Systems Engineering dicht bij huis - Jasper Braakhuis - ADSE (namens INCOSE NL)
1 On the Various Conceptualizations of Systems …and Their Impact on the Practice of Systems...
-
Upload
alexandra-hammond -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 On the Various Conceptualizations of Systems …and Their Impact on the Practice of Systems...
1
On the Various Conceptualizations of Systems
…and Their Impact on the Practice of Systems Engineering
On the Various Conceptualizations of Systems
…and Their Impact on the Practice of Systems Engineering
2008 INCOSE Symposium
James N MartinTimothy L J Ferris
© 2008 The Aerospace Corporation & Timothy L J Ferris
2
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
3
Thing
System as a “Point of View”
Point of View
Image
Observer
4
Two Observers Two SystemsTwo Observers Two Systems
Thing
Observers
Point of View
Image
5
Some Recent History
• The Solar System (2005) The Sun plus 9 Planets
• The Solar System (2006) The Sun plus 8 Planets
6
Our Choice…• The things we “put” into our System
– Are things of our own Choosing– Are there for the purpose of Understanding– Are not pre-determined by some magical “Rules of
Inclusion”
• We must choose Carefully– A wrong choice could lead to incorrect Understanding– We often don’t know a priori what is the best
Rule of Inclusion to use– May need to experiment with different possible
System boundaries & configurations
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
A Common (Mis)Perception
System = Sum of Parts
That We Design & Build
14
System Parts
15
Parts – Also Known As…
• Subsystems
• Elements
• Products
• Devices
• Subassemblies
• Components
• Items
• Units
16
What are the Parts of this System ?
• Camera Lens Assembly• Flash Device• Electronic Circuit• User Interface Unit
• Carrying Case• Shipping Container• Instructions• Technique for Holding• Extra batteries• Photo Printer• Patents
17
We need to Imagine more than just the things we build…
18
What Types of Parts Constitute a System?
Hardware and Software ??
Hardware and Software and People ??
19
Types of System PartsTypes of System Parts
PATENT
BASICPART TYPES
BASICPART TYPES
HARDWARE SOFTWARE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
DATA MATERIALS SERVICES TECHNIQUES
20
More Than Just Parts…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
21
How many ways to Interact ?
22
Which is the best way to Interact ?
??
23
Beyond Interactions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
+ Context
24
Context 1
PARTPARTPART
PART
Context 2
PARTPARTPART
PART
25
Beyond Context…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions
26
Camera Actions
27
Action Diagrams
28
Context A
Action in Different Contexts
Action1
Action2
Context B
Action1
Action3
29
Beyond Actions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
30
Relationship Types
• Interpersonal– Family, Friends, Social, Organizational, …
• Mathematical– Equality, Order, Topological, Functionality, …
• Cause-Effect– Event-Driven, Probabilistic, …
• Physical Properties– Forces, Fields, Chemical effects, …
31
Entity-Relationship Pairs
Entity A
Entity B
Related to
Rain
Wet Ground
Causes
32
Relationship Examples
Balls
Box
Inside
Road
Building
Brings traffic toand from
33
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling Systemprovides
data to
Userprovides info to
34
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling Systemprovides
data to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
35
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Environmental Phenomenon
provides data to
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
36
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
37
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
situated on
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
38
Observing System Relationships
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
39
Observing System Relationships
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
40
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
+ Destiny
And Finally…
41
Destiny Impact
Purpose
42
PICARD Theory of Systems
Parts
Interactions
Context
Actions
Relationships
Destiny
Holistic Image ofSystem =
From the Point of View of an ObserverFrom the Point of View of an Observer
43
Thing
Systems are “Imaginary”
Point of View
Observer
Image
4444
System – Seen by Operator
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
4545
System – Seen by User
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
4646
System – Seen by Developer
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
IF
IF IF IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
4747
System – Seen by GEOSS
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
4848
System – Seen by NOAA Director
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
49
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
50
Postscript
All models are wrong, some are useful– George Box
All systems are imaginary, some are useful– James Martin
Models can be used to facilitate the imaginationModels can be used to
facilitate the imagination