1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU...
-
Upload
walter-maxwell -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU...
![Page 1: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
On the Nature of Systems
On the Nature of Systems
James N MartinSystems Engineering Conference
SEDC 2012 at GMU
Washington, DC
15 May 2012
![Page 2: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
![Page 3: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Thing
System as a “Point of View”
Point of View
Image
Observer
![Page 4: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Two Observers Two SystemsTwo Observers Two Systems
Thing
Observers
Point of View
Image
![Page 5: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Some Recent History
• The Solar System (2005) The Sun plus 9 Planets
• The Solar System (2006) The Sun plus 8 Planets
![Page 6: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Our Choice…• The things we “put” into our System
– Are things of our own Choosing– Are there for the purpose of Understanding– Are not pre-determined by some magical “Rules of
Inclusion”
• We must choose Carefully– A wrong choice could lead to incorrect Understanding– We often don’t know a priori what is the best
Rule of Inclusion to use– May need to experiment with different possible
System boundaries & configurations
![Page 7: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
![Page 10: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
![Page 11: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
![Page 12: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
![Page 13: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
A Common (Mis)Perception
System = Sum of Parts
That We Design & Build
![Page 14: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
System Parts
![Page 15: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Parts – Also Known As…
• Subsystems
• Elements
• Products
• Devices
• Subassemblies
• Components
• Items
• Units
![Page 16: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
What are the Parts of this System ?
• Camera Lens Assembly• Flash Device• Electronic Circuit• User Interface Unit
• Carrying Case• Shipping Container• Instructions• Technique for Holding• Extra batteries• Photo Printer• Patents
![Page 17: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
We need to Imagine more than just the things we build…
![Page 18: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
What Types of Parts Constitute a System?
Hardware and Software ??
Hardware and Software and People ??
![Page 19: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Types of System PartsTypes of System Parts
PATENT
BASICPART TYPES
BASICPART TYPES
HARDWARE SOFTWARE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
DATA MATERIALS SERVICES TECHNIQUES
![Page 20: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
More Than Just Parts…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
![Page 21: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
How many ways to Interact ?
![Page 22: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Which is the best way to Interact ?
??
![Page 23: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Beyond Interactions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
+ Context
![Page 24: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Context 1
PARTPARTPART
PART
Context 2
PARTPARTPART
PART
![Page 25: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Beyond Context…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions
![Page 26: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Camera Actions
![Page 27: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Action Diagrams
![Page 28: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Context A
Action in Different Contexts
Action1
Action2
Context B
Action1
Action3
![Page 29: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Beyond Actions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
![Page 30: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Relationship Types
• Interpersonal– Family, Friends, Social, Organizational, …
• Mathematical– Equality, Order, Topological, Functionality, …
• Cause-Effect– Event-Driven, Probabilistic, …
![Page 31: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Entity-Relationship Pairs
Entity A
Entity B
Related to
Rain
Wet Ground
Causes
![Page 32: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Relationship Examples
Balls
Box
Inside
Road
Building
Brings traffic toand from
![Page 33: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling Systemprovides
data to
Userprovides info to
![Page 34: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling Systemprovides
data to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
![Page 35: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Environmental Phenomenon
provides data to
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
![Page 36: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
![Page 37: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Observing System Relationships
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
situated on
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
![Page 38: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Observing System Relationships
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
![Page 39: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Observing System Relationships
Larger System
Observing System
Data Handling System
Human
Environmental Phenomenon
Environmental Parameter
Sensing Element
Sensor
Platform / Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides data to
Observation Control System
is controlled by
Location
located at
MobileFixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
Userprovides info to
is type of
Stake-holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported by
Owner
owned by
Stakeholder Requirement
< drives< drives
![Page 40: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
+ Destiny
And Finally…
![Page 41: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Destiny Impact
Purpose
![Page 42: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
PICARD Theory of Systems
Parts
Interactions
Context
Actions
Relationships
Destiny
Holistic Image ofSystem =
From the Point of View of an ObserverFrom the Point of View of an Observer
![Page 43: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Thing
Systems are “Imaginary”
Point of View
Observer
Image
![Page 44: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
![Page 45: 1 On the Nature of Systems James N Martin Systems Engineering Conference SEDC 2012 at GMU Washington, DC 15 May 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e655503460f94b60018/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Postscript
All models are wrong, some are useful– George Box
All systems are imaginary, some are useful– James Martin
Models can be used to facilitate the imaginationModels can be used to
facilitate the imagination