1 Next-Generation Network Research Facilities Jennifer Rexford Princeton University jrex.
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Next-Generation Network Research Facilities
Jennifer Rexford
Princeton University
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~jrex
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Outline
• Networking research challenges– Security, economic incentives, management, layer-2 technologies
• Importance of building and deploying– Bridging the gap between simulation/testbeds and real deployment
• Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI)– Major NSF initiative to support experimental networking research– Key ideas: virtualization, programmability, and user opt-in
• GENI backbone design– Programmable routers, flexible optics, and connection to Internet– Example experiments highlighting the capabilities
• Virtual Network Infrastructure (VINI)– Initial experimental network facility in NLR and Abilene
• Conclusions
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Is the Internet broken?
• It is great at what it does. – Everyone should be proud of this. – All sorts of things can be built on top of it.
• But…– Security is weak and not getting better.– Availability continues to be a challenge.– It is hard to manage and getting harder. – It does not handle mobility well.– A long list, once you start…
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Challenges Facing the Internet• Security and robustness
– Naming and identity– Availability
• Economic incentives– Difficulty of providing end-to-end services– Commoditization of the Internet infrastructure
• Network management– No framework in the original Internet design– Tuning, troubleshooting, accountability, …
• Interacting with underlying network technologies – Advanced optics: dynamic capacity allocation– Wireless: mobility, dynamic impairments– Sensors: small embedded devices at large scale
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FIND: Future Internet Design
• NSF research initiative– Requirements for global network of 10-15 years out?– Re-conceive the network, if we could design from scratch?
• Conceive the future, by letting go of the present:– This is not change for the sake of change– Rather, it is a chance to free our minds– Figuring out where to go, and then how to get there
• Perhaps a header format is not the defining piece of a new architecture– Definition and placement of functionality– Not just data plane, but also control and management– And division between end hosts and the network
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The Importance of Building
• Systems-oriented computer science research needs to build and try out its ideas to be effective– Paper designs are just idle speculation– Simulation is only occasionally a substitute
• We need:– Real implementation– Real experience– Real network conditions– Real users– To live in the future
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Need for Experimental Facility
Analysis Simulation / Emulation Experiment At Scale
Deployment
(models) (code)
(results)
(measurements)
Goal: Seamless conception-to-deployment process
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Existing Tools
• Simulators– ns
• Emulators– Emulab– WAIL
• Wireless testbeds– ORBIT– Emulab
• Wide-area testbeds– PlanetLab– RON– X-bone– DETER
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Today’s Tools Have Limitations
• Simulation based on simple models– Topologies, administrative policies, workloads, failures…
• Emulation (and “in lab” tests) are similarly limited– Only as good as the models
• Traditional testbeds are targeted– Not cost-effective to test every good idea– Often of limited reach– Often with limited programmability
• Testbed dilemma– Production network: real users, but hard to make changes– Research testbed: easy to make changes, but no users
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Bridging the Chasm
This chasm is a majorbarrier to realizing the
future designs
Maturity
Time
Foundational Research
Simulation and Research Prototypes
Small Scale Testbeds
DeployedFuture
InternetGlobal Experimental
Facility
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Goals for the Experimental Facility
• Broader impact– Positive influence on the design of the future Internet– Network that is more secure, reliable, efficient, manageable, usable
• Intellectual progress– Network science
• Experimentally answer questions about complex systems• Better understanding of dynamics, stability, evolvability, etc.
– Network architecture• Evaluate and compare alternative architectural structures• Reconcile the contradictory goals an architecture must meet
– Network engineering• Evaluate engineering trade-offs in a controlled, realistic setting• Test theories of how different elements might be designed
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GENI
• Experimental facility– MREFC proposal to build a large-scale facility– Jointly from NSF’s CS directorate, & research community– We are currently at the “Conceptual Design” stage– Will eventually require Congressional approval
• Global Environment for Network Innovations– Prototyping new architectures– Realistic evaluation– Controlled evaluation– Shared facility– Connecting to real users– Enabling new services
See http://www.geni.net
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Three Key Ideas in GENI
• Virtualization– Multiple architectures on a shared facility– Amortizes the cost of building the facility– Enables long-running experiments and services
• Programmable– Enable prototyping and evaluation of new architectures– Enable a revisiting of today’s “layers”
• Opt-in on a per-user / per-application basis– Attract real users
• Demand drives deployment / adoption– Connect to the Internet
• To reach users, and to connect to existing services
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Slices
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Slices
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User Opt-in
Client
Server
Proxy
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Realizing the Ideas
• Slices embedded in a substrate of resources– Physical network substrate
• Expandable collection of building block components• Nodes / links / subnets
– Software management framework• Knits building blocks together into a coherent facility• Embeds slices in the physical substrate
• Builds on ideas in past systems– PlanetLab, Emulab, ORBIT, X-Bone, …
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National Fiber Facility
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+ Programmable Routers
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+ Clusters at Edge Sites
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+ Wireless Subnets
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+ ISP Peers
ISP 2
ISP 1
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Closer Look
Internet
backbone wavelength
backbone switch
Sensor Network
Edge SiteWireless Subnet
Customizable Router
DynamicConfigurable
Swith
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GENI Substrate: Summary
• Node components– Edge devices– Customizable routers– Optical switches
• Bandwidth– National fiber facility– Tail circuits
• Wireless subnets– Urban 802.11– Wide-area 3G/WiMax– Cognitive radio– Sensor net– Emulation
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GENI Management Core
GMC
Management Services
Substrate Components
- name space for users, slices, & components
- set of interfaces (“plug in” new components)
- support for federation (“plug in” new partners)
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Hardware Components
Substrate HW Substrate HW Substrate HW
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Virtualization Software
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
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Component Manager
Substrate HW Substrate HWSubstrate HW
CM
Virtualization SW
CM
Virtualization SW
CM
Virtualization SW
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GENI Management Core (GMC)
Resource Controller Auditing Archive
Slice ManagerGMC
nodecontrol
sensordata
CM
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
CM
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
CM
Virtualization SW
Substrate HW
slice_spec(object hierarchy)
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Federation
. . .
GMC GMC
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User Front-End(s)
. . .
Front-End(set of management services)
GUI
GMC GMC
provisioning service
file & naming service
information plane
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Virtualization in GENI
• Multiple levels possible– Different level required by different experiments– Different level depending on the technology
• Example “base cases”– Virtual server (socket interface / overlay tunnels)– Virtual router (virtual line card / static circuits)– Virtual switch (virtual control interface / dynamic circuits)– Virtual AP (virtual MAC / fixed spectrum allocation)
• Specialization– The ability to install software in your own virtual-*
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Distributed Services in GENI
• Goals– Complete the GENI management story– Lower the barrier-to-entry for researchers (students)
• Example focus areas– Provisioning (slice embedder)– Security– Information plane– Resource allocation– Files and naming– Topology discovery– Development tools– Interfacing with the Internet, and IP
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GENI Security
• Limits placed on a slice’s “reach”– Restricted to slice and GENI components– Restricted to GENI sites– Allowed to compose with other slices– Allowed to interoperate with legacy Internet
• Limits on resources consumed by slices– Cycles, bandwidth, disk, memory– Rate of particular packet types, unique addrs per second
• Mistakes (and abuse) will still happen– Auditing will be essential– Network activity slice responsible user(s)
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Success Scenarios
• Change the research process– Sound foundation for future network architectures– Experimental evaluation, rather than paper designs
• Create new services– Demonstrate new services at scale– Attract real users
• Aid the evolution of the Internet– Demonstrate ideas that ultimately see real deployment– Provide architectural clarity for evolutionary path
• Lead to a future global network– Purist: converge on a single new architecture– Pluralist: virtualization supporting many architectures
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Working Groups to Flesh Out Design
• Research (Dave Clark and Scott Shenker)– Usage policy / requirements / instrumentation
• Architecture (Larry Peterson and John Wroclawski)– Define core modules and interfaces
• Backbone (Jen Rexford and Dan Blumenthal)– Fiber facility / routers & switches / tail circuits / peering
• Wireless (Dipankar Raychaudhuri and Deborah Estrin)– RF technologies / deployment
• Services (Tom Anderson, Reiter)– Edge sites / infrastructure and underlay services
• Education– Training / outreach / course development
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GENI Backbone Requirements• Programmability
– Flexible routing, forwarding, addressing, circuit set-up, …
• Isolation– Dedicated bandwidth, circuits, CPU, memory, disk
• Realism– User traffic, upstream connections, propagation delays, equipment
failure modes, …
• Control– Inject failures, create circuits, exchange routing messages
• Performance– High-speed packet forwarding and low delays
• Security– Preventing attacks on the Internet, and on GENI itself
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A Researcher’s View of GENI Backbone
• Virtual network topology– Nodes and links in a particular topology– Resources and capabilities per node/link– Embedded in the GENI backbone
• Virtual router and virtual switch– Abstraction of a router and switch per node– To evaluate new architectures (routing, switching,
addressing, framing, grooming, layering, …)
• GENI backbone capabilities evolve over time – To realize the abstractions at finer detail– To scale to a larger number of experiments
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Creating a Virtual Topology
Some links and nodes unused
Some links created by cutting through other nodes
Allocating a fraction of a link and node
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GENI Backbone
ISP 1
ISP 2
PC Clusters
ProgrammableRouters
WirelessSubnets
Dynamic ROADMs
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GENI Backbone Node Components
• Phase 0 – General purpose blade server– Single node with collection of assignable resources– Virtual Router may be assigned VM, blade or >1 blades
• Phase 1 – Adding higher performance components– Assignable Network Processor blades and FPGA blades– NPs also used for I/O for better control of I/O bandwidth
• Phase 2 – Adding reconfigurable cross-connect– Enable experiments with configurable transport layer– Provide “true circuits” between backbone virtual routers
• Phase 3 – Adding dynamic optical switch– Dynamic optical switch with programmable groomer and
framer, and reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers
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GENI Backbone Node Components
• Phase 0 – General purpose blade server– Node with collection of
assignable resources– Virtual Router may be
assigned a virtual machine, blade, or multiple blades
Mg
mt.
Pro
c.
Switch
Switch
P1 . . .P2
P3 Pn
Mgm
t. P
roc.
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GENI Backbone Node Components
• Phase 1 – Adding higher performance components– Assignable Network
Processor blades and FPGA blades
– NPs also used for I/O for better control of bandwidth
– ATCA chassis and blades
. .
.
10 GigE Links
Mg
mt.
Pro
c.
Switch
Switch
PE
1
. . .PE
2
PE
n
LCk
Mgm
t. P
roc.
GP BladeServer
LC1
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GENI Backbone Node Components
• Phase 2 – Reconfigurable cross-connect– Enable experiments with
configurable transport layer– Provide “true circuits”
between backbone virtual routers
– Cut-through traffic circumvents the router
VX VX
VR VR
VRVR
VR
CustomizableRouter
10GE+VLAN
1 GE
Wavelength tunable transponders/combiner
WDM Fiber
ProgrammableCross-Connect/
Groomer
Contr
ol Pla
ne
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GENI Backbone Node Components
• Phase 3 – Adding dynamic optical switch– Dynamic optical switch with
programmable groomer and framer, and reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers
– Maleable bandwidth– Arbitrary framing
VC1 VC1Customizable
Router
10GE+VLAN
1 GE
Wavelength tunable transponders
ProgrammableCross-Connect/
Groomer
Contr
ol Pla
ne
ROADM
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GENI Backbone Software
• Component manager and virtualization layer– Abstraction of virtual router and virtual switch– Setting scheduling parameters for subdividing resources
• Multiplexers for resources hard to share– Single BGP session with the outside world– Single interface to an element-management system
• Exchanging traffic with the outside world– Routing and forwarding software to evaluate & extend– VPN servers and NATs at the GENI/Internet boundary
• Libraries to support experimentation– Specifying, controlling, and measuring experiments– Auditing and accounting to detect misbehavior
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Feasibility
• Industrial trends and standards– Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA)– Network processors and FPGAs– SONET cross connects and ROADMs
• Open-source networking software– Routing protocols, packet forwarding, network address
translation, diverting traffic to an overlay
• Existing infrastructure– PlanetLab nodes, software, and experiences– National Lambda Rail and Abilene backbones
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Example Experiment: End-System Multicast
• End-System Multicast– On-demand, live streaming of audio/video to many clients– Intermediate nodes forming a multicast tree
• Ways GENI could support ESM research– Backbone nodes participating in the multicast tree– New network architectures running under ESM
• Live: native multicast support and QoS guarantees • Pre-recorded: burst transfer, push, and network-storage
GENI
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Example Experiment: Routing Control Platform
• Routing Control Platform (RCP)– Refactoring of control and management planes– Computes forwarding tables in separate servers
• Ways GENI can support RCP research– Providing direct control over the data plane– BGP sessions with the commercial Internet– Controlled experiments with node/link failures
BGP with ISPsRCP
GENI
BGP with ISPs
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Example Experiment: Valiant Load Balancing
• Valiant Load Balancing– Fully mesh of circuits between routers– Direct traffic through intermediate node
• Ways GENI can support VLB– Virtual circuits with dedicated bandwidth– Experimentation with routing– Measurement of effects of
higher delay vs. higherthroughput on users
– Explore impact on buffer sizing in routers
1 2
3N
… 4
r1 2r1r2/RNr2
r3
r4
rN
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Example Experiments: TCP Switching
• TCP switching– TCP SYN packet triggers circuit set-up– Effective traffic management and quality of services
• Ways GENI can support TCP flow switching– Programmable routers act as edge routers
• Trigger circuit set-up and tear-down• Buffer data packets during circuit set-up
– Measure overheads and performance
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VINI: Step Toward GENI Backbone
• Virtual Network Infrastructure (VINI)– Multiple network experiments in parallel– Connections to end users and upstream providers– Supporting Internet protocols and new designs
• VINI as an initial experimental platform – Support researchers doing network experiments– Explore software challenges of building GENI backbone
• GENI will have a much wider scope– Programmable hardware routers– Flexible control of the optical components– Wireless and sensor networks at the edge
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Network Infrastructure
• Network topology– Points of Presence– Link bandwidth– Upstream connectivity
• Two backbones– Abilene Internet2– National Lambda Rail
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Building Virtual Networks
• Physical nodes– Initially, high-end computers– Later, network processors and FPGAs
• Virtual routers (a la PlanetLab)– Multiple virtual servers on a single node– Separate shares of resources (e.g., CPU, bandwidth)– Extensions for resource guarantees and priority
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Building Virtual Links
• Creating the illusion of interfaces– Create a tunnel for each link in the topology– Assign IP addresses to the end-points of tunnels– Match tunnels with one-hop links in the real topology
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Building Multiple Virtual Topologies
• Separate topology per experiment– Routers are virtual servers– Links are a subset of possible tunnels
• Creating a customized environment – Running User Mode Linux (UML) in a virtual server– Configuring UML to see multiple interfaces– Enables running the routing software “as is”
Operating System
R R R R R
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Overcoming Efficiency Challenges
• Packet forwarding must be fast– But, we are doing packet forwarding in software– And don’t want the extra overhead of UML
• Solution: separate packet forwarding– Routing protocols running within UML– Packet forwarding running outside of UML
UML
Click
XORP
XORP: routing softwareClick: forwarding software
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Carrying Real User Traffic
• Users opt in to VINI– User runs VPN client– Connects to VINI node
• External Internet hosts– VINI connects to Internet– Apply NAT at boundary
UML
UML
UML
Click
Click
Click
Client Server
UDPtunnels
XORP XORP
XORP
OpenVPN
NetworkAddressTranslation
routing-protocolmessages
VINI
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Example VINI Experiment
• Configure VINI just like Abilene– VINI node per PoP– VINI link per inter-PoP link – Routing configuration as real routers
• Network event– Inject link failure between two PoPs– … in midst of an ongoing file transfer
• Measuring routing convergence– Packet monitoring of the data transfer– Active probes of round-trip time & loss– Detailed view of effects on data traffic
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VINI Current Status
• Initial Abilene deployment– Eleven sites– Nodes running XORP and Click on UML
• Upcoming deployment– Six sites in National Lambda Rail– … with direct BGP sessions with CRS-1 routers– Dedicated 1 Gbps bandwidth between Abilene sites
• In the works– Upstream connectivity via a commercial ISP in NYC– Speaking interdomain routing with the Internet
Initial write-up: http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~jrex/papers/vini.pdf
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Conclusions
• Future Internet poses many research challenges– Security, network management, economics, layer-2, …
• Research community should rise to the challenge– Conceive of future network architectures– Prototype and evaluate architectures in realistic settings
• Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI)– Facility for evaluating new network architectures– Virtualization, programmability, and user opt-in
• GENI backbone design– Fiber facility, tail circuits, and upstream connectivity– Programmable router and dynamical optical switch
• VINI prototype– Concrete step along the way to the GENI backbone