one type of food

C) Corner Market, a Mom-and-Pop store that carries rather old-fashioned food

D) New York Deli, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy

89. A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was

practicing is that:

A) fewer patients are suffering from anxiety and depression.

B) fewer patients receive outpatient treatment.

C) people are more likely to receive treatment for “problems in living.”

D) there are fewer specialized programs focused on treating only one type of problem.

90. Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders

(babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are

categorized as:

A) positive psychology.

B) psychoanalysis.

C) eco-anxiety treatment.

D) prevention.

91. Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?

A) prevention and positive psychology

B) promotion and public psychology

C) perfection and primary psychology

D) people and professional psychology

92. If a university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school

to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST

similar to:

A) prevention programs.

B) positive psychology programs.

C) deinstitutionalization programs.

D) outpatient therapy.

93. Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships

are a part of:

A) eco-anxiety treatment.

B) a somatogenic approach to treatment.

C) the clinical practice of positive psychology.

D) an eccentric's level of creativity.

94. A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skills. The

psychologist is MOST likely:

A) a psychoanalyst.

B) a positive psychologist.

C) a community mental health worker.

D) a rehabilitation specialist.

95. If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential,

physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST

similar to:

A) mental health prevention programs.

B) positive psychology programs.

C) deinstitutionalization programs.

D) outpatient therapy.

96. Immigration trends and differences in birthrates among minority groups in the United

States have caused psychological treatment to become more:

A) hospital focused.

B) multicultural.

C) positive.

D) dependent on the use of medications.

97. A person receiving multicultural therapy could expect all of these effects EXCEPT:

A) greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy.

B) a focus on the uniqueness of the issues faced.

C) a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems.

D) sensitivity to the traditions of that person's particular culture.

98. Which feature is NOT common in managed care programs?

A) limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from

B) preapproval for treatment by the insurance company

C) ongoing reviews and assessments

D) patient choice in number of therapy sessions

99. Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that:

A) physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education.

B) coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally.

C) the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment

must be equal.

D) patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment.

100. A physician who has specialized treatment in mental health issues is called a:

A) psychiatrist.

B) clinical psychologist.

C) psychodiagnostician.

D) psychoanalyst.

101. After medical school, a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the

treatment of abnormal mental functioning; this training is called a(n):

A) residency.

B) internship.

C) practicum.

D) community mental health tour.

102. One major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that

psychiatrists:

A) went to medical school.

B) must work in a medical setting.

C) are allowed to do psychotherapy.

D) have more training in mental illness.

103. Which statement is true about the participation of women in the mental health

professions?

A) There are more women in social work than in counseling professions.

B) Women are least often found in medicine and most often found in social work.

C) The profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling.

D) The majority of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are men.

104. The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:

A) psychiatry.

B) social work.

C) psychology.

D) counseling.

105. A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see

how multicultural factors impact success rates is MOST likely a:

A) clinical researcher.

B) clinical psychologist.

C) psychiatrist.

D) psychiatric social worker.

106. A person who is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental

and genetic factors produces schizophrenia is MOST likely a:

A) clinical researcher.

B) psychiatric social worker.

C) family therapist.

D) counseling psychologist.

107. A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal

behavior is called:

A) theoretical.

B) nomothetic.

C) idiographic.

D) correlational.

108. As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of

human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The

approach of clinical researchers is:

A) idiosyncratic.

B) nomosynthetic.

C) idiographic.

D) nomothetic.

109. If you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology,

you would be seeking:

A) an idiographic understanding.

B) to advance conventional wisdom.

C) a nomothetic understanding.

D) to change current graduate training.

110. Which is NOT considered a research method?

A) the case study

B) a correlation

C) an experiment

D) a treatment plan for an individual

111. The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those

from two-parent families is a(n):

A) variable.

B) experiment.

C) correlation.

D) hypothesis.

112. A person says, “I think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other

day.” Although this statement is not very scientific, it is a(n):

A) research finding.

B) hypothesis.

C) example of a case study.

D) research conclusion.

113. A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of

associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better

understood. This study is a(n):

A) hypothesis.

B) case study.

C) experimental study.

D) correlation.

114. Which is an example of a case study?

A) a study involving use of a control group

B) a long-term study of a single clinical client

C) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community

D) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats

115. Case studies are useful for:

A) forming general laws of behavior.

B) studying unusual problems.

C) conducting scientific experiments.

D) eliminating observer bias.

116. The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that

included a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy used to treat a(n):

A) common disorder.

B) depression.

C) substance abuse.

D) uncommon disorder.

117. Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?

A) studying unusual problems

B) learning a great deal about a particular patient

C) suggesting new areas for further study

D) determining general laws of behavior

118. The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is:

A) there are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile.

B) Facebook users don't always know they are being studied.

C) research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted.

D) it is unethical to observe public behavior.

119. A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without

informing the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which

question is the MOST relevant?

A) Are Facebook postings considered “public behavior”?

B) Are Facebook users a random sample of whatever population is being studied?

C) Will Facebook users be able to sue if they think their rights are being violated?

D) Will the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks to Facebook

users?

120. A researcher finds that individuals who report large numbers of “hassles” in their lives

usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer “hassles” generally

report lower levels of stress. The correlation between number of “hassles” and stress

level is:

A) positive.

B) negative.

C) curvilinear.

D) nonexistent.

121. “The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat.” If true, this statement

expresses:

A) no correlation at all.

B) a causal relationship.

C) a positive correlation.

D) a negative correlation.

122. If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude

that:

A) stress causes people to have poor health.

B) as stress increases, health decreases.

C) poor health causes people to experience stress.

D) mental illness causes both stress and poor health.

123. Correlation coefficients indicate:

A) the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables.

B) the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

C) the internal and external validity between variables.

D) the significance and variability between variables.

124. Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude?

A) +0.05

B) –0.81

C) +0.60

D) –0.01

125. Which correlation coefficient represents the weakest relationship?

A) –0.95

B) –0.06

C) +0.30

D) +0.54

126. If the correlation between severity of depression and age is –0.05, it means that:

A) older people have more severe depression.

B) older people have less severe depression.

C) younger people have almost no depression.

D) there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.

127. Which statement is true of the correlation coefficient?

A) It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between

two variables.

B) It ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the

relationship between two variables.

C) It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the

relationship between two variables.

D) It ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between

two variables and the total variability of those measurements.

128. A student says, “Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering

what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables.”

Which will help the student?

A) a correlation coefficient that is statistically significant

B) a correlation coefficient close to minus one (–1)

C) a correlation coefficient close to zero (0)

D) a correlation coefficient that doesn't prove a causal relationship between the

variables

129. A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and

symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:

A) life stress causes symptoms of depression.

B) symptoms of depression cause life stress.

C) something else causes stress and depression.

D) life stress and depression are related.

130. Which is NOT a merit of the correlational method?

A) It can be replicated.

B) It can be analyzed statistically.

C) Its results provide general information.

D) It provides individual information.

131. Which results are MOST likely from an epidemiological study?

A) The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.

B) Autism is caused by influenza vaccinations.

C) Child abuse is often found in the backgrounds of those with multiple personalities.

D) Alcoholism runs in families.

132. The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder

occur in a group in a given time period is termed:

A) longitudinal (incidence).

B) longitudinal (prevalence).

C) epidemiological (incidence).

D) epidemiological (prevalence).

133. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the:

A) total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic.

B) risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction.

C) number of new cases of sexual dysfunction over a period of time.

D) rate of sexual dysfunction in the community.

134. Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular

population are called ______ studies.

A) longitudinal

B) experimental

C) developmental

D) epidemiological

135. The number of new cases of a disorder in a population that emerge in a particular time

interval is called the:

A) incidence.

B) prevalence.

C) correlation.

D) epidemiology.

136. There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week.

This observation refers to the _____ of schizophrenia in this small population.

A) risk

B) incidence

C) prevalence

D) epidemiology

137. The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the:

A) risk.

B) incidence.

C) prevalence.

D) rate of occurrence.

138. The prevalence rate for a disorder will _____ the incidence rate.

A) always be the same as

B) always be higher than

C) always be the same or higher than

D) always be lower than

139. Describing the number of cases of intellectual disability in the children of older mothers

in 2005 would be a legitimate goal for a(n) _____ study.

A) case

B) experimental

C) epidemiological

D) longitudinal

140. The finding that in the United States women have higher rates of anxiety and depression

than men is MOST likely due to _____ research.

A) case study

B) longitudinal

C) analogue

D) epidemiological

141. If researchers studied Vietnam veterans for 30 years after the veterans' return from

Vietnam, meeting with those veterans every two years to collect data, the study would

be:

A) epidemiological.

B) longitudinal.

C) incidental.

D) experimental.

142. Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?

A) the use of confounding variables

B) observation of people over a period of time

C) a detailed interpretive description of a subject

D) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher

143. A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect

on another variable is observed is called a(n):

A) case study.

B) correlation.

C) experiment.

D) independent variable.

144. In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is

called the _____ variable.

A) confounding

B) alternative

C) dependent

D) independent

145. A study included 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received

aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65

percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the

“cure” rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the

participants were treated identically. This study:

A) demonstrates a double-blind design.

B) is an experimental study.

C) contains an important confound.

D) has three dependent variables.

146. A researcher conducted an experiment to study the causes of aggression in children.

Half the children ate a sugared cereal; the remaining half ate cornflakes. The researcher

then recorded the number of aggressive acts displayed by the children in a one-hour play

period after breakfast. In this experiment:

A) sugared cereal is the dependent variable and cornflakes is the independent variable.

B) breakfast is the independent variable, and the group of children is the dependent

variable.

C) the type of cereal is the dependent variable, and the number of aggressive

responses is the independent variable.

D) the type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive

responses is the dependent variable.

147. A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances. The

psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed

the other half normally, then administered the MMPI-2 to all the participants. What was

the independent variable?

A) level of food deprivation

B) the MMPI-2

C) the results on the MMPI-2

D) There is no independent variable because this is a correlational study.

148. Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1

hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then

administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the

dependent variable?

A) the study time

B) the volunteers

C) the reading passage

D) the results of the memory test

149. Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If

these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called _____.

A) irrelevant variables

B) confounds

C) blind methods

D) controlled variables

150. A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered

by parents at home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that

the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a

confound?

A) the treatment

B) the children

C) the diagnosis

D) differences between the parents and teachers

151. The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under

investigation (in an experiment) is called the _____ group.

A) control

B) confound

C) dependent

D) experimental

152. One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One

group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking

placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant

received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What is the control group?

A) the new drug

B) the level of agitation

C) the ones who got the placebo

D) the psychiatric evaluation

153. The BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class would be to:

A) choose the first 10 who enter the classroom.

B) choose the last 10 who leave the classroom.

C) write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes,

and pick 10 papers.

D) ask students their ethnicity, grade point average, and academic major, and then be

sure the sample reflects all of these student characteristics.

154. Not all participants are the same. Researchers use _____ to reduce the possibility that

preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after

experimental manipulation.

A) a control group

B) random selection

C) random assignment

D) an experimental group

155. To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:

A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.

B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.

C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.

D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.

156. One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One

group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking

placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant

received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. In this study, how was

experimenter bias reduced?

A) by having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation

B) by having researchers who don't know who got which pill

C) by adding another placebo condition

D) by adding a therapy group

157. Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist,

so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of:

A) participant bias.

B) a placebo effect.

C) random variation.

D) experimenter bias.

158. A “fake” pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:

A) placebo.

B) confound.

C) random variable.

D) dependent variable.

159. A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research

design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):

A) experiment.

B) random-assignment design.

C) matched control group design.

D) blind design.

160. A researcher trying to eliminate the Rosenthal effect would be sure to:

A) use a blind design.

B) use a quasi-experimental design.

C) randomly assign participants to two groups.

D) randomly assign participants to three or more groups.

161. The Rosenthal effect:

A) is identical to the “placebo effect.”

B) can be avoided by using a blind design.

C) is found primarily in natural experiments.

D) is found only in correlational designs.

162. In preparation for a study of the effectiveness of an antipsychotic drug, an assistant puts

all drugs into capsules of the same color and codes them. The assistant will have no part

in administering the drug. Neither the subjects nor the experimenter will know who

receives which drug. This is an example of a:

A) single-blind design.

B) double-blind design.

C) triple-blind design.

D) quasi-experimental design.

163. A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when

none exists. Which design would prevent this problem?

A) longitudinal

B) double-blind

C) epidemiological

D) experimental

164. The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:

A) participant and experimenter biases.

B) imitation therapies.

C) subject bias.

D) the Rosenthal effect.

165. Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a true experiment?

A) The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.

B) The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.

C) The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.

D) The quasi-experiment does not randomly assign participants to groups.

166. To study some gender differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men and 10

women and treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of

psychological function. This study is an example of a(n):

A) experiment.

B) analogue study.

C) correlational study.

D) quasi-experimental study.

167. Studies that are structured like experiments but use groups that already exist instead of

randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups are called:

A) quasi-experiments.

B) analogue experiments.

C) correlational experiments.

D) developmental experiments.

168. Which would MOST appropriately be studied using a quasi-experimental design?

A) the effects of running and weight lifting on mood

B) the effects of parents with schizophrenia on children's adjustment

C) the effects of a parental training program on children's achievement

D) the effects of a support group in helping people lose weight

169. The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual

or unpredictable events is a(n) __________ experiment.

A) natural

B) matched-control

C) analogue

D) single-subject

170. Which would be LEAST appropriately studied using a natural experiment?

A) the effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual functioning

B) the effects of war on children in Kosovo

C) the effects of a plant closing on community cohesiveness

D) the effects of a particularly harsh blizzard on depression

171. Which would be the BEST design to study the effects of disasters on survivors?

A) an experiment

B) a quasi-experiment

C) a natural experiment

D) a double-blind strategy

172. Which might be an example of an analogue experiment?

A) following laboratory rats in natural settings to see if they develop signs of

“depression”

B) having human participants live for a week in a simulated mental hospital to see

how they respond

C) exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a

simulated mental hospital would both be examples of analogue experiments

D) following individuals within their natural environments and noting behavioral

responses

173. Which item is an analogue study?

A) studying children in their classrooms

B) studying the effects of stress in nonhumans

C) studying the effects of metaphors on memory

D) studying the elderly in nursing homes

174. A researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety and decides to

study it in rats by conditioning in them the fear of a high-pitched noise and then testing

the rats' reactions with and without the drug. This is an example of a(n):

A) natural experiment.

B) analogue experiment.

C) quasi-experimental study.

D) correlation.

175. Seligman's study in which he created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of

a(n) _____ study.

A) analogue

B) case

C) epidemiological

D) quasi-experimental

176. In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with

and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the first “A” in the study?

A) healthy eating habits

B) exercise

C) no exercise

D) depression

177. In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with

and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second “B” in the study?

A) healthy eating habits

B) exercise

C) no exercise

D) depression

178. The MOST accurate summary of what has happened in the United States in the last 50

years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:

A) there has been important progress, but concerns remain.

B) recent changes in legal and ethical regulation of human research have virtually

eliminated potential problems.

C) the current situation is as bad as it has ever been.

D) colleges and universities, but not governmental agencies, have made important

progress in protecting human rights.

179. For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given

full knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. This principle is called:

A) risk disclosure.

B) benefit analysis.

C) informed consent.

D) privacy.

180. The principle of informed consent assumes that:

A) there is compensation.

B) the benefits outweigh the risks.

C) the participant can understand the explanation.

D) there are no risks in the study under consideration.

181. A recent study of informed consent forms showed that:

A) most research participants don't receive them.

B) most research participants are insulted by them.

C) many research participants don't understand them.

D) research participants generally already know their rights.

Answer Key

1. C

2. A

3. A

4. B

5. C

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. C

10. A

11. C

12. C

13. C

14. C

15. D

16. B

17. B

18. A

19. D

20. D

21. B

22. B

23. B

24. C

25. D

26. C

27. A

28. D

29. B

30. B

31. C

32. C

33. A

34. D

35. D

36. C

37. B

38. D

39. D

40. B

41. B

42. B

43. B

44. B

45. A

46. C

47. C

48. D

49. B

50. B

51. A

52. D

53. A

54. B

55. A

56. D

57. B

58. D

59. A

60. A

61. C

62. B

63. B

64. A

65. A

66. A

67. C

68. B

69. B

70. B

71. C

72. D

73. B

74. D

75. B

76. C

77. D

78. C

79. C

80. D

81. A

82. A

83. B

84. C

85. B

86. B

87. D

88. B

89. C

90. D

91. A

92. A

93. C

94. B

95. B

96. B

97. C

98. D

99. B

100. A

101. A

102. A

103. C

104. B

105. A

106. A

107. B

108. D

109. C

110. D

111. D

112. B

113. B

114. B

115. B

116. D

117. D

118. B

119. A

120. A

121. C

122. B

123. A

124. B

125. B

126. D

127. B

128. C

129. D

130. D

131. A

132. C

133. A

134. D

135. A

136. B

137. C

138. C

139. C

140. D

141. B

142. D

143. C

144. D

145. B

146. D

147. A

148. D

149. B

150. D

151. A

152. C

153. C

154. C

155. C

156. B

157. A

158. A

159. D

160. A

161. B

162. B

163. B

164. A

165. D

166. D

167. A

168. B

169. A

170. A

171. C

172. C

173. B

174. B

175. A

176. D

177. B

178. A

179. C

180. C

181. C

1. The stated and unstated rules that a society establishes to govern proper conduct are

referred to as _____.

2. The aspect of the definition of abnormality that characterizes behavior as different from

what a society considers normal for a given time and place is _____.

3. Ken is so anxious that his anxiety by itself causes him to suffer. Ken's situation

represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called _____.

4. Colleen is so afraid of open spaces that she cannot leave her house to go to work and is

now in danger of losing her job. This represents the aspect of the definition of

abnormality called _____.

5. Heather has been feeling depressed and has begun to feel helpless and hopeless and is

considering committing suicide. Killing herself represents the aspect of the definition of

abnormality called _____.

6. The idea that the behaviors we label abnormal are just problems in living was proposed

by _____.

7. While some clinicians refer to the person they are treating as a patient, others refer to

the person as a(n) _____.

8. The early form of surgery in which a hole was made in the skull of a person, presumably

to allow evil spirits to escape, was called _____.

9. The procedure that a priest or other powerful person might perform to drive evil spirits

from a person is called _____.

10. _____ believed that abnormal behavior was caused by brain pathology that was a

consequence of an imbalance in the four humors of the body.

11. The "father" of modern medicine who believed that illnesses had natural causes was

_____.

12. During the Middle Ages, a person who believed that he or she was possessed by wolves

and other animals was said to be suffering from _____.

13. The roots of today's community mental health programs can be traced back to the

fifteenth century when people came to the Belgian town of _____ for psychic healing.

14. The physician who instituted a series of reforms at La Bicêtre asylum and “unchained”

mental patients was _____.

15. The treatment for mental illness espoused by French physician Philippe Pinel and

English Quaker William Tuke was called _____ treatment by their contemporaries.

16. An approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized humane and

respectful approaches was known as _____ treatment.

17. The American advocate for laws mandating the improved treatment of people with

mental disorders was _____.

18. The view that physical causes are at the root of mental illnesses is called the _____

perspective.

19. The somatogenic view of mental illness was given a boost in the 1800's when it was

discovered that general paresis was caused by _____.

20. Psychotropic medications fit into the _____ model of treating mental illness.

21. According to the _____ perspective, psychological causes are at the root of mental

illness.

22. The inducement of a trancelike state in which a person becomes extremely suggestible

fits into the _____ model of treating mental illness.

23. Psychoanalysis' view of causes of abnormal and normal behavior fits into the _____

model.

24. The major development utilizing drugs in the treatment of the mentally ill in the second

half of the twentieth century was the development of _____.

25. The reduction in the number of people housed in mental hospitals in the last 40 years

can be attributed to a trend called _____.

26. Moving the focus for the care of the mentally ill out of hospitals is part of the _____

approach.

27. The largest group of professionals who provide mental health services are _____.

28. The degree that psychiatrists hold is the _____.

29. Sound research in abnormal psychology uses the _____ method.

30. Clinical researchers form general, or _____, knowledge about the nature, causes, and

treatments of abnormal behavior.

31. A tentative explanation or hunch that provides a basis for study is a(n) _____.

32. Jason met with a researcher several times. He was interviewed, he took tests, and he was

physically evaluated. In addition, the researcher studied his school and employment

records and interviewed key people in his life. This type of study is called a(n) _____.

33. Tall people tend to have larger feet than do short people. This statement indicates a(n)

_____ correlation between foot size and height.

34. The more television one watches, the lower that person's grades in school are likely to

be. This statement indicates a(n) _____ correlation between hours watching TV and

grades.

35. The strength or magnitude of a correlation can vary from _____ to _____.

36. If a result is statistically significant, it is unlikely to be the result of _____.

37. Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population

are called _____ studies.

38. The number of new cases of a disorder that appear during a set period of time is the

_____ of that disorder.

39. If one knew that there were 500,000 total cases of schizophrenia in the United States as

of now, that person would know the _____ of schizophrenia in the United States.

40. Sammi agreed to be in the study of memory, but she had not anticipated how she would

feel about returning to the lab every other year for 10 years. She is involved in a(n)

_____ study.

41. A study of the same individuals on many occasions over a period of time is a(n) _____

study.

42. The type of study that allows a direct determination of a causal relationship between two

variables is a(n) _____.

43. Jack was doing a study on anxiety. Members of one group were asked to estimate how

many years each had to live. Members of the other group were asked to estimate how

many months until their next vacation. Jack then gave each of his participants a test that

measured anxiety and scored them. The score on this test is an example of a(n) _____.

44. Ian made the participants in one of his groups anxious by making loud noises but kept

the participants in the other group in quiet surroundings. The presence of noise in this

case is an example of a(n) _____.

45. Dr. Han did his experimental manipulation and then tested his experimental group at 9

A.M. and his control group at 9 P.M. His study contains a(n) _____.

46. The nontreated or comparison group that is NOT exposed to the independent variable in

an experiment is called the _____.

47. If a participant does NOT know in which condition she is being tested, she is

participating in a(n) _____ design.

48. Dr. Pliny did NOT tell her subjects which group (what level of the independent

variable) they were in. She didn't tell them this to guard against _____.

49. In addition to subject bias, the double-blind design guards against _____.

50. Any study that compares the responses of men and women (the “independent variable”)

is BEST described as a(n) _____ design.

51. Genie was isolated from human contact and language by her (badly disturbed) parents

for most of the first 13 years of her life. The effects of early language deprivation could

easily be seen and studied. This is an example of a(n) _____ experiment.

52. If a researcher did a study of anxiety and used cats for subjects instead of people, she

would likely be doing a(n) _____ study.

Answer Key

1. norms

2. deviance

3. distress

4. dysfunction

5. danger

6. Thomas Szasz

7. client

8. trephination

9. exorcism

10. Hippocrates

11. Hippocrates

12. lycanthropy

13. Gheel

14. Philippe Pinel

15. moral

16. moral

17. Dorothea Dix

18. somatogenic

19. syphilis

20. somatogenic

21. psychogenic

22. psychogenic

23. psychogenic

24. psychotropic medications

25. deinstitutionalization

26. community mental health

27. psychiatric social workers

28. MD or DO

29. scientific

30. nomothetic

31. hypothesis

32. case study

33. positive

34. negative

35. –l.00, +1.00

36. chance

37. epidemiological

38. incidence

39. prevalence

40. longitudinal

41. longitudinal

42. experiment

43. dependent variable

44. independent variable

45. confound

46. control group

47. blind

48. subject bias, or participant bias

49. experimenter bias

50. quasi-experimental

51. natural

52. analogue

1. Which term is NOT used to describe behavior that is psychologically abnormal?

A) psychopathology

B) disturbed

C) mental instability

D) mental illness

2. The role of a clinical practitioner in abnormal psychology is to:

A) detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.

B) research, detect, and assess abnormal functioning.

C) research, assess, treat, and speak about abnormal functioning.

D) research about abnormal functioning.

3. Which term was the earliest used to describe those who we now refer to as “mentally

ill”?

A) “crazy”

B) unbalanced

C) madness

D) unstable

4. Which statement is true about the “four Ds” of abnormality?

A) Most clinicians agree on what qualifies under each of “the four Ds.”

B) Every culture has generally identical criteria of what constitutes abnormality.

C) An individual can only be diagnosed with a mental illness if (s)he has all “four

Ds.”

D) None of the “four Ds” is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological

abnormality.

5. Judgments of abnormality depend on _____ as well as on cultural norms.

A) geography

B) specific circumstances

C) politics

D) our health care system

6. _____ argues that the deviations that society calls abnormal are simply “problems in

living,” and are not indicative that something is wrong with the person.

A) Carl Rogers

B) Jerome Frank

C) Thomas Szasz

D) Dick Gregory

7. Which three essential features are included in all forms of therapy?

A) a patient, a physician, and an insurance company

B) a client, an insurance company, and treatment goals

C) a sufferer, a healer, and a series of contacts between healer and sufferer

D) a sufferer, a healer, and managed care

8. A trephine is:

A) a trick used in hypnosis.

B) an instrument used to remove blood from the veins.

C) an instrument used in a twentieth-century lobotomy.

D) a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull.

9. Which was one of the different early names for a mental disorder that was characterized

by extreme sadness and immobility?

A) melancholia

B) anorexia

C) dyspareunia

D) bulimia

10. According to ancient views of abnormality, if a standard exorcism failed to rid a person

of abnormal behaviors, which step would be taken?

A) The shaman would perform a more extreme exorcism, such as whipping or starving

the person.

B) The person would be burned alive because they were believed to be “beyond

saving.”

C) The person would be cast out of the society with no means for survival.

D) The person would be accepted by society as being a marked child of “God,” and

the abnormal behavior would be celebrated.

11. Those who suffered from the form of mass madness called lycanthropy may have

believed themselves to be possessed by ________ or other animals.

A) bats

B) wolves

C) tigers

D) spiders

12. Which term has come to mean “a chaotic uproar” and derived its name from a London

hospital where mentally ill patients were treated in horrendous ways?

A) bedlam

B) hysteria

C) furor

D) turmoil

13. The work of Dorothea Dix led to the establishment of many _____ around the country.

A) psychiatric surgery centers

B) American asylums

C) state hospitals

D) clinical practices

14. The Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in

nineteenth-century America was:

A) Margaret Meade.

B) Dorothea Dix.

C) Carrie Nation.

D) Mary Baker Eddy.

15. General paresis, an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms that

include paralysis and delusions of grandeur, was found to be caused by:

A) the HIV virus.

B) tuberculosis.

C) syphilis.

D) gonorrhea.

16. The term “eugenic sterilization” refers to:

A) a public policy of providing free medication to those who suffer from mental

illness.

B) a political policy of preventing those who suffer from mental illness from

reproducing.

C) a private policy of linking mental illness to religion for the purpose of promoting a

different religion.

D) the practice of diagnosing all patients with the same illness, regardless of

symptoms, so that insurance companies will provide payment for services.

17. The treatment mechanism associated with touching a troubled area of a patient's body

with a special rod was:

A) trephination.

B) exorcism.

C) mesmerism.

D) lycanthropy.

18. The policy of releasing patients from public mental hospitals was known as:

A) moral treatment.

B) the community mental health model.

C) the managed care model.

D) deinstitutionalization.

19. Before the 1950s, almost all outpatient care for psychological disturbances took the

form of:

A) hospitalization.

B) private psychotherapy.

C) treatment at community mental health centers.

D) treatment by social services agencies.

20. Insurance parity laws are concerned with:

A) government payment for mental health care.

B) licensing health care providers.

C) providing equal coverage for mental and medical problems.

D) providing malpractice insurance for clinical mental health practitioners.

21. Clinical researchers look for _____ truths about the causes and treatments of

abnormality.

A) nomothetic

B) deistic

C) universal

D) idiographic

22. The Three Faces of Eve chronicles a _____ study of a woman who displayed three

different personalities.

A) scientific

B) nomothetic

C) meta-analytical

D) case

23. If a research study concludes that the less coffee you drink, the less anxiety you

experience, the researchers MOST likely used:

A) the experimental method.

B) case studies.

C) a focus group.

D) the correlational method.

24. If a research study concludes that the more activities a person participates in, the less

likely that person is to be depressed, the conclusion would be expressed as:

A) a positive correlation.

B) a fantasy.

C) a negative correlation.

D) a causal relationship.

25. Which statistic represents the greatest magnitude of correlation?

A) +80

B) –0.95

C) +2.0

D) +90

26. Studies that reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population

are known as __________ studies.

A) longitudinal

B) high-risk

C) epidemiological

D) case

27. A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect

on another variable is observed is known as a(n):

A) experiment.

B) epidemiological study.

C) factorial study.

D) incidence study.

28. The _____ effect is the term that describes a researcher unintentionally transmitting his

or her expectations about the outcome of the research to a research subject.

A) Rosenthal

B) Stockholm

C) double-blind

D) research

29. In a _____ study, both the participants and the experimenter are prevented from

knowing who is in which experimental (or control) group.

A) digital

B) analogue

C) scientific

D) zoological

30. Researchers investigating a rare disorder that affects only a few subjects would most

likely use a(n) _____ design.

A) natural experimental

B) experimental

C) quasi-experimental

D) single-subject experimental

31. To compare a subject with himself or herself under different conditions rather than

compare that subject to control subjects, one might choose a(n) _____ design.

A) analogue

B) case study

C) correlational

D) ABAB

32. To ensure that subjects know what they are getting into when they sign up for a study,

researchers must obtain:

A) institutional agreement.

B) informed consent.

C) human rights assent.

D) quasi-permission.

Answer Key

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. C

8. D

9. A

10. A

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. B

15. C

16. B

17. C

18. D

19. B

20. C

21. A

22. D

23. D

24. C

25. B

26. C

27. A

28. A

29. B

30. D

31. D

32. B

1. The job of _____ is to gather information systematically so that they may describe,

predict, and explain the phenomena they study.

A) clinical phenomenologists

B) clinical scientists

C) clinical practitioners

D) clinical psychometrists

2. The “four Ds” of abnormality are:

A) deviance, dysfunction, disturbance, and danger.

B) danger, dread, deviance, and disturbance.

C) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

D) dysfunction, disturbance, delirium, and danger.

3. Roman is a loner. He lives in a cabin in the woods with no running water or electricity.

While he manages to survive this way, living so far from the closest city makes it very

hard for him to get and keep gainful employment. He is often unhappy with his

situation, yet he feels that he can do nothing to change it and has lived this way for

years. Which term could NOT be used to describe Roman's behavior?

A) deviant

B) dysfunctional

C) dangerous

D) distressful

4. _____ is generally defined as a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into

more normal behavior.

A) Assessment

B) Treatment

C) Remediation

D) Psychodiagnosis

5. Hippocrates believed that abnormal behavior was caused by:

A) evil spirits.

B) blood clots.

C) bone splinters.

D) imbalance in bodily fluids.

6. One of the most prominent forerunners to the modern community mental health

program was at Gheel, which was located in:

A) Belgium.

B) Germany.

C) Spain.

D) England.

7. In the Middle Ages in Europe, people who suffered the bite of a “wolf spider” believed

that the only way to rid themselves of the resulting symptoms was to do a dance called

a:

A) purificado.

B) chastenette.

C) tarantella.

D) sanctifica.

8. Which German physician was the first to specialize in mental illness and is now

considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology?

A) Wilhelm Wundt

B) Hippocrates

C) Sigmund Freud

D) Johann Weyer

9. The French physician ______ was associated with asylum reform at La Bicêtre.

A) Jean Esquirol

B) Philippe Pinel

C) William Tuke

D) Johann Weyer

10. Which nineteenth-century perspective held the view that abnormal psychological

functioning has physical causes?

A) psychogenic

B) somatogenic

C) psychotropic

D) moral

11. The _____ perspective views the chief causes of abnormal functioning as psychological.

A) moral

B) somatogenic

C) psychogenic

D) positive

12. Trying to correct the social conditions that give rise to psychological problems and

identifying individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems is known as:

A) positive psychology.

B) trephination.

C) triage.

D) prevention.

13. Today, the dominant form of insurance coverage for mental health patients is:

A) Medicare.

B) managed care.

C) private insurance.

D) Social Security.

14. The area of psychology concerned with the study and enhancement of positive feelings,

traits, and abilities is:

A) psychoanalysis.

B) Gestalt psychology.

C) positive psychology.

D) humanistic psychology.

15. A federal parity law, requiring insurance companies to provide equal coverage for

mental and medical problems, was enacted in the United States of America in:

A) 1973.

B) 1984.

C) 2004.

D) 2008.

16. Before the 1950s, psychotherapy was offered only by:

A) neurologists.

B) hypnotists.

C) psychiatrists.

D) psychotherapists.

17. At present, which single viewpoint dominates the clinical field as the psychoanalytic

perspective once did?

A) gestalt

B) behavioral

C) cognitive

D) No one perspective dominates the clinical field.

18. What percentage of current psychology graduate students are female?

A) 40 percent

B) 28 percent

C) 72 percent

D) 37 percent

19. The main difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist is that:

A) a psychiatrist is usually a psychoanalyst, while a psychologist is usually a

behaviorist.

B) a psychologist is a medical doctor, while a psychiatrist is a researcher who studies

illnesses.

C) a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can provide therapy, while a psychologist is

not a medical doctor but can provide therapy.

D) a psychiatrist works exclusively in hospitals, while a psychologist works

exclusively in mental health clinics.

20. If a study found that there was a perfect correlation between two variables, which

correlation coefficient would describe that relationship?

A) –100.00

B) 1.00

C) 0.00

D) +0.50

21. When an unusual problem does not occur often enough to permit a large number of

observations, it might be studied using a(n):

A) ABAB study.

B) experimental study.

C) case study.

D) correlational study.

22. A disorder's _____ is the total number of existing and new cases, while a disorder's

_____ is the number of new cases that emerge during a period of time.

A) incidence; prevalence

B) prevalence; incidence

C) epidemiology; longitude

D) longitude; epidemiology

23. In a(n) _____ study, researchers observe the same subjects on many occasions over a

long period of time.

A) case

B) epidemiological

C) experimental

D) longitudinal

24. Correlational studies of many pairs of twins have suggested a link between _____

factors and certain psychological disorders.

A) social

B) economic

C) educational

D) genetic

25. The _____ variable is manipulated in an experiment to determine if it has an effect on

another variable.

A) dependent

B) confound

C) random

D) independent

26. An imitation treatment that looks or tastes like the real therapy but has none of its key

ingredients is:

A) a confounding variable.

B) considered to be experimental fraud.

C) known as a placebo.

D) controlled by the FDA.

27. In a _____ design, research subjects are unaware as to whether they are assigned to the

experimental group or the control group.

A) double-blind

B) biased

C) blind

D) triple-blind

28. Researchers would most likely use a(n) _____ research design to compare children who

have a history of child abuse with those who do not.

A) experimental

B) epidemiological

C) quasi-experimental

D) longitudinal

29. Which facet of experimental research is missing in a quasi-experimental design?

A) double-blind design

B) reliability

C) predictive validity

D) random assignment

30. Most informed consent forms for clinical research are written at a(n) _____ level.

A) advanced college

B) high-school

C) elementary school

D) graduate school

Answer Key

1. B

2. C

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. B

11. C

12. D

13. B

14. C

15. D

16. C

17. D

18. C

19. C

20. B

21. C

22. B

23. D

24. D

25. D

26. C

27. C

28. C

29. D

30. A

1. Psychological abnormality is generally defined using “the four D's.” First, explain what

the four Ds are and what they mean regarding psychological abnormality. Then provide

an example of a time when each aspect of abnormality would not be considered

abnormal.

2. Suppose a friend says to you, “I feel really lousy today, and I don't know why. You're

taking abnormal psych—what do you think?” If, after a conversation, your friend feels

better about things, have you provided psychological therapy? Why or why not? Include

the essential features of therapy in your answer.

3. Discuss the contributions of three individuals to the treatment of abnormal psychology.

Be sure to include when and where each lived.

4. What is demonology? How does demonology stand in the way of a more complete

understanding of the causes and treatment of psychological abnormality?

5. Create a time line on which you place five major events in the history of abnormality.

Briefly describe why each event is important to an understanding of abnormality.

6. Define and contrast the somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives regarding abnormal

psychological functioning, and provide at least one example of evidence supporting

each perspective.

7. Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical researchers are mental health

professionals that work in the area of psychological abnormality. Describe what each

does and how they differ from each other.

8. Assume that Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix suddenly appeared in the twenty-first

century, about 50 years after the U.S. policy of deinstitutionalization began. What would

they think about our treatment of the “mentally ill”? What suggestions might they make

for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization?

9. According to your text, deinstitutionalization has resulted, in part, in large numbers of

people with severe psychological disturbances either becoming homeless or ending up

in jail or prison. Is deinstitutionalization an ethical and appropriate strategy for the

treatment of mental illness that the United States should continue to follow? Back up

your answer with specific examples.

10. Increasingly, people seeking treatment for mental health reasons are members of

managed care programs. How are managed care programs changing how psychological

services are provided? Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of such programs.

11. Case studies can be used to help more than just the one being studied. Briefly describe

three ways one could use information gathered from a case study besides helping the

one being studied.

12. Describe three hypothetical correlations: positive correlations, negative correlations, and

unrelated correlations, and give an example for each.

13. Assume that a researcher wishes to do research designed to pinpoint early-childhood

events related to later development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. What

type of investigation might the researcher use? What would be potential strengths and

weaknesses of that type of investigation? Finally, are there any ethical concerns the

researcher ought to address?

14. What are important differences between case studies and single-subject experiments? Be

sure to mention advantages and disadvantages of each.

15. A researcher wishes to use experimentation to study the effect of stress on the

development of abnormal behaviors. Describe how the researcher might conduct that

study, using either natural or analogue experiments.

16. A major shortcoming of a correlational study is that even when a correlation between

two variables is statistically significant, one cannot infer causation. For example, a

significant correlation exists between life stress and depression, yet one cannot say for

sure that life stress causes depression. Given this major shortcoming, what are some

specific reasons one might still wish to conduct a correlational study, as opposed to an

experimental study (from which one might infer a cause-and-effect relationship)?

17. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that older women who take estrogen are less

likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. Be sure to identify the control group,

experimental group, independent variable, and dependent variable.

Answer Key

1. There are said to be four “Ds” of psychological abnormality.

The first is “deviance,” which describes abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that

differ markedly from society's ideas about proper functioning. An example of deviance

that would not be considered abnormal is a person who sleeps outside when camping.

While sleeping outdoors is not the norm in our society, we make exception for this

behavior under this specific circumstance.

The second is “distress.” When an individual feels distress over symptom manifestation,

we often consider this a marker of abnormality. An example of when distress would not

be considered abnormal would be a situation in which a parent experiences distress

because his or her child is serving in the military in a war zone. The feelings of distress

inherent in a daughter or son serving abroad would not be enough to label someone as

abnormal in functioning.

The third element in psychological abnormality is “dysfunction.” Abnormal behavior

tends to be considered dysfunctional when it interrupts the ability to function in daily

living. An example of when dysfunction would not be considered abnormal would be if

someone voluntarily engaged in a hunger strike out of protest. Often these individuals

are considered heroic rather than dysfunctional.

The final element is “danger,” which is usually classified as an individual being a

danger or threat to him- or herself or others. An example of when dangerousness would

not be considered abnormal could be during times of military service in combat.

Individuals in combat are sometimes called on to harm others, and in acts considered

heroic, some soldiers sacrifice their own lives for the safety of their group.

2. According to my text, I have not provided psychological therapy. Clinical theorist

Jerome Frank stated that all therapy has three essential features. One is a sufferer who

seeks relief from the healer. The second feature of true therapy is that it must be

administered by a trained, socially accepted healer who has expertise in what the

individual struggles with. The third essential element of therapy is that there should be a

series of contacts with the sufferer to produce changes. In this example the second and

third criteria have not been satisfied. As such, psychological therapy has not taken place.

3. Answers may include any of the following, or other figures discussed in the text:

Hippocrates: 460–377 B.C. Greece. Referred to as the father of modern medicine,

Hippocrates contributed the belief that illnesses had natural causes, and he saw abnormal

behavior as arising from physical problems.

Emil Kraepelin: 1856–1926. Germany. Kraepelin was a German researcher who published a

textbook in 1883 stating that physical factors such as fatigue were responsible for mental

dysfunction. He also developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behavior

using symptoms, as we do today.

Dorothea Dix: 1802–1887. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Dix was a schoolteacher who called

for mental health treatment reform by speaking to both state legislatures and the U.S.

Congress about the horrors she witnessed at asylums. Her campaign led to improved laws

and funding, specifically to set up state hospitals to care for the mentally ill.

Philippe Pinel: 1745–1826. Paris, France. Pinel argued that the mentally ill should be treated

with sympathy and kindness, and, after becoming chief physician at La Bicêtre, unchained

patients and renovated rooms to reflect his perspective.

Friedrich Anton Mesmer: 1734–1815. Mesmer was an Austrian physician who set up a clinic

in Paris. He used hypnotism to heal those with hysterical disorders, showing that a person

sometimes holds the keys for healing him- or herself. Mesmer's hypnotism paved the way for

later psychoanalytic explanations using the unconscious.

Benjamin Rush: 1745–1813. Pennsylvania, U.S. Considered the father of American

psychiatry, Rush developed humane treatment approaches to mental illness, even hiring

sensitive attendants to work with patients he treated.

William Tuke: 1732–1819. England. Tuke founded a rural retreat for those with mental

illness using methods of rest, talk, prayer, and work to assist healing. His moral treatment

inspired others, such as Benjamin Rush, to treat patients humanely and with respect.

4. Demonology is the view that psychological dysfunction was caused by Satan's

influence. In Europe during the Middle Ages, members of the clergy had great power,

and their religious beliefs and explanations dominated education and culture. Due to its

influence, the Church controlled how psychological phenomena were interpreted, and

alternative scientific explanations were dismissed.

5. The five major events in the history of abnormality in the order of their occurrence

would be:

1. Demonology. The belief that evil spirits or dark forces created psychological

dysfunction permeated the belief about mentally ill individuals and their treatment for

years. Demonology led to some of the greatest atrocities committed against those who

were mentally ill and may still be a factor in the stigma many feel against the mentally

ill today. Our text, for example, notes that 43 percent of people still believe that those

with mental illness have brought it on themselves.

2. The Rise of Asylums. The unspeakably cruel ways in which the mentally ill have

been treated should not be forgotten. The asylums began with good intentions but

eventually became a national shame. Asylums reflect the ways in which we viewed

those who struggled with mental illness.

3. Moral Treatment. Figures such as Tuke, Pinel, Rush, and Dix were essential to

revolutionizing the way in which those who struggled with mental illness were treated

and represent a turning point in the history of how those with mental dysfunction were

viewed and treated. By framing mental dysfunction as an illness to be treated, it set the

stage for those like Freud to develop theories that framed clients and their treatments

with humanity.

4. The Advent of Psychotropic Medications. When individuals with mental dysfunctions

were institutionalized, even with humane practices, there were many who could not be

helped because the nature of their illness was so inherently biological. Psychotropic

medication allowed many to function outside of an institutional setting who may never

have had a chance of recovery otherwise. Psychotropic medications of the past also

solidified the status of mental illness as a treatable and often biologically based illness.

5. Deinstitutionalization. The final inclusion of deinstitutionalization is present because

it both reflects hope and the need for improvement. While people were released from

institutions, the care and support structure provided when they left has still been sorely

lacking. While so many mentally ill individuals are still homeless or in prisons, and 40

to 60 percent of those with severe mental illness receive no treatment at all, there is still

much work to be done.

6. The somatogenic perspective is the view that abnormal psychology has physical causes.

An example would be syphilis and the mental symptoms such as delusions of grandeur

that can be caused by this physical illness.

The psychogenic perspective is that the causes of abnormal functioning are

psychological. Examples include hysterical disorders such as blindness or other body

ailments that individuals may experience without a physical cause.

7. Clinical psychologists earn a doctorate in clinical psychology and provide counseling

services to those who are mentally ill. Psychiatrists are physicians and have gone

through medical school, earning either an MD or DO, and specializing in treatment of

the mentally ill. Psychiatrists can also provide counseling services, and often provide

medication when needed. Clinical researchers tackle the problems of psychological

abnormality from the laboratory, attempting to explain and predict abnormal behavior

but not working with clients directly unless studying an illness. Clinical researchers do

not treat patients, as both psychiatrists and clinical psychologists often do.

8. Today, in the wake of deinstitutionalization, many atrocities continue to occur. Both

Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix were advocates of moral treatment, so one could

assume that both would be greatly disappointed by our lack of continued care for those

who struggle.

They might make many suggestions for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization.

For example, we now know that although community mental health centers were

intended to be plentiful, there are far too few to meet the needs of those who struggle.

They would likely advocate for more mental health centers to be constructed and that

those centers be accessible to those who require them. Another change in our policy

would be transitional release. Rather than simply allowing hundreds of thousands of

people to be immediately released, teaching individuals skills of survival and providing

placement in transitional living facilities as well as employment might have helped

prevent the homelessness and struggles the mentally ill in our country continue to face.

9. Deinstitutionalization in America was not conducted ethically or with an appropriate

strategy. Patients who were residents of hospitals for years, with no knowledge of how

the outside world operated and often no support structures when they left hospitals, were

simply released to become homeless and without care. The text stated that only 40 to 60

percent of those with severe psychological disturbances are receiving care, at least

100,000 are homeless, and another 135,000 reside in jails or prisons. This is not a

strategy America should continue to follow. One thing we could do differently is to

increase the numbers and accessibility of community health centers. The text states that

too few community mental health programs are available to those who need them most.

10. Insurance companies provide health care coverage through managed care programs by

largely determining the nature, scope, and cost of the services received. Through these

programs, insurance companies, rather than therapists or physicians, also determine

treatment course and progression. One advantage of managed care programs is that they

can provide preventive care, but a disadvantage is that they can limit choice of therapist,

how long treatment lasts, and what type of treatment a patient receives.

11. One could use information gathered from a case study in three ways:

First, case studies can be a source of new ideas about behavior, opening the way for

future discoveries. An example of this would be that Freud used his case studies in

developing psychoanalysis. Second, case studies can show the value of new therapeutic

techniques and demonstrate new ways of applying existing techniques for outcomes.

Finally, case studies give clinicians opportunities to study rare or unusual problems in

ways that offer the opportunity to help others—both clinicians who treat and clients who

struggle—with these disorders in the future.

12. There are three possible results of a correlational study: positive correlations, negative

correlations, or unrelated correlations between variables.

A positive correlation occurs between variables that increase or decrease together, such

as study time and test grades. In a study of these variables, the researcher may find that

as one variable (studying) goes up, the other (test grades) goes up. The principle also

works in reverse—for example, as study time goes down, test grades go down.

A negative correlation occurs between variables that are inversely related; that is to say,

as one variable goes up, the other variable goes down. One example would be a study of

shyness and friendships. In that study, the researcher might find that as one variable

(shyness) increases, the second variable (number of friendships) decreases. Also, as the

number of friendships increases, the amount of shyness decreases.

The third type of relationship is between variables that are unrelated. An example of this

would be the relationship between, say, hairstyle and phases of the moon. There is no

known weak or strong existing relationship between hairstyle and any phase of the

moon.

13. If a researcher wanted to design a study to pinpoint early-childhood events related to

later development of eating disorders, that researcher would likely use a combined

approach. Epidemiological studies, a special form of correlational research that

measures the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (total number of cases of

a disorder), would show the trends of the disorder generally over a period of time. It is

likely that trends discovered would lead the researcher to isolate unique variables within

certain groups that help to cause certain disorders, such as eating disorders. As noted in

the text, such studies have been used to examine eating disorders and their prevalence in

Western countries over non-Western countries.

Combining epidemiological studies with longitudinal studies (sometimes called

developmental studies or high-risk studies), a researcher would examine the same

individuals over a period of time to further pinpoint specific childhood events.

Despite the strengths and amount of information, longitudinal studies do not pinpoint

causation. The ethical concern of this approach is the question of harm in simply

observing individuals as they develop a disorder without intervention. The researcher

should address this issue in the design of the study before proceeding.

14. A case study follows an individual, describing that person's life and problems as well as

history, symptoms, and treatment. In a case study, a clinician can follow the course of a

treatment and offer new ideas or treatments to future clinicians. The benefits of case

studies are that they can often show the value of new therapeutic techniques and give

unusual problems focused attention that can be used to help others who show similar

problems.

The limitations of case studies are that often the observers can be biased, because they

may have an interest in seeing the patient succeed or having their methods work. Case

studies rely solely on subjective evidence and so they also lack internal validity. Case

studies also are limitedly generalizable, and because we often find that case studies have

difficulty being applicable beyond the actual person of study, they rate low on external

validity.

Single-subject experiments negate many of the weaknesses of case studies because

single-subject experiments use experimental design, giving them additional power. In

single-subject experiments, a lone participant is observed both before and after the

manipulation of an independent variable. While the benefits of this type of experiment

are clearly control and the ability to establish a baseline, there are still limitations. For

instance, having only one subject does not allow for comparison of results against

others, so there is no control group, random assignment, or ability to test for a placebo

effect.

15. In natural experiments, nature itself manipulates the independent variable. One method

for studying the effect of stress on the development of abnormal behaviors would be to

examine individuals after a natural disaster (which would inherently place stress on an

individual). For example, if a natural disaster like a tsunami flooded and destroyed a

coastal city, a researcher could study the survivors (who function as an experimental

group) and then gather data on individuals well outside the affected region (who

function as a control group). The researcher could then compare them on behavioral

measures of abnormality (dependent variable) and acquire results.

In analogue experiments, researchers can induce participants in a laboratory to behave

in ways that resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments on

them to shed light on real-life abnormality. A researcher looking to study individuals in

this way may have difficulty ethically, even if using animal models, because it naturally

places both animals and humans in a distressed state.

To conduct an analogue experiment examining the effects of stress in the development

of abnormal behaviors, an experimenter could elicit stress in the subject by placing him

or her in a situation that would be inherently stressful and then measuring the abnormal

behaviors (dependent variable) to determine relationship.

16. Although correlations do not determine causation, they can still be of great use,

particularly to clinicians. Correlational studies tend to have good external validity,

meaning that they often can be generalized to the general population, and, even though

they do not explain the relationship, often just noting that a strong relationship exists

between variables can be significant. An example from the text examining correlational

research between suicide attempts and depression noted that even if the “cause” of the

suicide attempt is not fully understood, just knowing the relationship to depression helps

clinicians significantly (and, ultimately, clients) when they know what signs to watch

for in individuals.

17. Hypothesis: Older women who take estrogen are less likely to develop Alzheimer's

disease.

First, because a researcher cannot follow all older women, the researcher must define

the age range and then get a representative sample of them. The sample should represent

women at large in economics, demographic variables (race, etc.), and so on, so that any

results can be generalized to the larger population.

After acquiring a sample, the researcher should randomly assign the women to two

groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group would be

exposed to the independent variable (estrogen) and the control group would not. The

researcher would then follow the women, and, in an established time frame, give them

cognitive tests that measure symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (the dependent variable).

After measurement of the dependent variable, comparing both experimental and control

groups would offer the outcome. If women who took estrogen were less likely to get

Alzheimer's disease, the hypothesis would be confirmed, and, if not, the hypothesis

would be disproven.

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