1 nacili samodelo 1-26:FIZIKA- MASCAVLEBELI · 2015. 8. 20. · I.10. kondensatori 1 I.11. brtyeli...

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2

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ternet-gverdidan: www.bunebaprint.ge

maswavleblis wigni aseve saCuqrad SeiZleba miiRoT gamomcemlobaSi, an SeiZi-

noT saskolo wignebiT movaWre dawesebulebebSi

fizika-matematikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori.

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikis da

telekomunikaciis fakultetis radioteqnikis mimar-

Tulebis asocirebuli profesori,

Tbilisis 123-e sajaro skolis pedagogi

Tbilisis 34 -e sajaro skolis pedagogi

3

gamoyenebuli simboloebi da aRniSvnebi

Tavis dasaxeleba

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos paragrafis nomeri

standartiT dadgenili Sedegi, romelic gviCvenebs wlis bolos

misaRwev saboloo mizans.

Sedegis Sesabamisi indikatori, romelic dagexmarebaT

gamoavlinoT miRweulia Tu ara Sedegi

konkretuli gakveTilis specifikuri mizani

rekomendacia pedagogisTvis

damatebiTi informacia

pasuxi moswavlis wignSi mwvane fonze mocemul martiv eqsperi-

mentebze da SekiTxvebze (nomeri CarCoSi miuTiTebs moswavlis

wignis savarjiSos Sesabamis nomers).

savarjiSoebis pasuxebi (paragrafebis bolos dasmul SekiTx-

vebze)

I - 1

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

1

rekomendacia

saSinao davaleba

4

gamoyenebuli simboloebi da aRniSvnebi --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

I. erovnuli saswavlo gegma 5

I.1.sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis mniSvneloba ------------------------------------------------------------- 5

I.2.sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mizani da amocanebi ----------------------------------- 5

I.3.sabaziso skolis safexuris aRwera (VII- IX klasebi) ----------------------------------------------------- 6

I.4.specifikuri unar-Cvevebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

I.5. mimarTulebebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

I.6. saswavlo gegmis struqtura -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

I.7. wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

II. saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan 8

III. moswavlis wignis struqtura 10

IV. samodelo gakveTilebi 11

eleqtruli muxti (gakv: I-1.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba ( gakv: I-12.) --------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Ddenis fiziologiuri moqmedeba (gakv: II-3.) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 16

rezistorebis mimdevobiTi SeerTeba (gakv: II-13.) ------------------------------------------------------------ 18

Semajamebeli gakveTili: ” rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba”------------------- 20

proeqti (gakv: II-20, II-21.) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

Semajamebeli gakveTili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26

naxevargamtarebi teqnologiebSi (gakv: II-28.) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 27

II Tavis Semajamebeli gakveTili ( damoukidebeli weriTi davaleba)-------------------------------------- 30

eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba (alternatiuli gakv. III-5) ---------------------------------------------------- 31

Semajamebeli gakveTili: eleqtruli da magnituri veli -------------------------------------------------- 34

V. pasuxebi 37

I Tavi: Eeleqtrostatika ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

II Tavi:Eeleqtruli deni ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

III Tavi: Emagnituri veli ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

sarCevi

erovnuli saswavlo gegma

sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis mniSvneloba

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti gulisxmobs moswavlis aRWurvas im codniTa da unar-

CvevebiT, romlebic mas saSualebas miscems, alRo auRos kacobriobis swraf progress, gamoiyenos Tana-

medrove mecnierebis miRwevebi, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri. codnis pasiuri mimRebidan

moswavle aqtiur Semmecneblad unda Camoyalibdes, romelic SeZlebs miRebuli codnis, rogorc profe-

siuli warmatebisaTvis, aseve sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyenebas.

imisaTvis, rom sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebam aRniSnuli kriteriumebi daakmayofilos,

saWiroa moswavles:

gauCndes interesi garemomcveli samyaros kvlevis, siaxleTa aRmoCenisa da Secnobis mimarT;

ganuviTardes bunebismetyvelisaTvis saWiro elementaruli kvleva-ZiebiTi da maTi sxvadasxva

situaciaSi gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi;

gacnobierebuli hqondes samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis erTianoba;

Camouyalibdes garemomcvel samyaroze zrunvis unar-Cvevebi;

gamoumuSavdes damoukidebeli, kritikuli azrovnebis da komunikaciis unari;

ganuviTardes TviTSefasebis da TviTkontrolis, sxvaTa azris dafasebis da gaziarebis unari,

gansazRvros sakuTari adgili sazogadoebaSi;

mieces jansaRi da usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dauflebis SesaZlebloba;

gacnobierebuli hqondes mecnierebis roli da adamianTa TanamSromlobis aucilebloba kaco-

briobis progresisaTvis.

bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba ganwyoba-damokidebulebebisa da

unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze, kvleva-Ziebasa da codnis gamoyenebaze. es aris rogorc Tanamedrove peda-

gogiuri meTodikis, ise qarTuli klasikuri didaqtikis moTxovnac. iakob gogebaSvilis Tanaxmad, bune-

bis Seswavlisa umTavresi mizani aris "gauxsnas ymawvils TanagrZnoba bunebisa, Seayvaros misi gamoZieba

da misi ganxilva" ("bunebis kari", I gamocemis winasityvaoba).

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mizani da amocanebi

amocanebi

- cocxali samyaro da sasi-

cocxlo procesebi

- samyaroSi mimdinare fi zi-

kuri da qimiuri procesebi

- dedamiwa da garesamyaro

- garemos mdgradi ganviTa-

rebis principebi.

- dakvirveba, aRwera

- aRricxva

- klasifikacia

- gazomva/sidideebis gamoyeneba

- komunikacia

- ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma

- dagegmva

- monacemebis interpretacia

- cdis Catareba

- modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba

- interesi sabunebismetyvelo disci-

plinebis mimarT

- sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mni-

Svnelobis gaazreba

- interesi mecnieruli kvlevisa da sia-

xleebis mimarT

- TanamSromlobis survili

- garemoze zrunva da pasuxismgebloba

- usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dacvis mni-

Svnelobis gaazreba

codna unar-Cvevebi damokidebuleba

sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis swavlebis mizania moswavle mecnierebis safuZvlebs aziaros da

ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems, Seicnos da gaiTavisos samyaro, Caer-

Tos sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, igrZnos pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis, sazo-

gadoebisa da garemos mimarT.

mizani

5

6

saSualo safexuris aRwera (X - XII klasebi)

swavlebis bolo safexurze xdeba sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis gaRrmaveba da profesiuli safuZ-

vlebis Cayra, raTa saSualo skolis kursdamTavrebulma SeZlos swavlis gagrZeleba, srulfasovani ga-

naTlebis miReba da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi integracia. am safexurze moswavles saSualeba eZleva

gaiziaros sabunebismetyvelo dargSi muSaobis Taviseburebani, daafasos sabunebismetyvelo mecniere-

bisa da teqnologiebis mniSvneloba progresisTvis da gaicnobieros is didi pasuxismgebloba, romelic

daekisreba mas, rogorc mkvlevars da rogorc moqalaqes.

swavlebis am safexurze moswavle iviTarebs specifikur unar-Cvevebs, romelTagan prioritetulia:

_ damoukidebeli azrovnebis unaris gaRrmaveba, raTa moswavlem SeZlos sakuTari an sxvaTa monace-

mebiT manipulireba, axali an Secvlili situaciis Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta, hipoTezis gamotqma, eq-

sperimentuli modelis seqmna;

_ proeqtis Seqmna, warmarTva da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe.

specifikuri unar-Cvevebi

nebismieri sagnis aTviseba gacilebiT ufro efeqturad xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moswavle aq-

tiurad aris Cabmuli Sesaswavli sakiTxis kvleva-ZiebaSi da cnobismoyvareobas aramxolod mza masalis

aTvisebiT, aramed informaciis moZiebis, TvalsaCinoebebze muSaobis da interaqtiuli swavlebis pro-

cesSi Cabmis gziT ikmayofilebs. amitom sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebisas gansakuTrebuli yura-

dReba eqceva specifikuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ar aris mxolod aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis, isini aucileblad guli-

sxmoben sasicocxlo procesebis, fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis kvlevis gziT Seswavlas. bunebismety-

velebis dauflebisaTvis aucilebelia im specifikuri unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, romlebic garemos

kvlevas ukavSirdeba. am unar-Cvevebis CamonaTvali da ganmarteba mocemulia cxrilSi:

zemoaRniSnuli unar-Cvevebi etapobrivad viTardeba swavlebis samive safexurze, moswavlis gonebrivi

da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sabazo skolis safexurze moswavle:

svams SekiTxvebs obieqtebis da movlenebis Sesaxeb maTi gamokvlevis mizniT;

agrovebs monacemebs uSualo dakvirvebiT, cdebis saSualebiT da/an sxvadasxva informaciuli

wyaroebidan;

iyenebs xelsawyoebs monacemebis mosapoveblad da/an dakvirvebis procesis gasaumjobeseblad;

warmoadgens monacemebs prezentaciis mravalgvari saSualebebiT (cxrilebi, grafikebi,

maTematikuri da fizikuri modelebi).

mimarTulebebi

bunebismetyvelebis saskolo kursis Sinaarsi dayofilia mimarTulebebad. TiToeuli maT gani warmoaCens,

Tu raze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba swavlebis ama Tu im safexurze. mimarTulebebi erTmaneTTan mWidro

kavSirSia da samyaros erTianobis Secnobas emsaxureba.

kvlevis unar-Cvevebi ganmarteba

dakvirveba, aRweraSegrZnebis organoebis da martivi xelsawyoebis saSualebiT obieqte-

bis da movlenebis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra

aRricxva dakvirvebis Sedegis Cawera, Caxatva, sxv.

klasifikacia obieqtebis da movlenebis dajgufeba maTi maxasi aTeb lebis mixedviT

gazomva/sidideebis gamoyeneba

- raodenob rivi aRwera Sesabamisi sazomi erTeulebis gamoyenebiT

- sivrciTi da droiTi urTierTobebis gansazRvra

- cvladi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena

komunikacia

weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis, grafikebis, cxri le bis, diagramebis

da prezentaciis sxva saSualebaTa (maT Soris teqnologiaze damyare-

buli) gamoyeneba

ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma mosalodneli Sedegebis Taobaze varaudis gamoTqma

dagegmva qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvra

cdis Catareba meTodikis SerCeva da eqsperimentuli monacemebis Segroveba

monacemebis interpretacia sakuTari an sxvis mier miRebuli monacemebis analizi, ganzogadeba

modelis Seqmna/gamoyeneba movlenis modelireba

7

sabazo skolaSi sagani “bunebismetyveleba'' dayofilia sam mimarTulebad:

saswavlo gegmis struqtura

bunebismetyvelebis sagnobriv programaSi aRwerilia is savaldebulo moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda

akmayofilebdes yoveli moswavle TiToeuli klasis dasrulebis Semdeg. es moTxovnebi, TiToeuli mi-

marTulebisaTvis Sedegebisa da indikatorebis saxiTaa Camoyalibebuli.

Sedegi gviCvenebs, Tu ra unda SeeZlos moswavles swavlis mocemuli etapis (klasis) dasrulebis Semdeg.

indikatori aris debuleba im codnisa da unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Camoya-

libebulia Sesabamis SedegSi.

indikatoris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa gamoavlinos, miRweulia Tu ara Sedegi. indikatori orientire-

bulia unar-Cvevebze da Camoyalibebulia aqtivobis enaze. SedegTan dakavSirebuli indikatorebis er-

Toblioba faravs Sedegs da, amave dros, TiToeuli maTgani warmoaCens Sedegs romelime kuTxiT.

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi

mimarTuleba: fizikuri movlenebi, X klasi

1. cocxali samyaro

(biologiis safuZvlebi)

2. fizikuri movlenebi

(fizikis safuZvlebi)

3. qimiuri movlenebi

(qimiis safuZvlebi)

fizikuri movlenebis mimarTulebaSi (saSualo skola) moswavle:

_ ecnoba samyaros universalur kanonebs, mecnieruli ideebis ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva saxis mo-

delebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs movlenaTa axsnas;

_ Seiswavlis bunebaSi arsebul ZalTa moqmedebis Sedegebs, siTbur da eleqtromagnitur movlenebs, aR-

wers maT Tvisebrivad da raodenobrivad, ecnoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi gamoyenebis magaliTebs;

_ gegmavs eqsperimentebs, atarebs maT damoukideblad an TanaklaselebTan erTad, swavlobs Sedegebis

sworad formulirebas da Tavisi mosazrebebis cxrilebisa da grafikebis saSualebiT gadmocemas;

_ iziarebs sxvaTa Sexedulebebs da afasebs maT;

_ moiZiebs informacias mecnieruli kvlevebis Sesaxeb da iazrebs maT mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove cx-

ovrebisTvis.

Sedegi 1: moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs

indikatori: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

gegmavs da atarebs eqsperiments kulonis kanonis sademonstraciod;

agebs el.wreds gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisTvis, ikvlevs rao-

denobriv kavSirs el.wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris;

iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisTvis/ sruli wredisTvis sxvadsxva tipis problemis

gadasaWrelad;

poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaW-

ris gzas(mag.; adgens eleqtrul sqemas konkretuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare);

xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis princips;

agebs martivi xelsawyos models el. Mmagnitis gamoyenebiT da akeTebs demonstrirebas;

avlens usafrTxoebis wesebis codnas eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas, aseve

yoveeldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtruli xelsawyoebis moxmarebisas.

Sedegi 2: moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmoCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

indikatori: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva tipis eleqtruli xelsawyoebis Seqmnasa da ganvi-

Tarebaze, ikvlevs maT gavlnas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da garemoze, warmoad-

gens proeqtis saxiT;

afasebs naxevargamtaris aRmoCenis mniSvnelobas da ganixilavs am aRmoCenis rols

teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi, akeTebs prezentacias.

8

saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTaAn

cxrilSi saswavlo programaa mocemuli.

saxelmZRvanelo 72 akademiur saaTs moicavs. garda warmodgenili 59 akademiuri saaTisa, 13 akad. saaTi,

sarezervo dro, Tqvens gankargulebaSia (standartis mixedviT, bunebismetyvelebis TiToeul sagans eT-

moba sul 72 akademiuri saaTi).

Ta

Avi

paragrafi

sa

sw

av

lo

dr

o (

ak

ad

. s

aa

Ti

)

wlis bolos

misaRwevi Sedegebi

1.

mo

sw

av

le

ik

vl

ev

s e

le

-

qt

ru

l d

a m

ag

ni

tu

r

mo

vl

en

eb

s

2.

mo

sw

av

le

ak

av

Si

re

bs

me

cn

ie

ru

l a

Rm

oC

en

eb

s

fi

zi

ka

Si

yo

ve

ld

Ri

u-

ro

ba

sT

an

Ta

vi

I. Ae

le

qt

ro

st

at

ik

a

I.1. eleqtruli muxti 1

I.2. kulonis kanoni 1

I.3. fardobiTi dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba 1

I.4. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 1

amovxsnaT amocanebi 1

I.5. eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi 1

I.6. superpoziciis principi 1

I.7. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi eleqtrul velSi 1

I.8. eleqtruli velis potenciali 1

I.9. potencialTa sxvaoba 1

aAmovxsnaT amocanebi 1

I.10. kondensatori 1

I.11. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 1

I.12. brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba 1

Semajamebeli gakveTili 1

testi I 1

Semajamebeli wera # 1 1

Ta

vi

II.

AEel

eq

tr

ul

i d

en

i

II.1. eleqtruli deni. Ddenis Zala 1

II.2. eleqtruli denis moqmedeba 1

II.3. eleqtruli denis fiziologiuri moqmedeba 1

II.4. eleqtruli wredi 1

II.5. denis wyaro 1

II.6. denis wyaros emZ. Zabva 1

II.7.denis Zalis Zabvaze damokidebuleba 1

II.8. winaRoba 1

II.9. omis kanoni 1

9

Ta

Avi

paragrafi

sa

sw

av

lo

dr

o (

ak

ad

. s

aa

Ti

) wlis bolos

misaRwevi Sedegebi

1.

mo

sw

av

le

ik

vl

ev

s

el

eq

tr

ul

da

ma

gn

i-

tu

r m

ov

le

ne

bs

2.

mo

sw

av

le

ak

av

Si

re

bs

me

cn

ie

ru

l a

Rm

o C

e-

ne

bs

fi

zi

ka

Si

yo

ve

l-

dR

iu

ro

ba

s T

an

Ta

vi

II.

AEel

eq

tr

ul

i d

en

i

II.10. gamtaris winaRobis sigrZeze damokidebuleba 1

II.11. razea damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba? 1

II.12. winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze 1

II.13. rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba 1

II.14. rezistorebis paraleluri SeerTeba 1

Semajamebeli gakveTili: rezistorebis paraleluri da

mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba1

II.15. eleqtruli denis muSaoba 1

II.16. joul-lencis kanoni 1

II.17. eleqtruli denis simZlavre 1

II.18. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis 1

II.19. mokle CarTva. Mmcvelebi. 1

amovxsnaT amocanebi 1

II.20. proeqti:”saxlis eleqtruli wredi.” 1

II.21. Pproeqti: “eEleqtruli xelsawyoebi” 1

Semajamebeli gakveTili: 1

II.22. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi 1

II.23.eleqtrolizi da misi gamoyeneba 1

II.24. eleqtruli deni airSi 1

II.25.eleqtruli ganmuxtva 1

II.26. winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebuleba naxevargamtarebSi 1

II.27. deni naxevargamtarebSi 1

II.28. naxevargamtarebi teqnologiebSi 1

referati 1

testi II 1

Semajamebeli wera # 2 1

Ta

vi

III

. AEE

ma

gn

it

ur

i v

el

i

III.1. mudmivi magnitis magnituri veli 1

III.2. deniani gamtaris manituri veli 1

III.3. deniani koWas magnituri veli 1

III.4. eleqtromagniti 1

III.5. eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba 1

testi III 1

Tavis Semajamebeli gakveTili 1

Semajamebeli gakveTili 1

saaTebis jamuri raodenoba 72

gameoreba da sarezervo saaTebi 13

sul 59

10

moswavlis wignis struqtura

sarCevi wignis dasawyisSi mocemulia Tavebis da TavSi Semavali paragrafebis sar-

Cevi.

rogor visargebloT wigniT

me-4 da me-5 gverdis ganSla eTmoba sasargeblo informacias - Tu ra Ziri-

Tadi nawilebisgan Sedgeba saxelmZRvanelo da raze unda gaamaxvilos mo-

swavlem yuradReba wigniT sargeblobisas.

Tavis gamxsneli gverdi

saxelmZRvaneloSi paragrafebi gaerTianebulia TavebSi.

yoveli Tavis dasawyisSi mocemulia:

_ TaAvis nomeri da dasaxeleba.

_ TaAvis mokle mimoxilvaY;

_ “TAavis Seswavlis Semdeg”

yovel Tavs sakuTari feri aqvs, rac moswavles ama Tu im Tavis swrafad

moZebnas gauadvilebs. Tavis dasaxeleba aseve wignis yovel gverdze gverdis

nomerTan erTad aris mocemuli.

paragrafi TiToeuli Tavi ramdenime paragrafisgan Sedgeba. paragrafSi Semavali sa-

kiTxebi erTmaneTisgan gamoyofili da dasaTaurebulia. yoveli paragrafis

dasawyisSi, Sesabamisi Tavis da paragrafis nomeri da saTauria mocemuli.

axali termini axali termini teqstSi muqi SriftiTaa gamoyofili.

praqtikuli praqtikuli samuSao gamoyofilia teqstidan CarCoTi

eqsperimenti mwvane fonze ki mocemulia martivi eqsperimentebi, mimarTulebis mimcemi

kiTxvebi, SefasebiTi da raodenobrivi amocanebi. bevri maTgani moswavlis

mier sakuTari mosazrebis dafiqsirebas emsaxureba, sxvebi - hipoTezis Ca-

moyalibebis an msjelobis unaris ganviTarebas. aseTive unar-Cvevebis gan-

viTarebas emsaxureba Tavis bolos mocemul savarjiSoebsa da testSi

mocemuli zogierTi davalebac.

magaliTi yviTeli feris CarCoSi mocemulia magaliTis amoxsnis nimuSi, rac exmareba

moswavles ukeT aiTvisos axali masala da TvalnaTliv dainaxos miRebuli

codnis praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

unda icode cisfer CarCoSi fonze mocemulia paragrafis reziume - paragrafis Ziri-

TaAdi debuleba, formula, termini, ganmarteba da Sesabamisi ilustracia mo-

cemulia CAarCoSi - es is ZiriTadi informaciaa, razedac teqstSi ufro

vrclad aris saubari, da rac mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem SeiTvisos am

paragrafiT.

Seamowme codna yoveli paragrafis bolos mocemulia savarjiSoebi, romlebic SegiZ liaT ga-

moiyenoT rogorc gakveTilis msvlelobisas, aseve saSinao davalebad. mwvane

feriT gamoyofilia rTuli savarjiSo

ilustraciebi yovel axal TavSi gamoyenebuli ilustraciebis (fotoebi, naxatebi, grafi-

kebi, cxrilebi) danomvra 1-dan iwyeba.

testi da savarjiSoebi yoveli Tavis bolos, mocemulia savarjiSoebis da testebis krebuli, rac

sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, klasis an calkeuli moswavleebis SesaZle-

blobebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegiZliaT SearCioT rogorc sakontrolo

werisTvis, aseve Sesabamisi gakveTilis mimdinareobis procesisTvis.

terminebi wignis bolos terminebis da cnebebis anbanuri saZiebelia - ganmartebebiT.

11

samodelo gakveTilebi

warmogidgenT aT samodelo gakveTils:

TiToeuli gakveTilisaTvis mocemuli gaqvT gakveTilis Sedegi, mizani, mimdinareoba etapobrivad -

Semdegi saxiT:

gakveTilis mimdinareoba:gakveTilis mimdinareobis etapebi, aqtivobebis CaAmonaTvali, moswavleTaA organizebis forma, saWiro

dro, resursi da Sefasebis forma cxrilis saxiT aris mocemuli, mag.,

cxrilis Semdgom TiToeuli etapis aRweraa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi rekomendaciebiT da da-

matebiTi informaciiT

1) paragrafi I-1. eleqtruli muxti

2) paragrafi I-12. brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba

3) paragrafi II-3. denis fiziologiuri moqmedeba

4) paragrafi II-13. rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba

5)Semajamebeli gakveTili: ” rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri

SeerTeba”

6) paragrafi II-20, II-21 proeqti: saxlis eleqtruli qseli. eleqtroxelsawyoebi.

7) Semajamebeli gakveTili

paragrafi II-28 naxevargamtarebi teqnologiebSi

8) Semajamebeli wera # 2

9) paragrafi III-5 eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba

10) Semajamebeli gakveTili: eleqtruli da magnituri veli

I - 1

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

aq, paragrafis nomris gvediT mocemulia gakveTilis saTauri

standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli is Sedegi, romlis miRwevas emsaxureba es gakveTili

Sedegis Sesabamisi indikatorebis erTobliobidan erTi an ramodenime konkretuli

debuleba, codna an unar-Cveva.

konkretuli gakveTilis specifiuri mizani

etapi / aqtivoba moswavleTa organizeba dro resursebi Sefasebis forma

I. diskusia mTeli klasi 15 wT dakvirveba

II. eqsperimenti jgufebi 15 wTdakvirveba, Canawere-

bis Semowmeba

III. prezentacia jgufebi 12 wTdakvirveba,Canawere-

bis Semowmeba

12

gakveTilis mimdinareoba:

I. gakveTilis Sesavali/ Mmotivacia, momzadeba

Mmaswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs gakveTilis Temas: dRes Cven viwyebT eleqtruli movlenebis Ses-

wavlas. Eeleqtrobis roli gansakuTrebiT didia, radgan eleqtrul movlenebs mniSvnelovani, SeiZleba

iTqvas, Seucvleli adgili uWiravs Cvens yofa-cxovrebaSi.

jer kidev Zvelma berZnebma mravali saukunis win SeamCnies, rom qarva Salze xaxunis imuxteba da Se-

degad msubuqi sxeulis (qaRaldis nakuwebis, mtvris) mizidvis unars iZens. Qqarvis berZnuli saxeli -

“eleqtron” am movlenis aRmniSvneli gaxda.

Ddamuxtuli sxeulebi eleqtrulad urTierTqmedeben _ miizidebian an ganizidebian. cdebiT dadginda,

rom bunebaSi eleqtruli muxti ori saxisaa. pirobiTad am muxtebs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxti uwodes.

Aimis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben muxtebi, CavataroT martivi cda.

II. martivi cda

abreSumis Zafze horizontalur mdgomareobaSi CamokideT ebonitis Rero. DdaaeleqtroveT Salze ga-

xaxunebiT. Semdeg mas morigeobiT miuaxloveT Salze gaxaxunebuli meore ebonitis Rero da qaRaldze ga-

xaxunebuli minis Rero.

III. kiTxva-pasuxi/daskvnebis gamotana.

dausviT klass kiTxvebi: ra moxda? (pirvel SemTxvevaSi Reroebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs, meore SemTx-

vevaSi ki erTmaneTs izidavs). risi damadasturebelia es cdebi? (es cdebi adasturebs, rom bunebaSi org-

vari eleqtroba arsebobs).

mimarTeT klass: CamovayaliBboT eleqtruli muxtis mqone sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis wesi.

imisTvis, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas, ratom imuxtebian sxeulebi, atomis aRnagoba unda gavixsenoT, rad-

gan eleqtroba atomis Semadgeneli nawilakis Tvisebaa. sTxoveT moswavleebs gaixsenon atomis aRnagoba

(nebismieri atomi Sedgeba birTvisgan da mis garSemo orbitaze moZravi eleqtronebisgan. birTvi Tavis

mxriv Sedgeba protonebisa da neitronebisagan) da erT-erT moswavles sTxoveT dafaze daxatos atomis

planetaruli modeli an miuTiTeT TvalsaCinoebaze.

dausviT klass kiTxvebi:

- gaixseneT, rodis aris atomi eleqtrulad neitraluri? (atomi Cveulebriv eleqtrulad neitralu-

ria, radgan igi eleqtronsa da protons Tanabari raodenobiT Seicavs).

- rodis xdeba atomi damuxtuli? (neitraluri atomi SeiZleba eleqtruli muxtis mqone nawilakad-

ionad iqces, Tu is erT an ramodenime eleqtrons SeiZens an gascems. eEleqtronis gacemisas miiReba da-

debiTi ioni, SeZenisas-uaryofiTi).

I - 1.

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

etapi / aqtivobamoswavleTa

organizebadro resursebi Sefasebis forma

I. Sesavali/motivacia mTeli klasi 10 wT _ dakvirveba

II. martivi cda mTeli klasi 10 wT

abreSumis Zafi, ebonitis Rero,

Salis naWeri, qaRaldi, minis

Rero, saxelmZRvanelos teqsti,

rveuli, kalmistrebi

dakvirveba

III. kiTxva-pasuxi

daskvnebis gamotanawyvilebi 10 wT dakvirveba

IV. amocanebis amoxsna wyvilebi 15 wT dakvirveba

eleqtruli muxti

1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.

gegmavs da atarebs eqsperimentebs kulonis kanonis sademonstraciod

dakvirvebis, aRweris, monacemTa interpretaciis, analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba, da-

muxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis daxasiaTeba

13

- ratom axaxuneben sxeulebs erTmaneTze, roca maTi damuxtva surT? (zogierTi eleqtroni ise sustad

aris bmuli birTvTan, rom Tavisuflad SeuZlia gadasvla erTi atomidan meoreze. Sesabamisad atomi

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad imuxteba xaxunis Sedegad. neitraluri sxeulebi sapirispiro niSnisa da

toli sididis muxtebiT imuxtebian).

- ratom aris sxeulebis xaxuni saWiro, mxolod Sexeba sakmarisi ar aris? (imisTvis, rom atomidan atomze

eleqtronis gadasvla moxdes, maT Soris manZili Zalian mcire unda iyos. radgan sxeulbis zedapiri

idealurad gluvi arasodes aris, amitom Sexeba sakmarisi ar aris. umetes SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia

sxeulebis erTmaneTze xaxuni, raTa kontaqti maT Soris iyos ukeTesi) .

- xaxunis Semdeg muxti warmoiqmneba? (xaxunis Semdeg muxti ki ar warmoiqmneba, am dros mxolod muxte-

bis gancalkeveba xdeba).

- gaixseneT muxtis mudmivobis kanoni. (sxeulebs Soris muxti SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad gadanawildes,

magram jamuri muxti ucvleli rCeba. muxti algebrulad ikribeba niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT.)

klass miawodeT informacia eleqtruli muxtis gayofadobis da elementauli muxtis Sesaxeb. sain-

teresoa, visaubroT milikenis cdis Sesaxeb, romliTac dadginda, rom nebismier sxeulze arsebuli muxti

eleqtronis muxtis jeradia.

aRwereT milikenis cda: ori liTonis firfitas Soris aSxefebdnen zeTs Zalian mcire wveTebis saxiT.

am dros wveTebi imuxteboda magaliTad, uaryofiTi muxtiT. simZimis gamo wveTebi dabla eSveboda 1mm-ze

10-20wm-is ganmavlobaSi. MmaT moZAraobas akvirdebodnen mikroskopiT. wveTebis vardnas aCqarebdnen imiT,

rom qveda firfiras muxtavdnen uaryofiTad, zedas — dadebiTad. fFirfitebis muxtebis saTanado SerCe-

viT aRwevdnen sapirispirod mimarTul ZalTa: simZimis da eleqtruli Zalis tolobas. ris gamoc wveTebi

wonasworobaSi rCebodnen. icodnen wveTis simZime da eleqtruli velis sidide. Amis mixedviT gansazR-

vravdnen wveTis muxts. Semdeg wveTebis muxts cvlidnen (rentgenis sxivebis gavleniT) da cdas imeo-

rebdnen .

mravali aseTi gazomvis Semdeg gakeTda daskvna, rom nawilakis muxti icvleba yovelTvis erTi da imave

e sididiT an am sididis jeradiT q=ne, sadac n nebismieri mTeli ricxvia.

e-s elementaruli muxti ewodeba da tolia e=1.6 10-19 k. AaseTi muxti (uaryofiTi niSnis) gaaCnia eleq-

trons, aseTive muxti mxolod dadebiTi niSnis_protons; am nawilakebs, rogorc yvela sxeuls, axasia-

Tebs masa. cdebiT dadgenilia, rom eleqtronis masa tolia 9,1.10-31kg-is. pProtonis masa ki daaxloebiT

2000-jer metia eleqtronis masaze.

sazogadod, dReisTvis aRmoCenili mravali elementaruli nawilakidan arc erTi ar xasiaTdeba e- ze

naklebi muxtiT, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs e muxtis elementarulobas da, saerTod, muxtis wyvetil

xasiaTs.

aAmis Semdeg dasviT kiTxvebi:

- rogor fiqrobT, icvleba Tu ara protonebis ricxvi dadebiTad damuxtvisas? ( ar icvleba).

- ar arsebobs muxti unawilakod. aArsebobs Tu ara umuxto nawilaki? (umuxto nawilakis arseboba Se-

saZlebelia. mag., atomis birTvis Semadgeneli neitronebi).

- iarsebebs Tu ara nawilaki, romlis muxti eleqtronis muxtze 2-jer naklebia? (ar iarsebebs, radgan

eleqtrons umciresi elementaruli muxti gaaCnia. Mmasze ufro mcire sididis muxti bunebaSi ar arsebobs)

III. amocanis amoxsna.

wyvilebs mieciT davaleba, ganixilon teqstSi mocemuli amocana da Seasrulon paragrafis bolos

mocemuli savarjiSoebi: nawili asrulebs sav.1 da sav.2, nawili _ sav.3 da sav.4 . maT eZlevaT dro 10wT.

davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ramdenime wyvili warmoadgens klasis winaSe Tavis namuSevars.

Kklasi aqtiurad monawileobs ganxilvaSi.

Mmaswavlebeli afasebs wyvilebis muSaobas. aAseve fasdeba damoukidebeli muSaoba da gakveTilSi Car-

Tuloba.

Ddamoukidebeli samuSaos( Tvisobrivi amocanis amoxsnis) Sefasebis sqema:

.

1-3qula 4-5qula 6-7qula 8-10qula

Aamocanebze pasuxi

gacemulia dasabu-

Tebis gareSe

amocanebze pasuxi

gacemulia araswori

dasabuTebiT

amocanebis pasuxi

arasrulia

amocanebis pasuxi

dasabuTebulia

14


I. Sesavali

Tu klasis momzadebis done maRalia, SegiZliaT esaubroT zogadad gamtaris eleqtrotevadobaze.

mimarTeT klass: XVII saukuneSi eleqtroba warmodgenili hqondaT, rogorc uwono eleqtruli siTxe,

romlis “Casxma” gamtarSi da am gamtaridan misi “gadmosxma” SeiZleboda. aqedan warmoiSva termini gam-

taris eleqtrotevadoba.

ganvixiloT yvela sxva gamtarebisgan izolirebuli raime gamtari.

daumuxtavi gamtaris nebismieri wertilis potenciali nulis tolia. Tu gamtars muxts gadavcemT, es

muxti gamtaris zedapirze ganawildeba da gamtaris yvela wertils erTnairi potenciali eqneba.

dadginda, rom ramdenjer met muxtsac gadavcemT gamtars, imdenjerve gaizrdeba zedapirze Ti-

Toeuli wertilis potencialic. es SegiZlia eleqtroskopiT Seamowmo. es niSnavs, rom gamtaris muxti

da potenciali pirdapirproporciuli sidideebia: q= C φ P

proporciulobis koeficients gancalkevebuli gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba. is mocemuli

gamtarisTvis mudmivi sididea da udris muxtis Sefardebas gamtaris potencialTan: C= q/φcalkeuli gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba ricxobrivad tolia muxtis im raodenobisa, romelic gamta-

ris potencials erTi erTeuliT cvlis. Eeleqtrotevadobis erTeuls farada (f) ewodeba: 1f = 1k/v.

Ffarada iseTi gancalkevebuli gamtaris eleqtrotevadobaa, romlis potencials erTi kuloni muxti

erTi voltiT cvlis.

Ggamtaris eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia gamtaris zomaze, formaze garemomcveli dieleqtrikis

Tvisebebze da masTan sxva gamtaris siaxloveze.

Eeleqtroteqnikis mraval dargSi aucilebelia didi eleqtro tevadobis gamtarTa gamoyeneba. gancalke-

vebuli gamtaris gamoyenebisas gamtaris zomebi Zalian didi unda yofiliyo. gamtaris tevadobis gazrda

xdeba meore gamtaris miaxloebiT. Kkondensatori swored am movlenaze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna. avxsnaT, rogor.

gancalkevebul mdgomareobaSi GOI gamataris tevadobaa: C= q/φ , sadac - q gamta-

ris muxtia, φ - potenciali (nax.1, a) .

II gamtaris miaxloebis Semdeg: II gamtaris uaryofiTi muxtiT Seqmnili poten-

ciali aRvniSnoT - φ1-iT, dadebiTi muxtiT Seqmnili - φ2--iT , I gamtaris poten-

ciali ki- φ/ -iT (nax.1, b) .

superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, φ/ = φ - φ1 + φ2

potencialis manZilze damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, φ1>φ2 maSasadame mocemuli gamtaris meore

daumuxtav gamtarTan miaxloeba iwvevs gamtaris potencialis Semcirebas. potencialis Semcirdeba ki

Tavis mxriv iwvevs gamtaris tevadobis gazdas: q/φ/ > q/φ, aqedan C/ > C.

Tu meore gamtars miwasTan SevaerTebT, am SemTxvevaSi misi potenciali gautoldeba nuls. es ki I gam-

taris tevadobas mniSvnelovnad gazrdis. amgvarad, meore gamtaris miaxloeba saSualebas gvaZlevs, da-

vagrovoT imaze meti muxti, vidre es SesaZlebeli iqneboda gancalkevebuli gamtaris SemTxvevaSi.

kondensatoris daniSnulebac esaa .

kondensatorebs ganasxvaveben formis , tevadobis da dieleqtrikis gvarobis mixedviT. gamtarTa for-

mis mixedviT kondensatorebi arsebobs: sferuli da cilindruli, brtyeli;

sferuli kondensatori ewodeba dieleqtrikiT gancalkevebuli ori koncentruli gamtari zedapi-

I - 12.

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani



I. Sesavali individualuri 15 wT _ dakvirveba

II. praqtikuli

samuSaojgufebi 15 wT

kompaqturi diski, fol ga, saxa-

zavi, parafinis qaRal di, fanqari,

makrateli

Ddakvirveba,

Canawerebis Semowmeba

III. prezentacia

jgufebiwyvilebi 15 wT Tabaxis furclebi, kalmistrebi

Ddakvirveba,


brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba

1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. 2.moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul

aRmoCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis pricips

dakvirvebis, aRweris, cdis Catarebis, gazomvis, monacemTa interpretaciis, analizis unar-

Cvevis ganviTareba.

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

φ φ1 φ2φ/

nax. 1

a) b)

15

ris erTobliobas. cilindruli kondensatoris keZo SemTxvevas leidenis qila warmoadgens. Mmis Semona-

fenebs amzadeben Txeli furclovani liTonisagan, xolo dieleqtriks_ minisagan.

dieleqtrikis mixedviT ganasxvaveben eleqtrolitur, keramikul da sxva kondensatorebs. tevadobis

mixedviT ganasxvaveben mudmivi da cvladi tevadobis kondensatorebs. cvladi tevadobis kondensatori

Sedgeba liTonis urTierTparaleluri firfitebis ori mwkrivisgan, amasTan erTi nawili(mag, kenti fir-

fitebi) uZravadaa damagrebuli izolator CarCoze, xolo meore nawili( luwi firfitebi) damagrebu-

lia RerZze da moZraobs maT Soris. aAm moZraobis dros icvleba firfitebis efeqturi farTobi, rac

iwveves tevadobis cvlas. aseTi kondensatoris agebulebidan cxadia, rom igi warmoadgens erTmaneTTan

paralelurad SeerTebul kondensatorTa batareas. radgan firfitebs Soris haeria moTavsebuli, erT-

erTi aseTi kondensatoris tevadobaa: c = ε0S/d.

PII. Ppraqtikuli samuSao: brtyeli kondenatori

Mmizani: brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba da tevadobis gamoTvla

D_ dayaviT moswavleebi jgufebad da mieciT TiToeul jgufs saWiro masala: kompaqturi diski, folga,

webo, saxazavi, parafinis qaRaldi, makrateli, fanqari

_ sTxoveT moswavleebs guldasmiT waikiTxon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli praqtikuli samuSaos aR-

wera. Mmoswavleebi samuSao rveulSi aRricxaven Sedegebs.

_ moswavleebi saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli instruqciis mixedviT amzadeben kondensatorebs. mos-

wavleTa erTi nawili amzadebs A( A )kondensators, xolo meore (B) kondensatoris.

kompaqtur disks aTavseben folgis qaRaldze da Wrian misi zomis or wres. disks aTavseben folgis

wreebs Soris da awebeben wreebs diskze. imisaTvis, rom gaigon ( A ) kondensatoris dieleqtrikis fenis

sisqe anu Ddiskis sisqe, diskebi erTmaneTze unda daawyon da gayon raodenobaze, savaraudo Sedegia d=

1,2mm. diskis zedapiris farTobi unda gamTvalon formuliT: S=π/4(D2-d2), sadac D, d - diskis Siga da gare

diametrebia. savaraudo Sedegia S=111sm2 ;

maT unda DCavsvan miRebuli mniSvnelobebi brtyeli kondenatoris eleqtrotevadobis formulaSi, ga-

viTvaliswinon dielqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε = 7(rogorc minis) da miiReben Sedegs c = ε0εS/d. =570pf;

4,5 v potencialTa sxvaobis drosB kondensators SeuZlia daagrovos q=CU =2,5 nk muxti.

A meore jgufi amzadebs kondensators kanfetis qaRaldisgan. isini iReben Sokoladis kanfetis vercx-

lisfer qaRalds zomiT 75mmX75mm, Wrian or nawilad. miRebul or marTkuTxed firfitas Soris awebeben

parafinis ( TeTri qaRaldi kanfetisTvis) qaRalds. rom daadginon (B) kondensatoris eleqtrotvadoba,

unda gaigon Semonafenis farTobi da dieleqtrikis sisqe;

Bkondensatoris Semonafenis farTobi iqneba S = 57mm.37mm=2775 mm2.

pParafinis qaRaldis 64-jer gadakecvis Semdeg fenis simaRle aris 2,7mm, maSin dieleqtrikis fenis sisqe

iqneba 2,7:64=0,04mm. miRebuli Sedegebi moswavleebs SeaqvT brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis

formulaSi, unda gaiTvaliswinon dielqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε = 2.(B B)kondensatorisTvis savaraudod miiReben c = ε0εS/d.=1300pf, 4,5 v potencialTa sxvaobis drosBB kon-

densators SeuZlia daagrovos q=CU =6 nk muxti.

III.prezentacia

jgufebi warmoadgenen monacemebs . maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs Seadaron pirveli da meore eqs-

perimentis Sedegebi da analizis Sedegad gamoitanon daskvna: (B) kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba metia.

ZiriTadad es gansxvaveba gamowveulia, imiT, rom A( A )kondensatoris dieleqtrikis fenis sisqe gacilebiT

metia (B) kondensatoris dieleqtrikis fenis sisqeze. amitom ufro didi raodenobis muxti gadava erTi

da igive denis wyarodan (B) kondensatoris firfitaze. Ees gansxvaveba SegiZliaT aCvenoT moswavleebs

kondensatoris ganmuxtvis Sedegad.

jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis nimuSi:

kriteriumebi 1-4 5-7 8-10

jgufis wevrebis Car-

Tuloba muSaobaSi

yvela wevri ar aris Car-

Tuliumravlesoba CarTulia yvela CarTulia

urTierTmosmenis da

azris gazierebis

unari

kamaToben da aris

xmauri, ar iziareben

erTmaneTis azrs

xmauroben, naklebad

iziareben erTmaneTis

azrs

usmenen erTmaneTs da

iziareben erTmaneTis

azrs

drois limitis dacva ver etevian gansazRv-

rul droSi

zogjer ver icaven drois

limits

yovelTvis icaven drois

limits

lideris rolilideri ver marTavs

jgufis muSaobas

lideri zogjer axerxebs

muSaobis warmarTvas

lideri efeqturad mar-

Tavs jgufis muSaobas

16


I. Sesavali

gakvTils viwyebT SexsenebiT, Tu ra aris eleqtruli deni da denis aRZvris aucilebli piroba.

MmimarTeT moswavleebs: damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraobaze uSualo dakvirveba SeuZleblia. ele-

qtruli denis arseboba raime garemoSi SeiZleba davadginoT misi siTburi, qimiuri, an magnituri mo-

qmedebiT. gaixseneT da daasaxeleT magaliTebi, sadac SeiniSneba es moqmedebebi.

Ppasuxi: denis siTburi moqmedeba udevs safuZvlad dnobadi mcvelebis moqmedebas. Ddenis qimiur mo-

qmedebas iyeneben , roca samkaulis, WurWlis mooqroveba, movercxla an monikeleba surT. dDenis magni-

tur moqmedebas efuZneba eletromagnitis moqmedeba, romelsac metalurgiul da liTongadamamuSavebel

qarxnebSi mZime jarTis gadasatanad iyeneben.

mimarTeT klass kiTxviT: romeli moqmedeba vlindeba denis myar gamtarebSi? Ddenis Txevad

gamtarebSi? ( denis myar gamtarebSi SeiniSneba siTburi da magnituri moqmedeba, xolo Txevad gamtarebSi

— qimiuri da magnituri)

II. diskusia

mimerTeT klass kiTxviT: dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi eleqtruli denis moqmedeba?

Ees aris kiTxva, romlis garSemoc SeiZleba gaimarTos diskusia.

Kklasi iyofa or nawilad. erTni aRiareben denis Zalis dadebiT mxares, meoreni_uaryofiTs. TiToeul

jgufs unda hqondes Tavisi myari argumentebi mocemuli mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad (argumentebi Sei-

Zleba eyrdnobodes saxelmZRvanelos, sakuTar gamocdilebas an informaciis sxva wyaroebidan mopove-

beul masalas).

mMaswavlebeli warmarTavs kamaTs. moismineT orive mxaris msjeloba.

SeecadeT, kamaTSi monawileoba miiRos yvelam, visac ki gansxvavebuli azri aqvs. Aam dros D SeiZleba

moxdes moswavleTa gadasvla erTi poziciidan meoreze. bBolos sTxoveT TiToeul jgufs SearCion jgu-

fis wevri, romelic warmoadgens jgufis saboloo pozicias.

III. wesebis SemuSaveba

Mmoswavleebs unda mivawodoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia eleqtruli denis Sesaxeb.

Aadamianis sxeulis qsovilebs axasiaTebs sxvadasxva eleqtrogamtaroba.kKani sxva qsovilebTan Seda-

rebiT yvelaze cudad atarebs dens. Semdeg Zvlebi, cximovani qsovili, kunTebi, sisxli, yvelaze kargi

gamtaria zurgis tvinis siTxe.

Ppraqtika da cdebi gviCvenebs, rom daSavebis Sedegs arsebiTad ganapirobebs adamianis organizmSi ga-

mavali denis gavlis gza. Tu denis gavlis gzaze aRmoCndeba iseTi sasicocxlo organoebi, rogoricaa

guli, filtvebi, Tavis tvini, saSiSroeba izrdeba, radgan denis zemoqmedeba am organoebze pirdapiria.

Tu deni sxva mimarTulebiT gadis, maSin sasicocxlo organoebze igi arapirapir-refleqtorulad mo-

qmedebs. A

aAdamianis organizmSi denis gavlis gza sxvadasxvaa. Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli gzaa”marjvena xeli-

fexebi”. yYvelaze saSiSad iTvleba” Tavi-xelebi”, “Tavi-fexebi”, rodesac deni gadis Tavisa da zurgis tvi-

nis gavliT. yvelaze metad saxifaToa dazianebul sadenTan orive xeliT Sexeba.



I. Sesavali mTeli klasi 7 wT _

II. Ddiskusia jgufebi 12 wT Canawerebis Semowmeba

III. wesebis SemuSaveba jgufuri 13 wT Ffurclebi, kalmistrebiDdakvirveba,

Canawe rebis Semowmeba

IV. prezentacia jgufebi 13 wT Fformati, flomasterebiDdakvirveba,


II - 3

indikatori

mizani

denis fiziologiuri moqmedeba

Ppoulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris

gzas. Aavlens usafrTxoebis wesebis codnas eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas,

aseve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtruli xelsawyoebis moxmarebisas.

dakvirvebis, aRweris, informaciis moZiebis, klasifikaciis, analizis unar-Cvevis gan-

viTareba. usafrTxoebis wesebis dadgena.

Sedegi1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. 2.moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul


17

G Eeleqtruli dartyma aris adamianis organizmSi denis gavlis Sedegad cocxali qsovilebis agzneba,

rac vlindeba kunTebis uneblie krunCxviTi SekumSvebiT. Aam dros irRveva gulis, filtvebis, nervuli

sistemis normaluri muSaoba. Eeleqtruli dartymebi SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos jgufebad;

_ kunTebis odnav SesamCnevi krunCxviTi SekumSvebi;

_ kunTebis krunCxviTi SekumSvebi Zlierdeba, axlavs autaneli tkivili grZnobis dakargvis gareSe;

_ kunTebis krunCxviTi SekumSvaebi grZnobis dakargviT, am dros guli muSaobs da sunTqva Senar-

Cunebulia;

_grZnobis dakargva, gulis an sunTqvis funqciis darRveva;

_klinikuri sikvdili, romlis drosac sunTqva da sisxlis mimoqceva aRar arsebobs;

Zabvis qveS myofi dazaralebuli xSirad damoukideblad ver iTavisuflebs Tavs. Mmisi gaTavisufleba

SesaZlebelia ramdenime gziT, maTgan pirveli eleqtrodanadgaris swrafi gamorTva.

Eeleqtrodanadgaris gamorTva xdeba uaxloesi amomrTvelis gaTiSviT, mcvelebis amoxraxnviT, Stef-

selis gamorTviT da a.S. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom Tu dazaralebuli garkveul simaRlezea, Sei-

Zleba gamorTvisas igi Camovardes, gamorTvisas SesaZloa Suqi Caqres da amitom saWiroa viqonioT farani.

Tu swrafi amorTva SesaZlebelia daSorebis an miudgomlobis gamo, SeiZleba wredi gavTiSoT sadenis

gadaWriT an daSavebuli movaciloT sadens.

SeiZleba gamtaris gadaWra mSrali xistariani culiT an instrumentiT, romelsac izolirebuli sax-

eluri aqvs, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT araizolirebulsaxeluriani mWreli iaraRic, Tu gvacvia, rezinis

xelTaTmani da fexsacmeli. mMokle CarTvis Tavidan asacileblad TiToeuli sadeni unda gadaiWras cal-

calke. SeiZleba dazaralebulis gamoTreva mSral tansacmelze xelis CavlebiT. Aam SemTxvevaSi ar unda

SevexoT mis sxeuls da Camiwebul sagnebs. SeiZleba vimoqmedoT erTi xeliT, meore xeli unda iyos jibeSi

an zurgze. Tu tansacmeli dasvelebulia da aucilebelia dazarebulTan Sexeba, unda gvecvas diele-

qtrikuli xelTaTmanebi, xolo maTi arqonisas xelze unda gadavixvioT mSrali qsovili(Sarfi, pijaki ,

palto). sadenis gadagdeba daSavebulidan SeiZleba mSrali joxiT, ficriT an sxva gaumtari sagniT.

dReisTvis moqmedebs eleqtrousafrTxoebis Semdegi standartebi: Zabvis da denis zRvruli dasaSvebi

doneebi:

maRali temperaturis (250C-ze meti) da tenianobis (75%) SemTxvevaSi es normebi samjer mcirdeba.

mimarTeT moswavleebs. gaxsovdeT! Ddeni yovelTvis ar aris sargeblobis momtani, is saxifaToa da mas-

Tan gaufrTxilebeli mopyroba ar SeiZleba!

Kklasi dayaviT jgufebad da sTxoveT SeimuSaon gamafrTxilebeli wesebi da niSnebi eleqtrul denTan

urTierTobis dros.

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul wesebs SeiZleba daematos:

_ abazanaSi(an sxvagan, sadac sveli wertilebia) gansakuTrebiT sifrTxiliT moeqeci eleqtroxel-

sawyoebs: gamaTbobels, quras, fens, eleqtrosapars da a.S.

_Tu zeda sarTulidan wyali CamogividaT gamorTe deni

_ ar Seexo xeliT naTuras nestian adgilebSi

_ar gaasufTao sveli tiloTi eleqtroxelsawyoebi

_nu mixval axlos transformatoris jixurTan

_gamorTe deni, Tu SenobaSi xanZari gaCnda

Mmoswavleebis mier SeimuSavebuli usafrTxoebis niSnebi, SeiZleba daiyos jgufebad;

1) gamafrTxilebeli ( mag.”sdeq! saSiSia sicocxlisaTvis!”, “ sdeq! maRali Zabvaa!”)

2) amkrZalavi-(mag;“ar CarTo!”)

3) nebadarTuli (mag;” SegiZliT isargebloT CamrTveliT”)

4) gamaxsenebli ( mag;“ar dagaviwydeT gamorToT eleqtroxelsawyoebi”)

MIV. prezentacia

moswavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad ajameben jgufebis mier SemuSavebul wesebs da niSnebs . qmnian

plakats, akraven saklaso oTaxSi. pPlakati codnis gaRrmavebasTan erTad gamdidrdeba axali wesebiT da

simboloebiT.

sasurvelia TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis mizniT moswavleebs daurigoT baraTebi Sek-

iTxvebiT:

Ddenis saxe da sixSire Sexebis Zabva,Uv organizmSi gamavali denis

Zala adamianisTvis, ma

cvladi,50hc 2 0,3

cvladi,400hc 3 0,4

mudmivi 8 1,0

18

_ gadawyviteT Tu ara dasaxuli amocana?

_ ra iyo Tqveni gundis yvelaze didi miRweva?

_ ra iswvaleT erToblivi muSaobiT?

_ ra iyo Tqveni erToblivi muSaobis xarvezi? nakli?

_ ra gaakeTe (an Tqvi) iseTi, rac Sens jgufs daexmara samuSaos SesrulebaSi.

gTavazobT moswavleTa TviTSefasebis nimuSs:

2-13. rezistorebis mimdevobiTi SeeTeba

I. saSinao davaleba

wina gakveTilis Tema iyo” winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze”. saSinao davaleba gulisxmobda

klasSi Sesrulebuli davalebebis xelaxla gadaxedvas, gaazrebas da maT Sejamebas. mimarTeT klass

kiTxvebiT Temis mTavari da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb:

- erTnairad atarebs Tu ara dens gamtari sxvadasxva temperaturaze? (ara, gamtari dabal temperatu-

raze ukeT atarebs dens, vidre maRalze).

- maS, rogoraa damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba temperaturaze? (temperaturis zrdasTan erTad wi-

naRoba izrdeba).

- rogor axsnidiT am faqts gamtaris atomuri agebulebis safuZvelze? (liTonis winaRobas ganapiro-

bebs eleqtronebis dajaxeba im ionebTan, romelic irxeva kristaluri meseris kvanZebSi, rac maRalia

temperatura, miT metad irxeva atomebi da ionebi, rac iwvevs eleqtronebis dajaxebaTa ricxvis ga-

zrdas, e.i. temperaturis gazrda iwvevs liTonebis winaRobis gazrdas)

- yvela gamtaris winaRoba erTnairad icvleba temperaturis clilebisas? (ara, es damokidebulia niv-

Tierebis gvarobaze. Yyvela nivTierebas aqvs Tavisi winaRobis temperaturuli koeficienti, romelic

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba gamtaris winaRoba misi 10C-iT gaTbobis dros.

- cxrilSi albaT gaecaniT winaRobis temperaturuli koeficientis mniSvnelobebs. is Zalian mcire si-

didea. daasaxeleT volframis winaRobis temperaturuli koeficientis sidide. (α= 0,0048kel-1 )

- axseni, ratom izrdeba naTuris volframis Zafis winaRoba 10-jer da ufro metadac masSi denis ga-

II - 13.

indikatori

mizani



I. saSinao davaleba individualuri 8 Canawerebis Semowmeba

II. praqtikuli

samuSaojgufuri 20

ori rezistori cnobili wi-

naRobebiT 2omi da 6omi, de -

nis wyaro 4v, ampermetri,

ori voltmetri, CamrTveli.

Ddakvirveba,

Canawerebis Semow meba

III. prezentacia jgufuri 17Tabaxis furclebi, kalmi-

strebi

Ddakvirveba,


rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba

agebs eleqtul wreds gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisTvis, ikvlevs raodenobiv kav-

Sirs eleqtruli wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris.


Cvevis ganviTareba. rezistorebis mimdevobiTi SeerTebis gamokvleva.


Sedegebi 1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10

Sesrulebuli sa-

muSaos Sefaseba

ver afasebs obieq-

turad

nawilobriv obieq-

tu rad afasebs

ZiriTadad obi-

eq turad afasebs

obieqturad afa-

sebs

warmatebisa da

warumateblobis

mizezis axsna

ver xsnis warmate-

bis Tu warumateb-

lobis mizezis

nawilobriv

asaxelebs mizezs

ZiriTAdad swo-

rad xsnis mize-

zebs

srulyofilad xsnis

warmatebis Tu waru-

mateblobis mizezs



19

vlsas. (R = Ro(1+αt), radgan naTuris Zafi Zalian maRal temperaturamde xurdeba, α-s simciris miuxe-

davad volframis winaRoba mainc mniSvnelovnad izrdeba)

- daakvidi grafiks (sav1.nax ) . imsjele SeiZleba Tu ara grafikze mocemuli nivTiereba iyos liToni?

Ppasuxi daasabuTe. (es nivTiereba ar SeiZleba iyos liToni, radgan misi winaRoba tempraturis zrdi-

sas ki ar izrdeba, mcirdeba)

- ra aris zegamtaroba? ( zogierTi liTonis(tyvia, kala, vercxliswyali da sxva) winaRoba Zalian

dabal temperaturaze nulamde ecema. aAm movlenas zegamtaroba ewodeba)

- riT gansxvavdeba zegamtaruli da Cveulebrivi gamtarebi erTmaneTisgan? (Tu zegamtarul wriul

gamtarSi aRvZravT dens, Semdeg ki wyaros gamovrTavT, denis Zala gamtarSi ucvleli darCeba nebi-

smierad didxans, arazegamtarul gamtarSi ki msgavs SemTxvevaSi deni swrafad wydeba. zegamtarSi

denis gavlisas siTbo ar gamoiyofa)

- imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs kvlevebs, romliTac cdiloben iseTi nivTierebis miRebas, romelic

oTaxis temperaturaze xdeba zegamtari? ( Tu moxerxdeboda zegamtaruli masalebis Seqmna daaxloe-

biT oTaxis temperaturaze, maSin gadawydeboda umniSvnelovanesi teqnikuri problema: gamtarebiT

energiis udanakargo gadacema)

II eqsperimenti

ganumarteT klass axali gakveTilis mizani da mimarTeT: maS ase, Tqven gaecaniT mniSvnelovan sidi-

des-winaRobas. gavarkvieT, rom igi temperaturis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. gaixseneT, kidev ra si-

didezea damikidebuli gamtaris winaRoba? (gamtaris winaRoba damokidebulia gamtaris kuTr winaRobaze,

gamtaris sigrZeze da ganivkveTis farTobze). axla ki gamovikvlioT winaRobebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba.

TiToeuli damatebuli rezistori damatebiT ewinaaRmdegeba dens. rogor fiqrobT, mimdevrobiT Seer-

Tebuli momxmareblebis saerTo winaRoba axali momxmareblis damatebisas gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba? (sa-

erTo winaRoba gaizrdeba). davrwmundeT amaSi cdis saSualebiT.

dayaviT klasi 5-6 kacian jgufebad. SeecadeT jgufi daakompleqtoT ise, rom erT jgufSi moxvdnen ma-

Rali da dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi. Zlier moswavleebs SegiZliaT daakisroT “maswavle-

blis” funqcia. wardgenisTvis SearCieT naklebi SesaZleblobebis moswavle. M”maswavlebeli” cdilobs misi

jgufis warmdgeni, rac SeiZleba damajerebeli iyos, “warmdgeni”cdilobs jgufi Rirseulad warmoaCinos.

TiToeul jgufs urigdeba masala: ori rezistori cnobili R1 da R2 winaRobebiT, denis wyaro, amperme-

tri, ori voltmetri, CamrTveli. SeaxseneT eqsperimentis Catarebis usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvis auci-

lebloba.

_ cdebis Catarebisas denis wyarod ar gamoiyeno eleqtroqseli;

_yovelTvis roca wredSi raRacis Secvlas apireb, jer aucileblad gamorTe denis wyaro.

_ CarTe eleqtroxelsawyo wredSi mxolod gamarTul mdgomareobaSi. ar moaTavso is aalebad sagnebTan.

_ dauSvebelia eleqtruli denis Sedegad gamowveuli cecxlis Caqroba wylis saSualebiTD da a.S.

samuSaos msvleloba:

moswavleebi adgenen wreds_ mimdevrobiT aerTeben rezistorebs Cam-

rTvels, denis wyaros da ampermetrs (nax. 43). iniSnaven ampermetris Cvenebas_

denis Zalis mniSvnelobas I1=0,5a, Semdeg ampermetrs rTaven wredis sxva ubanze.

mimarTeT kiTxviT: ra SeamCnie? (denis Zala wredis sxvadasxva ubanze erTnai-

ria da udris 0,5a).

A

axla voltmetris saSualebiT Zabva unda gazomoT jer erTi rezistoris, Semdeg ki meore rezisto-

ris boloze, bolos ki oriveze erTad anaTvlebi SeiZleba iyos msgavsi: U2 = 3v , U1 = 1v, U = 4v

Ddaskvna:

jamuri Zabva U = U1+U2 =4v;

sruli winaRoba iqneba R = U/I=4v/0,5=8om

sruli winaRoba calkeul winaRobaTa jamis tolia: R = R1 + R2. marTlac 2om+6om=8om,

radgan U = U1+U2 , xolo U = IR, U1=IR1, U2=IR2 IR=IR1+I R2, aqedan R = R1 + R2.

sruli winaRobis formula mimdevrobiT CarTuli n winaRobebisTvis iqneba: R = R1 + R2.+....+ Rn.

Tu mimdevrobiT SevaerTebT n erTnairi r winaRobis rezistors, maSin sruli winaRoba iqneba: R = nr

Aamparmetris winaRoba Zalian mcire unda iyos, radgan wredSi misi mimdevrobiT CarTva xdeba, misi

CarTviT wredis ubnis winaRoba izrdeba da ucvleli Zabvisas denis Zala iklebs. Aampermetris didi wi-

naRobis SemTxvevaSi es cvlileba mniSvnelovani iqneba.

+ -A

R2 R1

nax. 43.

20

III prezentacia

Mmocemuli drois gavlis Semdeg maswavlebeli aZlvs TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenels saSualebas

warmoadginos namuSevari klasis winaSe. rodesac yvela jgufi warmoadgens Sedegebs, ismeba kiTxvebi,

xdeba namuSevrebis Sejameba, moswavleebi akeTeben komentars warmodgenil samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT.

Mmaswavlebeli afasebs jgufebis namuSevars.

Sefasebis nimuSi.

I. saSinao davalebis wardgena

wina gakveTili iyo “ rezistorebis paraleluri SeerTeba” moswavleebs saSinao davalebad unda See-

srulebinaT savarjiSoebi 2.14-is Semdeg. ramdenime moswavle maswavleblis SerCeviT waradgens saSinao

davalebas. Mmoswavleebi dafaze xazaven Sesabamis sqemebs.

indikatori

mizani

” rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTeba” (Semajamebeli gakveTili)

agebs eleqtul wreds. ikvlevs raodenobiv kavSirs eleqtruli wredis maxasiaTebel

parametrebs Soris

dakvirvebis, aRweris, klasifikaciis, msjelobis, komunikaciis da prezentaciis unar-Cvevis

ganviTareba. gamtarTa SeerTebis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba.



I. davalebis wardgena individualuri 10 _ Canawerebis Semowmeba

II. “kuTxeebi” jgufuri 20Tabaxis furclebi, bara-

Tebi”webovaniT”

dakvirveba , Canawerebis

Semow meba

III. amocanebis amoxsna wyvilebi 14Tabaxis furclebi,

kalmistrebi

dakvirveba ,


IV. saSinao davaleba 1 DCanawerebis Semowmeba


1-3 qula 4-5 qula 6-7 qula 8-10 qula

kvlevis miznis

gan sazRvra

aArasworad ayalibebs

mizans

nawilobriv sworad

ayalibebs mizansayalibebs mizans

srulyofilad

ayalibebs mizans

saWiro

inventaris

gansazRvra

Aarasworad CamoTvlis

saWiro masalas

CamoTvlis saWiro

masalis nawils

CamoTvlis Ziri-

Tad saWiro

masalas

CamoTvlis yvela

saWiro masalas da

aRWurvilobas

kvlevis Sedege-

bis varaudi

arasworad ayalibebs

va rauds

gamoTqvams swor

varauds.

ayalibebs da nawi-

lobriv asabuTebs

Tavis varauds

ayalibebs da asa-

buTebs Tavis va-

rauds

kvlevis mimd-

inareobis aRwera

arasworad CamoTvlis

kvlevis etapebs

CamoTvlis kvlevis

zogierT etaps

CamoTvlis kvlevis

ZiriTad etapebs

srulad CamoT -

vlis etapebs

monacemebis aR-

ricxva

aRricxavs araswor mo-

nacemebs

aRricxavs monace-

mebs nawilobriv da

usistemod

aRricxavs monace-

mebs srulad, ma-

gram usistemod

aRricxavs mona-

cemebs srulad da

sistemurad

monacemTa

analizi

arasworad akeTebs mo-

nacemTa analizs

akeTebs monacemTa

analizs mcire xa-

rvezebiT

akeTebs monacemTa

analizs

akeTebs mona-

cemTa srul

analizs

daskvnaarasworad akeTebs Se-

sabamis daskvnebs

akeTebs nawilob -

riv swor daskvnebs

akeTebs ZiriTad

daskvnebs

akeTebs srulfa-

sovan daskvnebs



21

I moswavle. savarjiSo 4: II moswavle savarjiSo5: III mosavle: savarjiSo6

keTdeba TiToeuli sqemis analizi

II “kuTxeebi”

Aam savarjiSosaTvis winaswar unda moamzadoT baraTebi. Mmaswavleebeli urigebs moswavleebss bara-

Tebs. Mmag: baraTebis Sinaarsi aseTi SeiZleba iyos:

Eel. wreds ar aqvs ganStoebebi

erTi komponentis amorTva iwvevs yoveli komponentis amorTvas

wreds aqvs ganStoebebi

SesaZlebelia wredis calkeuli ubnis CarTva an amorTva

sruli winaRoba naklebia TiToeuli gamtaris winaRobaze

R = R1 + R2

U = U1 + U2

I = I1 + I2

I = I1= I2

U = U1 = U2

R = R1R2/(R1+R2)

U1/U2 = R1 / R2

I1/I2=R2/R1

oTaxis kuTxeebSi gaakariT formati an Tabaxis furclebi warweriT:” rezistorebis paraleluri Seer-

Teba”da” rezistorebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba” moswavleebma unda imoZraon klasSi, erTmaneTs aCvenos

baraTebi, ipovon msgavsi Sinarsiis mqone baraTebi. aseTi baraTebis mflobelebi gaeTiandnen jgufebad,

TiToeuli jgufi irCevs Sesabamis Tabaxis furcels da mis qveS akravs sakuTar baraTebs.

samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg maswavleebeli klasTan erTad ganixilavs TiToeul formatze Tavmoy-

ril miniSnebebs da Seaqvs Sesabamisi koreqtivebi.

III. amocanebis amoxsna

mizani: amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebis daufleba.

Mmimdinareoba: gakveTilis an nawilSi amocanebis amoxsnaze muSaoben wyvilebi. Mmoswavleebi daMmouki-

deblad muSaoben amocanis amoxsnaze, Semdeg cvlian da afaseben erTmaneTis namuSevars. maswavlebeli

irCevs erT-erTi wyvils , romelic warmoadgens Tavis namuSevars.

cxadia, yvela amocanis amoxsnisTvis saerTo wesi ar arsebobs, magram sasurvelia da-

vicvaT Tanmimdevroba:

1) yuradRebiT waikiTxe piroba, gaarkvie amocanaSiA mocemuli movlenebis fizikuri Sinaarsi.

2) gaakeTe mokle Canaweri.

3) sasurvelia yvela sidide gamosaxo xelsayreli erTeulebiT.

4) gaakeTe sqematuri naxazi, rac TvalsaCinos xdis amocanaSi aRweril process.

5) daakavSire amocanaSi mocemuli fizikuri Sinaarsi da fizikis cnobili kanonebi.

6) Camoayalibe amocanis amoxsnis konkretuli gegma

7) miRebul zogad formulaSi Casvi amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da gamoTvale.

amocana SeiZleba SeirCes II Tavis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebidan an mag., rogor unda SeaerTo sami

gamtari, romelTagan TiToeulis winaRobaa 2omi, rom sruli winaRoba iyos 3omi?

mimarTeT moswavleebs: risi toli iqneba jamuri winaRoba, Tu gamtarebs SevaerTebT mimdevro-

biT(nax.1)? ( R = 2+2+2=6 omi) Pparalelurad (nax.2) ?(1/R = 1/2+1/2+1/2 = 3/2 omi)

V

V

rekomendacia

nax.1nax.2

2 omi 2 omi 2 omi

2 omi

2 omi

2 omi

22

axla movifiqroT , rogor SevaerToT es sami gamtari, rom sruli winaRoba iyos 3 omi.

risi toli iqneba sruli winaRoba, Tu gamtarebs ase SevaerTebT:

1/R/

= 1/2+1/2=1omi R = 3omi

dafaze moswavle xazavs sqemas. wyvilebi, romlebmac arasworad amoxsnes amocana, iniSnaven swor pasuxs.

IV.saSinao davaleba

moswavleebs davalebad eZlevaT savarjiSoebi II Tavis bolos.

.

Pproeqti warmoadgens konkretuli problemis gadaWrisken mimarTul samuSaos . sakiTxs moswavleebi

erTi-ori kviris ganmavlobaSi amuSaveben da Semdgom warudgenen klass an ufro farTo auditorias. Ppro-

eqti exmareba moswavles miRebuli codna gamoiyenos realur cxovrebaSi konkretuli problemis gada-

saWrelad. K

klasi iyofa ramdenime jgufad. pProeqti saSualebas iZleva swavlebis procesSi CaerTos sxvadasxva Se-

saZleblobebis mqone moswavleebi da Sesabamisad gainawilon funqciebi. sasurvelia maswavlebelma gau-

wios koordinireba jgufebis organizebas, raTa romelime moswavle ar darCes ufunqciod.

winaswar gaacaniT moswavleebs proeqtis Seqmnis ZiriTadi safexurebi:

_ pirvel rigSi ganisazRvros problema, ris gadaWrasac Seecdeba jgufi. Pproblema: saxlis an skolis

eleqtruli qselis gamokvleva da Sesabamisi sqemis Sedgena.

P_ Camoyalibdes mizani: gamovikvlioT, ra gavlenas axdens eleqtruli xelsawyoebis ganviTareba ga-

remoze da sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes eletrodamzogi usafrTxo

xelsawyo.

_ daisaxos proeqtis ganxorcielebis konkretuli amocanebi da gzebi.

_ ganawildes funqciebi da kvlevis gegma.

proeqti I: eleqtruli qseli.

TiToeuli jgufi ikvlevs jgufis romelime wevris saxlis an skolis eleqtrul qsels da adgens Se-

sabamis sqemas.

Aamzadeben werilobiT angariSs. Ppasuxoben kiTxvebs:

- ras udris adgilobrivi qvesadguridan mowodebuli Zabva? (220v)

- mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebiT aris dakavSirebuli qselis Semadgeneli wredebi?

(qselis Semadgeneli wredebi erTmaneTTan paraleluradaa dakavSirebuli. TiToeul wredSi CamrTveli

CarTulia mimdevrobiT, naTurebi oTaxebSi - paralelurad, WaRebSic - paralelurad aris CarTuli,

erTi naTuris dawvam rom ar gamoiwvios sxva naTuris gamorTva)

- risgan amzadeben wredis sadenebs? (sadenebs spilenZisgan amzadeben)

- nebismieri Stefseli an naTura fazasa da nuls Sorisaa CarTuli. Aaxseni. ratom? (imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas

Zabava(potencialTa sxvaoba), rac aucilebelia eleqtruli velis da Sesabamisad denis warmoqmnisaTvis).

- ra safrTxes uqmnis adamians dazianebul fazis mavTulTan Sexeba? (qselis fazasa da miwas Soris sak-

maod maRali Zabvaa. Aadamians, romelic fazas exeba, SeiZleba miiRos momakvdinebeli eleqtruli dartyma)

II-20. II-21

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

proeqti - saxlis eleqtruli qseli. Eeleqtruli xelsawyoebi

1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. 2. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-

moCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan.

xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli eleqtruli xelsawyoebis moqmedebis prin-

cips.Mmoipovebs informacias sxvadasxva tipis eleqtruli xelsawyoebis Seqmnasa da gan-

viTarebaze, ikvlevs maT gavlenas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da garemoze, warmoadgens

proeqtis saxiT.

dakvirvebis, aRweris, informaciis moZiebis, klasifikaciis, monacemTa analizis, komunika-

ciis da prezentaciis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba.

2 omi

2 omi

2 omi

23

- eleqtrousafrTxoebis dacva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samzareuloSi da abazanaSi. ratom?

(abazanaSi da samzareuloSi maRali tenianobaa, romelic aumjobesebs eleqtrogamtarobas .

- savaldebuloa Tu ara xelsawyos damiweba, romelsac ar gaaCnia liTonis garegani nawilebi? (Tu xel-

sawyos liTonis garegani nawilebi ar gaaCnia, misi damiweba savaldebulo ar aris)

- ra safrTxes qmnis uTos an sarecxi manqanis fazis mavTulis gaSiSvleba da misi liTonis korpusTan

Sexeba? ratom aris auci le beli, aseT xelsawyos hqondes damiwebis mavTuli? Aaxseni. (uTos an sarecx man-

qanas liTonis korpusi aqvs. vTqvaT uTo an sarecxi manqana dazianda , fazis mavTuli gaSiSvlda da li-

Tonis korpuss Seexo, am dros nebismierma adamianma, romelic Seexeba xelsawyos korpuss SeiZleba

eleqtrodartyma miiRos, Tu xelsawyo damiwebuli ar aris. dDamiwebis mavTulis daniSnulebaa deni mi-

waSi gaataros. vinaidan xelsawyos korpusis winaRoba mcirea, es deni didi iqneba da fazis mavTulTan

SeerTebul damcvels gaadnobs. amiTaa mniSvnelovani fazisa da nulis swori SeerTeba)

- aucilebelia Tu ara damcvelis fazis mavTulTan SeerTeba? (aucilebelia)

- imuSavebs Tu ara xelsawyo Tu moxda fazisa da nulis araswori SeerTeba? (imuSavebs, magram es

safrTxes uqmnis momxmarebels. nulis mavTulTan SeerTebuli damcveli wreds ver marTavs)

proeqti II: Eeleqtruli xelsawyoebi

TiToeuli jgufi irCevs erT-erT eleqtroxelsawyos. Mmoipovebs infomacias. Aam xelsawyos Seqmnisa

da ganviTarebis, misi moqmedebis principis Sesaxeb. iyenebs wignSi miTiTebul internet-gverdis misa-

marTs. Aatarebs gamokvlevas.

maduRara

- maduRaras gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia, upiratesoba spilenZs eniWeba, radgan spilenZis kuTri wina-

Roba mcirea.

- spilenZis sigrZis Semcireba ganapirobebs maduRaras winaRobis Semcirebas.

- wylis gaTbobisas gadacemuli energiaa Q = cm(t2-t1), wylis kuTri siTbotevadoba - 4,2j/kg.grad.

Tu 100g wyals gaaTbob 100C-dan 200C-mde, misTvis gadacemuli energiaa 4200j.

spiralSi gamavali denis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: A=IUt.ampermetris saSualebiT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT denis Zalis sidide, voltmetris saSualebiT-Zabvis

sidide da Sesabamisi drois Sualedis sidideze gamravlebiT gamovTvaloT muSaoba.

maduRaras simZlavrea: P=IU- Tu maduRaras simZlavrea 60vt, maSin igi 1wm-Si 60j energias gardaqmnis.

- dro, romelic erTi tolCa wylis aduRebas sWirdeba gamoiTvleba formuliT: t=P/cm(t2-t1)

eleqtroCaidani

a) radgan TiToeuli Caidnis moculobaa 1700sm3 da orives 2,4 kvt-iani spirali aqvs, qselSi CarTvisas

TiToeul CaidanSi gaivlis I=P/U sididis deni.

b) maRal CaidanSi spirali ufro moklea. eEs niSnavs, rom am spiralis ganivkveTi anu sisqe ufro metia.

g) ra energiaa saWiro TiToeul CaidanSi wylis asaduReblad? (Q = cm(t2-t1) = 4,2 . 100(100-20)=33600j)

d)rogor gansazRvrav , ra dro dasWirdeba wylis aduRebas? (t=A/P=33600j/240vt=140wm)

sinamdvileSi drois es monakveTi ufro xangrZlivia, radgan el. Ddenis muSaoba ixarjeba ara mxolod

wylis gaTbobisTvis, aramed spiralis gaTbobaze_siTbo ikargeba.

v) Tu spirali wyliT dafaruli ar aris, Caidnis gamoyeneba saxifToa, radgan spirali gadaiwveba gaxu-

rebis Sedegad.

Ez) eleqtroenergiis dazogvis mizniT umjobesia SevarCioT ufro viwro da maRali Caidani

uTo

gaxurebisas bimetaluri firfita gaiRuneba. rac metad xurdeba uTo, metad iRuneba firfita da gar-

kveul momentSi TiSavs kontaqts. wredi wydeba da uTo TandaTan civdeba. temperaturis SemcirebasTan

erTad, firfita TandaTan swordeba da rogorc ki temperatura garkveul zRvars miaRwevs, wredi kvlav

ikvreba-uTo iwyebs gaTbobas.

Termoregulatoris saSualebiT uTo TviTon CairTveba eleqtroqselSi da TviTonve gamoirTveba.

Termoregulatoris sabrunav saxelurze skalis N Aan qsovilis saxelwodebis miTiTebiT SevZlebT gansa-

zRvrul temperaturaze uTos qselSi CarTva-amorTvas.

24

Tmis saSrobi

I,II, daIII CamrTvelis CarTvis SemTxvevaSi CairTveba orive spirali.

IIda III CamrTvelis CarTvis SemTxvevaSi CairTveba mxolod erTi spirali.

mqk η = Asasargeblo/A sruli. 100% = (800-40)/800 . 100%= 95%

10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi Tmis saSrobis mier moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis Rirebuleba tolia:

0,8kvt . 10/60 sT . 13 TeTri =1.73 TeTris

Bbalaxis sakreWi

momxmarebli, upiratesobas b) manqanas mianiWebs, miuxedavad siZvirisa. radgan simZlavre aqvs 2-jer

meti dakvalis siganec metia.

naTura

a) volframis dnobis temperatura 33800C-ia. NnaTuris eleqtrul qselSi CarTvisas volframis spi-

rali TiTqmis 30000C-mde xurdeba da kaSkaSebs. sxva liTonebs aseTi maRali dnobis temperatura ar

gaaCnia.( volframis Semdeg yvelaze maRali dnobis temperatura aqvs oqros19630C-mde).

b) Mminis balonidan haeri amotumbulia da volframis aorTqlebis Tavidan asacileblad avsebulia

inertuli airiT-kriptoniT an argoniT, zogjer-azotiT.

Gg) naTuris Zafs spiraluri forma aqvs, raTa gazardon Zafis winaRoba da eleqtruli energia gara-

daiqmnas sinaTlis energiad.

d) sinaTlis enegiad naTuraSi el. Eenergiis mxolod 10% gardaiqmneba. danarCeni siTbur energiad gar-

daiqmneba.

Pproblemis mizezi da gadaWris gzebi:

a) SesaZlebelia samzareuloSi naTura gadaiwva

b) Tu sinaTle mTel binaSi gamoirTo, sadarbazoSi da mezobelTan ki deni aris, maSin SesaZloa mcvelma

avtomaturad amorTo qselidan Tqveni binis eleqtroqseli. Uunda dadgindes mizezi, ram gamoiwvia es.

Tu ramdenime xelsawyos erTdroulad CarTvaa mizezi, maSin yvela xelsawyos gamorTvis Semdeg, qse-

lis CarTva SesaZlebelia naklebi datvirTviT. Tu mokle CarTvaa mizezi, maSin aucileblia eleqtro-

meqanikosis gamoZaxeba.

g) Tu sinaTle mTel mravalsarTulian saxlSi gamoirTo, maSin amis Sesaxeb unda acnoboT servi-

scentrs, raTa mizezi aRmoifxvras.

igives akeTebT d) SemTxvevaSi

Aa) simZlavre gviCvenebs naTuris mier 1wm-Si moxmarebul eleqtrul energias. marTalia naTurebis

ricxvi 2-jer Seamcires, magram radgan 200vt naTura 100vt naTuraze 2-jer met eleqtrul energias

moixmars 1wm-Si, am SecvliT eleqtroenergia ar daizogeba.

Mmeti simZlavris xelsawyo met dens moixmars. Aam cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios skolaSi arsebuli

gayvanilobis gadaxureba.

g) wredSi unda CairTos damcvelebi, romelic gaTvlilia 200vt-ian naTuraze.

eleqtrodamzogi naTuris fasi 4-5laria.”Cveulebrivi” 100vt-iani naTuris fasi ki 50 TeTri.

dReSi saSualod 10sT-is moxmarebis pirobebSi 100vt-iani naTura daxarjavs:

100j36000wm=3600000j=1kvt.sT. weliwadSi daxarjavs 365kvt.sT eleqtroenergias.

Tu CavTvliT, rom 1kvt.sT=17 TeTrs, miviRebT, rom weliwadSi 365 .17=2555 T=25 l55T.

radgan eleqtrodazogi naTura varvaris naTurasTan SedarebiT wamSi 5-jer nakleb eleqtroenergias

xarjavs, amitom weliwadSi 5-jer naklebi anu 5lari da11TeTri daixarjeba.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom eleqtrodamzogi naTuris saSualo muSaobis xangrZlivoba 10-jer metia,

vidre Cveulebrivi(daaxloebiT1,5-2 Tve), gamodis rom eleqtrodamzogi naTura weliwadSi Tavisi mu-

Saobis xangrZlivobiT inazRaurebs Tavis fass, xolo eleqtroenergiis xarjvis mixedviT ki daaxloebiT

20 lars zogavs weliwadSi.

25

Aanalizi

Eeleqtroenergiis araekonomiuri xarjva gamoiwvevs:

_ bunebrivi resursebis(navTobis, bunebrivi airis, qvanaxSiris) maragis Semcirebas, temperaturis zrdas.

_ garemos dabinZurebas, ekologiur problemebs.

_ eleqtroenergiis safasuris zrdas.

Aamitom saWiroa elqetroenergiis dazogva

Eeleqtrodamzogi xelsawyo unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobebs: unda iyos usafrTxo, iafi da

zogavdes eleqtroenergias.

Bbolos daskvnis saxiT SegiZliaT esaubroT moswavleebs: eleqtruli denis aRmoCena da masTan dakav-

Sirebuli sxva aRmoCenebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT XIXsaukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyiss. Aam

dros mTel evropas gadauara mTeli rigi gamogonebebis talRam, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo eleqtro-

basTan. warmoiqmna erTgvari jaWvuri reaqcia. teqnikuri progresi daiwyo voltas mier 1800wels el. Dde-

nis qimiuri wyaros -galvanuri elementis SeqmniT. Ggalvanurma elementma gza gauxsna axal aRmoCenebs

mTeli momdevno aTwleulebis manZilze. SesaZlebeli gaxada eleqtruli denis sistemuri Seswavla da

misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba. eleqtrobam Zireulad Secvala adamianTa ganaTleba, iwyeba eleqtrobis ga-

moyeneba TiTqmis yvela sferoSi.

gamoCnda eleqtroganaTeba, deniT momuSave manqana- danadgarebi, eleqtroZravebi, eleqtrogamaT-

boblebi da mravali mowyobiloba , romliTac vsargeblobT.

ara marto eleqtroba axdenda gavlenas progresze, aramed TviTon progresic iwvevda eleqtro-

teqnikis ganviTarebas.

XX saukuneSi eleqtroteqnika gamoeyo fizikas, rogorc damoukidebeli dargi. Aam dargis Camoyali-

bebaSi didi muSaoba gaswia mecnierebma; danieli_h.erstedi; frangi-a.amperi; germaneli-omi da herci;

ingliseli-m.faradei da d. Maqsveli, amerikeli-d.henri da q.edisoni. am saxelebs Cven xSirad vxvdebiT fi-

zikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, zogierTi maTganis saxelebi hqvia eleqtruli sidideebis erTeulebs.

aRtacebas iwvevs is adamianebi, romlebmac SeimuSaves eleqtrobis medicinaSi gamoyenebis meTodebi

da sakuTar Tavzec ki atarebdnen cdebs. Ebevrma gamomgonebelma mecnierebas Seswira piradi bedniereba

da interesebi, bevrma cdebisa da eqsperimentebis xarjebs Tavis qoneba. aRmoCnda, rom razec ase gatace-

biT muSaobdnen ukve aRmouCenia sxvas sxvagan. Mmecniereba da teqnologiebi viTardeba-eleqtroba aris

is ris gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda progresi yvela sferoSi.

Pprezentacia saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT TiToeuli jgufis codna.

kriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10

saintereso Sesa-

valiuinteresoa trafaretuli

aris mcdeloba

auditoriis

dainteresebis

sainteresod aris mo-

wodebuli

Temis gasagebad

warmodgenabundovania

nawilobriv gasagebia,

ganmartebas moiTxovs

logikurad aris age-

buli, SeiniSneba

xarvezebi

logikurad aris age-

buli, warmodgenili

sakiTxebi gasagebia

saubarigaugebrad

saubrobs

imeorebs erTsa da

imaves

gamarTuli da gasa-

gebia

gamarTuli da

gasagebia, saubrobs

darwmunebiT

daskvnebiar aris gake-

Tebulidaskvnebi ulogikoa

logikuria da kar-

gad aris Camoyalibe-

buli

logikuria,kargad Ca-

moyalibebuli da

originaluria

auditoriasTan

kontaqti

ver amyarebs

kontaqts

periodulad cdi-

lobs kontaqtsamyarebs kontaqts

kargad flobs k

omunikaciis unars

TvalsaCinoebis

gamoyenebaar iyenebs iyenebs mwirad iyenebs diagramebs

iyenebs cxrilebs,

grafikebs

pasuxebi audito-

riis SekiTxvebze

uWirs pasuxis

gacema

pasuxebi ar aris ga-

marTuli

TiTqmis yvela

kiTxvas pasuxobs

yvela kiTxvas

pasuxobs

26

Kklasis arCeviT Sedgeba Jiuri, romelic Seafasebs jgufebis monawileobas konkursSi.

Mmaswavlebeli danarCeni moswavleebis organizebas axdens jgufebd da konkursi iwyeba. konkurSi

Sedgeba ramdenime etapisgan.

I. sityva gasaRebis moZebna

jgufebi pasuxoben kiTxvebs, raTa ipovon sityvagasaRebi. Ees sityva daexmarebaT maT bolo etapze mi-

niSnebisTvis.

I sityva:

1) nivTierebebi, romlebsac Sualeduri adgili uWiravs gamtarebsa da dieleqtrikebs Soris (naxevar-

gamtari) dafaze werT - - - - v - - - - - - - - -

2) eleqtruli wredis aRniSvnebi(sqema) - - - - a

3) denis Zalis gasazomi xelsawyo(ampermetri) - - - - - - - t - -

4) muxtis erTeuli(kulini) - - - - - i

II sityva:

1) nivTiereba, romelic dens ar atarebs (dieleqtriki) dafaze werT -eleq - - - -

2) birTvis Semadgeneli nawilaki(neitroni) - - - troni

II. viqtorina

1) avtomobilSi naTuras akumulatorTan mxolod 1 sadeni aerTebs. ratom? ( meore sadenis rols as-

rulebs avtomobilis korpusi)

2) ra aris elvis warmoqmnis mizezi? (orTqli,zrdis haeris eleqtrogamtarobas)

3) ratom aris saSiSi elvis dros Sejgufeba? (erTad mdgomi adamianebis statikuri muxti didia)

4) ratom aris saSiSi naTuras minasTan Sexebac didi sinotivis dros? ( roca haeri notioa,nestiT da-

farulia minis baloni da man SeiZleba deni gaataros)

5) vis ekuTvnis sityvebi”axla me vici, rogor gamoiyureba atomi” (rezerfords, es sityvebi man war-

moTqva 1911wels)

III. saintereso faqtebi

winaswar jgufebs micemuli hqondaT davaleba, moeZebnaT saintereso faqtebi eleqtrobis Sesaxeb.

(mag, lomonosovis cdebi atmosferul eleqtrodebze an galvanis cdebi, romliTac man aRmoaCina”cocx-

ali eleqtroba”). jgufebi warmoadgenen, Jiuri afasebs.

IV estafeta

TiTo moswavle jgufidan asrulebs TiTo davalebas. amiT igi uadvilebs MON Uan urTulebs davalebas

jgufis wevrebs.

indikatori

mizani

Semajamebeli gakveTili

agebs el. wreds gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdvrobiTi SeerTebisaTvis, ikvlevs kav-

Sirs el. wredis maxasiTebel parametrebs Soris; iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisaT-

vis sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad;

gavlili masalis gameoreba moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi unaris ganviTareba. Tvisobrivi amo-

canebis amoxsnis unaris ganviTareba. jgufuri muSaobis unaris ganviTareba.



I. sityva gasaRebis moZebna jgufuri 7 _ dakvirveba

II. “viqtorina” jgufuri 10 dakvirveba

III. saintereso faqtebi jgufuri 15 dakvirveba

IV. Eestafeta jgufuri 8 dakvirveba

V. Sejameba jgufuri 5 dakvirveba


Sedegi1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. 2. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-


27

SeiZleba gamoiYenoT miniSneba - (3) formulaSi Sedis sidide, romelic ukavSirdeba sityva - gasaRebs

“vati”. es sididea simZlavre.

1. Q = I 2 . R . 1.

2. = I . U .

3. = . t 2.

4. = U 2 /

5. = ρ .l/S 3.

Jiuri afasebs gundebs da acxadebs Sedegebs.

I. Sesavali

kiTxvebis saSualebiT SeajameT wina gakveTilebze gavlili masala. Mmonawileobs mTeli klasi.

kiTxvebi:

-rogor aris damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba temperaturaze? (temperaturis gazrdiT gamtaris wi-

naRoba izrdeba)

- rogor icvleba naxevargamtaris winaRoba temperaturis gazrdiT? (naxevargamtaris winaRoba tem-

peraturis gazrdiT mcirdeba)

-SeecadeT, axsnaT, ra ganapirobebs amas? (dabal temperaturaze naxevargamtaris kristalSi yvela sa-

valento eleqtroni myarad aris dakavSirebuli atomTan da masSi ar aris Tavisufali eleqtronebi. Aam

pirobebSi naxevargamtari dens ar atarebs. temperaturis zrdiT Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis

koncentracia matulobs, winaRoba mcirdeba da n/g atarebs dens)

M-maswavleblis SerCeviT erT-erTi moswavle agebs naxevargamtars winaRobis

temperaturaze damokiebulebis grafiks (nax90)

- rogor fiqrobT, naxevargamtaris winaRobis temperaturuli koeficienti da-

debiTia Tu uaryofiTi? ( uaryofiTi)

- ras warmoadgens e.w. Termistorebi? (Mxelsawyoebs, romlebic emyarebian n/g

winaRobis mkveTr damokidebulebas temperaturaze, Termistorebi ewodeba)

- ras warmoadgens e.w. fotorzistorebi? (naxevargamtarebs, romelTa winaRobac

sinaTlis moqmedebis Sedegad icvleba, fotorezistorebi ewodeba)

- moifiqreT da aRwereT, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba hqondes Termistorebs. (inJin-

rebi Termistorebs dgamen manqanebSi, raTa droulad miiRon cnoba detalebis

gadaxurebis Sesaxeb. Nnaxevargamtaruli xelsawyo bolomtriT SesaZlebelia ram-

denime kolometris manZiliT dacilebuli adgilidan anTebuli Tambaqos siTburi gamosxiveba da ada-

mianis kanis mier gamosxivebuli siTburi sxivebis SegrZneba)

II-28

indikatori

mizani

referati: naxevargamtarebi teqnologiebSi


teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi, akeTebs prezentacias.

aRweris, dakvirvebis, analizis, kvlevis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. Lliteraturis moZieba

Temis garSemo_referatis momzadeba.



I. Sesavali mTeli klasi 15 _ dakvirveba

II. referati mTeli klasi 30 dakvirveba


nax. 90

t

1

2

?

? ?

? ?

?

?

?

V

A

V

?

?

?

A

V

4 omi A

2a

3 omi

3 v

5 v

Sedegi1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. 2. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-


R

28

- ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba hqondes fotorezistoebs.(Tu qarxnis konveiriT moZravi detalebis Crdili da-

ecma fotowinaRobas , SesaZlebeli gaxdeba gamoSvebuli detalebis raodenobis aRricxva. fotowinaRo-

bas SeuZlia Seafasos detalis zedapiris damuSavebis da nawarmis SeRebvis xarisxi, mas xSirad iyeneben

usafrTxoebis teqnikis xelsawyo-iaraRebSi. sakmarisia muSas SemTxveviT mouxvdes xeli manqanis sax-

ifaTo nawilSi, rom Crdili daecema fotowinaRobas da wydeba masSi gamavali deni, rac iwvevs manqanis

avtomatur gaCerebas)

-kompaqturoba, maRali saimedooba, vargisianobis xangrZlivoba naxevargamtaruli xelsawyoebis gamo-

yenebis safuZvelia.

II. referati

moswavleebs evalebodaT moamzadebinaT referati.

referatis Tema: naxevargamtaris aRmoCenis mniSvneloba da roli teqnologiuri procesebis ganvi-

TarebaSi.

referatis momzadebis da gaformebis wesi: refarati aris mokle, werilobiTi an sajaro moxsenebis

formatSi Camoyalibebuli samecniero an Tematuri naSromi. rogor unda daiweros referati?

- referatze muSaobis procesi Temis gansazRvriT iwyeba.

- moviZiebT literaturas Temis garSemo( viyenebT internetsac) ( moswavleebma unda icodnen, rom ar

SeiZleba pirvelwyarodan kopireba, Tuki miTiTebuli ar aris avtori an wyaro)

- moviZiebT an vamzadebT Sesabamis ilustraciebs, romelSic kargad warmoCindeba Temis ZiriTadi

ideebi.

- vwerT samuSaos Sav variants da vakiTxebT maswavlebels.

- vbeWdavT an vaTeTrebT Sesworebul variants da vamzadebT(5-7) wuTian moxsenebas, daurTavT ilus-

traciebs.

refaratis struqtura:

1) Sesavali _miuTiTebT refratis miznebs da amocanebs. vaZlevT literaturis mokle mimoxilvas.

2) ZiriTadi nawili_vxsniT Temas faqtebis, citatebis gamoyenebiT.

D3) daskvna_TemasTan dakavSirebiT vayalibebT zogad daskvnebs.

referatis gaformeba:

1) satitulo furceli_ skola, sagani, raferatis saTauri, Semsrulebeli da maswavleblis vinaoba.

2) Sinaarsi _ Sinaarsi gverdebis miTiTebiT.

3) samuSao teqsti _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da daskvna.

L4) literaturis sia _ wyaroebis sruli monacemebis miTiTebiT

gTavazobT referatis nimuSs:

Sesavali: naxevargamtarebs Sualeduri mdgomareoba uWiravs gamtarebsa da izolatorebs Soris. Dda-

bali temperaturis dros naxevargamtaris kristalSi misi yvela savalento eleqtroni myarad aqvs mi-

erTebuli. Nnaxevargamtaris gaTbobisas Tavisufali eleqtronebis ricxvi izrdeba, amitom izreba

eleqtrogamtarobac.

ZiriTadi nawili: naxevargamtarSi aris muxtis ori tipis gadamtani eleqtroni da xvreli. Aamitom

naxevargamtars axasiaTebs ara marto eleqtronuli, aramed xvreluri gamtarobac.

sakmarisia sufTa naxevargamtarSi SevitanoT sxva qimiuri elementebi mcire raodenobiT, rom gaCndeba

eleqtronebis an xvrelebis Warbi raodenoba.

naxavergamtarTa damzadeba ar aris advili, mTavari siZnele nivTierebis gasufTavebaa. magaliTad,

naxevargamtaruli kristaluri elementi germaniumi iseT gasufTavebas moiTxovs, romlis drosac mis

milion atomze sxva nivTierebebis erT atomze meti ar unda modiodes. gasufTaveba saWiroa imisTvis,

rom germaniumma SeZlos kovalenturi bmebis damyareba.

imisTvis, rom gavwmindoT naxevargamtari, SeiZleba jer gavadnoT igi, Semdeg ki nadnobis kristali-

zacia movaxdinoT. Mmravaljer gawmendil naxevargamtar nivTierebas umateben sxva, saWiro minarevebs.

aAse Rebuloben sxvadasxva Tvisebebis mqone naxevargamtarebs, romlebsac mrvalnairad iyeneben. sxva-

dasxva nivTierebis damateba gardaqmnis eleqtronul naxevargamtars xvrelurSi da piriqiT. aAmave xerxiT

SeiZleba mravaljer Seicvalos am nivTierebebis eleqtrogamtaroba da maTi Tvisebebis regulireba.

Termistorebi: Nnaxevargamtaris eleqtruli winaRoba sagrZnobladaa damokidebuli temperaturaze.

eEs Tviseba saSualebas iZleva temperatura gaizomos imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria denis Zala naxevargam-

taris Semcvel wredSi. aseT xelsawyoebs Termistori anu Termorezistori ewodeba.

Termistori erT-erTi yvelze martivi naxevargamtaruli xelsawyoa. Termistors amzadeben ramdenime

mikrometridan ramdenime santimetramde zomis Reros, milis, diskos, sayeluris an mZivis marcvlis saxiT.

29

Mminiaturuli naxevargamtaruli eleqtrometrebiT agronomebi zustad zomaven mcnareTa foTlebis

zedapiris temperaturas, eqimebi ki-avadmyofis kanis tempraturas.

zogierTi naxevargamtaruli Termometris mgrZnobiaroba imdenad didia, rom maT safuZvelze age-

ben gansakuTrebul xelsawyoebs-bolimetrebs. Kkargi bolimetri Ramis wyvdiadSi, da Tovlis stepSi ad-

vilad miagnebs gayinul adamians, Rrublian caSi radiolokatoris gareSe monaxavs uCinar

TviTmfrinavs.

fotorzistorebi: aris iseTi naxevargamtarebi, romlebic ”grZnoben” sinaTles. sinaTlis energia iw-

vevs maTSi muxtis gadamtanebis-eleqtronebis da xvrelebis siWarbes. Nnaxevargamtaris am Tvisebas iyene-

ben naxevargamtarul xelsawyoebSi_fotorezistorebSi.

Ffotorezistors SeuZlia Seafasos detalebis gaprialebisa da nawarmis SeRebvis xarisxi, mas xSirad

iyeneben usafrTxoebis teqnikis xelsawyo-iaraRebSi.

mnaTi naxevargamtarebi: zogierTi naxevargamtari eleqtruli zemoqmedebis Sedegad kaSkaSa naTebas

iwyeben. aAm movlenis axsna martivia: amgvar naxevargamtarebSi eleqtruli veli eleqtronebisa da xvre-

lebis SeerTebas iwvevs. Eeleqtronebi TiTqos”Cavardebian” xvrelebSi. Cavardnisas eleqtronebi aTavi-

sufleben energias, romelic sinaTlis saxiT gamoiyofa. Amis safuZvelze fizikosebi qmnian moxerxebul

gamanaTeblebs, brtyel satelevizio ekranebs da sxva.

zogierTi naxevargamtaruli masala anaTebs: eleqtronebis nakads, rentgenis da ultraiisferi sxi-

vebis zegavleniT. aAmgvari nivTierebani SesaniSnavi masalaa rentgenis milebis, satelevizio ekranebis

da dRis sinaTlis naTurebis dasafaravad. Lluminoforebi_mnaTi nivTierebani, romlebic dRes ase

farTod gamoiyeneba, igive naxevargamtarebia. Aarsebobs naxevargamtarebi, romlebic sinaTliT imuxte-

bian da am energias garadaqmnian eleqtrul energiad.

Nnaxevargamtarebis miniaturuloba: teqnologiur procesebSi Zalian did rols asrulebs naxevar-

gamtarebis miniaturuloba. Uukve iSviaTi aRar aris radiomimRebebi, romelTa moTavseba xelisgulzec

SesaZlebelia. Ppawawina naxevargamtarul radiosadgurebs aTavseben samedicino iaraRebSi. aseTia, maga-

liTad,”radiozondi” adamianis Sinagani organoebis gamosakvlevad-patara, cercvis marcvlisodena”abi”,

romelSic damalulia patara kristalebze agebuli radiomimRebi. Aadamiani gadaylapavs am ”abs” da igi

nawlavebSi moZraobisas mogvawodebs pirobiT signalebs, Sinagani organoebis mdgomareobis, maTi tempe-

raturis, wnevis Sesaxeb da sxva.

Termoeleqtrogeneratorebi: Nnaxevargamtaruli Termoeleq -

trogeneratorebi aris xelsawyoebi, romlebSic siTbo uSualod gar-

daiqmneba eleqtroenergiad. Tanamedrove Tbo eleq tro sad gurebTan

SedarebiT maT Zalian bevri upiratesoba gaCnia _ ar ixarjeba bu-

nebrivi wiaRiseuli, ar binZurdeba garemo.

n/g Termoeleqtrogeneratoris ZiiTadad Semadgenel nawils war-

moadgens e.w. Termowyvili. TermowyvilSi ori tipis Rero-eleqtro-

nuli da xvreluri mirCilulia liTonis firfitiT..

mirCilvis adgili Tbeba, gaTbobis Sedegad eleqtronul ReroebSi

Tavisufldeba eleqtronebi, xolo xvrelur ReroebSi-xvrelebi.

Reros gamTbari Reroebidan eleqtronebi da xvrelebi gadadian civ boloebSi. aAmis Sedegad xvreluri

Reros civ boloSi aRiZvreba dadebiTi muxti, xolo eleqtronuli Reros civ boloSi-uaryofiTi. Tu yvela

wyvilis civ boloebs mavTuliT SevaerTebT, masSi gaivlis deni, romelic siTbos daxmarebiT aRiZvra.

Mmzis batareebi: Mmzis batareebis Seiqmna teqnikis istoriaSi axali etapis dasawyisia. Aaqamde mxolod

mcenareebs SeeZloT mzis sxivis energiis dagroveba da gamoyeneba. dRes es naxevargamtaruli mzis bata-

reebis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia.

Mmzis batareebi gamoiyeneben dedamiwis xelovnur Tanamgzavrebze, raketebze, planetaTaSoriso avtoma-

tur sadgurze. Mmzis batareebis gamoyeneba kosmosuri xomaldebis wonas ramdenime aTeuli toniT amcirebs.

Mmzis batareebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mTebSi, kunZulebze da sxva araeleqtroficirebul adgi-

lebSi, sadac eleqtrosadgurebs aSeneba xelsayreli ar aris.

Ddaskvna: Nnaxevargamtarebis maRali saimedoba, miniaturuloba, vargisianobis xangrZlivoba naxevar-

gamtaruli xelsawyoebis gamoyenebis safuZvelia.

Termistorebi, fotorezistorebi, luminoforebi, Termowyvili, mzis batarebi-es aris arasruli

CamonaTvali naxevargamtarebis gamoyenebisa Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

sabavSvo enciklopedia_gamomcemloba”nakaduli”

WWW. Wikipedia.org

mA

xvreluri naxevargamtari

eleqtronuli naxevargamtari

30

Поляков А. М. Разгаданный полупроводник.

Верещагин А. Электролюминесценция.

referatis Sefasebis nimuSi:

I. Sesavali

Mmaswavlebeli TiToeul moswavles urigebs danarTs - furcels, romelSic Semajamebeli samuSaos da-

valebebia mocemuli. aAcnobs drois limits - 40wT, romlis amowurvisTanave moswavleebma namuSevari mas-

wavlebels unda Caabaron.

gTavazobT Semajamebeli samuSaos nimuSs Temaze:”eleqtruli deni”. EnimuSi mxolod sarekomendacio

xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT davalebebi Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr SeadginoT.

1) ra droa saWiro gamtaris ganivkveTSi 10 k muxtis gadasatanad 20v potencialTa sxvaobis da 5a

denis dros? ra muSaoba Sesruldeba am dros?

2) I wredSi ampermetri 0,1a-s aCvenebs.

a) wamSi ramdeni kuloni muxti gadis naTuraSi I wredSi?

b) ras udris naTuris winaRoba I wredSi?

g) ras aCvenebs ampermetri II wredSi, Tu yvela CamrTvels CavrTavT?

d) ras udris Zabva TiToeuli naTuris momWerebze II wredSi, Tu yvela Cam-

rTveli CarTulia? ras udris TiToeuli naTuris simZlavre?

e) ra raodenobis eleqtruli energia gardaiqmneba sinaTlisa da siTbur

energiad yovel wamSi II wredis yvela naTuraSi erTad?

v) ra msgavsebaa II wredsa da saxlis ganaTebis wreds Soris?

3) foladis gamtarSi 2 wuTSi 120k muxtma gaiara, am dros Sesrulda 480j mu-

Saoba. gansazRvreT gamtaris sigrZe, Tu misi ganikveTis farTobia 3mm2

kriteriumi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10

informaciis

moZiebis wyaroebi

iyenebs mxolod

sakuTar infor-

macias

iyenebs mxolod sax-

elmZRvaneloSi mo-

cemul informacias

iyenebs mxolod

ramdenime infor-

maciis wyaros

iyenebs mraval fe -

rovan sainforma-

cio saSualebebs

moZiebuli infro-

maciis

Sesabamisoba

masala ar aris

sakiTxis

Sesabamisi

masala nawilobriv

Seesabameba sakiTxs

masala ZiriTadad

Seesabameba sa kiTxs

masala srulad

Seesabameba sakiTxs

mopovebuli in-

formaciis orga-

nizeba

masala ar aris

sworad orga-

nizebuli

masala nawilobriv

organizebulia

masala organize-

bulia, magram rTu-

lad aRsaqmeli

masala kargad da

mosaxerxebladaa

organizebuli

moZiebuli infor-

maciis analizi

ver iyenebs moZi -

ebul masalas

miznobrivad

nawilobriv mizno-

brivad iyenebs

moZiebul masalas

ZiriTadad mizno-

brivad iyenebs

moZiebul masalas

miznobrivad

iyenebs moZiebul

masalas

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Semajamebeli wera # 2

1.moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.

ikvlevs raodenobiv kavSirs eleqtruli wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris.

miRbuli codnis konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebis, Sejamebis, daskvnis gamotanis,

drois limitis dacvis unar_Cvevebis ganviTareba



I. Sesavali mTeli klasi 5

II. weriTi davaleba individualuri 40

danarTi, romelSic Semajamebli

samuSaos davalebebia moce-

muli(1 cali -TiTo moswavleze)

Ddakvirveba,

Canawerebis Se-

mowmeb


A

6v+ _

R

A

R R R R

I wredi

II wredi

4) ramdenjer gansxvavdeba jamuri winaRoba 60 omis toli sami winaRobis paralelurad, Semdeg ki mim-

devrobiT SeerTebisas?

pasuxebi:

1) moc: q =10k; U = 20v; I =5a t = q/I = 10k/5a=2wm

t = ?, A = ? A = IUt =200j

(2 qula)

2) a) 0, 1k muxti

b) R =6v/0,1Aa=60 omi

g) 1/ R =4/60=1/15; R = 150omi; I =6v/15v=0,4a

Dd) U =6v; �=IU=2,4vt

e) 4X2,4=9,6vt e.i. yovel wamSi yvela naTuraSi erTad 9,6 j energia gardaiqmneba

v) saxlis ganaTebis wredSic paraleluri CarTvaa (3qula)

3) moc: t = 2wT=120 wm; q = 120k; A =480j; A = I2Rt I = q/t = 1a; R = A/ I2t = 4 omi;

S =3mm2; ρ =0,12omi.mm2/m R = ρ .l/S; l =RS/ρ =100m

l = ? (3qula)

4) paraleluri SeerTebis dros R1 = 60omi/3=20om

mimdevrobiTi SeerTebis dros R2=60omi+60omi+60omi=180omi

R1/R2=180:20=9

mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas 9-jer metia winaRoba. (2qula)

Sefasebisas SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT 0,5; 1;1,5; 2,5 qulac;

magaliTad (4) amocanaSi erT-erTi SemTxvevis ganxilva Sefasdes 1quliT.

I. saSinao davalebis wardgena

Mmoswavleebi waradgenen saSinao davalebas-praqtikul samuSaos, romlis mizanic iyo magnituri re-

laqsaciis Seswavla. mMoswavle gamodis dafasTan da akravs Tabaxis furcels, romelzec mocemulia Se-

degebi Canawerebis, grafikebis, cxrilis saxiT.

savaraudo pasuxi SeiZleba aseTi iyos: imisTvis, rom isris Cveneba “Crdilo- dasavleTi” SenarCune-

buliyo , drois gasvlasTan erTad saWiro aRmoCnda samagri migveaxloebina, N wertilisken. cda Cava-

tareT eqvsi sxvadasxva samagrisTvis. cxrilSi mocemulia Sedegebi

III-5

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba

1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.2. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul

aRmoCenebs fizikaSi

agebs martivi xelsawyos models el. Mmagnitis gamoyenebiT da akeTebs demonstrirebas.

xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis princips.


Cvevis ganviTareba. Eeleqtromagnitis gamoyenebis Seswavla.



I. saSinao davalebis

wardgenajgufebi an in-

dividualuri20

denis wyaro 1,5v, 1m sigrZis wvri li

izolirebuli mavTuli, webovani,

rki nis samagrebi, makrateli, kompasi.

Canawerebis

Semowmeba

II. sqemebis analizi mTeli klasi 24 Tabaxis furclebi, kalmistrebidakvirveba, Cana-

werebis Semowmeba

III. saSinao davalebaindividua-

luri1

Canawerebis Se-

mowmeba


31

32

avageT manZili droze damokidebulebis grafiki a) sami samagrisTvis. b) saSualo SedegiT

rac ufro meti dro gadis damagnitebidan, miT ufro axlos unda mivitanoT samagri kompasTan, rom

SevinarCunoT kompasis Cveneba ” Crdilo_dasavleTi”.

Mmaswavlebeli klasTan erTad ganixilavs Sesabamis Sedegebs, keTdeba daskvna: miRebuli grafiki gviCve-

nebs,rom magnituri veli garkveuli drois Semdeg sustdeba. Aam movlenas ewodeba magnituri relaqsacia.

II. sqemis analizi

samuSaos asruleben wyvilebi. Mmaswavlebeli miuTiTebs moswavleebs gadaSalon saxelmZRvanelebi da

ganixilon sakiTxi _ eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli teqstis analizis Se-

degad pasuxi unda gascen gakveTilSi mocemul 1 da me-2 savarjiSoebs.

savarjiSo1: a) Tu A CamrTveli amorTuli, e.i. marTvis wredSi deni ar gadis, am dros kontaqtic ga-

morTulia; b)reles gamoyeneba xelsayrelia wredSi susti deniT Zlieri denis CasarTavad

savarjiSo 2: moswavleebi xazaven starteris sqemas.

wyvilebs gansaxilvelad da analizisTvis aseve eZlevaT Senobis signalizaciis sqema. ( III Tavis bolos ############

savarjiSo 12 da savarjiSo14, savarjiSo16) wyvilebs davalebis Sesasruleblad eZlevaT dro 15wT.

mimarTeT kiTxvebiT:

- aRwere nabij-nabij rogor muSaobs dacvis sistema. ( karis an farjris SexebisTanave ikvreba wredi,

eleqtromagniti izidavs Ruzas da Sesrulebis wredis Sekvris Sedegad irTveba zari)

- aRwere ra xdeba, roca dacvis muSaki CarTavs wreds. (eleqtromagniti miizidavs Ruzas da kari gaiReba)

- axseni, rogor SeiZleba msgavsi sqemis gamoyeneba xelsawyo-ampermetrSi. D(galvanometri warmoadgens

xelsawyos, romlis saSualbiTac SesaZlebelia eleqtruli denis gazomva. galvanometris muSaoba

efuZneba deniani koWis magnituri velisa da mudmivi magnitis urTierTqmedebisas. rodesac wredi ik-

vreba, galvanometris mavTulis koWaSi gaivlis deni, romelic qmnis magnitur vels. es magnituri veli

moqmedebs mudmiv magnitze, romelzec damagrebuli unda iyos isari da isari iwyebs moZraobas. Ggada-

xris sidide ganisazRvreba skalis saSualebiT. rac metia deni koWaSi, miT metad gadaixreba isari. gal-

vanometrs saxeli ewodeba italieli mecnieris luiji galvanis pativsacemad)

Sejameba: wyvilebi warmoadgenen Sedegebs da adareben erTmaneTs. Mmaswavlbeeli svams kiTxvebs. keT-

deba daskvna: eleqtromagnitebi mravali eleqtroteqnikuri danadgaris safuZvelia, rogoicaa eleq-

trozari, rele, wredis avtomaturi gamTiSveli da sxva.

GSesaZlebelia galvanometris damzadeba klasSi, amisaTvis dagWirdebaT masala: mSrali elementi,

koWa, magniti, CamrTveli, spilenZis izolirebuli mavTuli (25sm sigrZis).

Mmoswavleebi awyoben wreds, xazaven sqemas da asaxeleben ras aRniSnavs sqemis TiToeuli elementi.mi-

marTeT kiTxvebiT:

_ ra mimarTulebiT gaivlis deni wredis CarTvisas?

_ romeli mimarTulebiT gadaixreba galvanometris isari?

a) b)

Ggasuli

dro, wT

manZilli N-dan( mm)

samagri

AAA

samagri

DAAB

samagri

AAC

samagri

AAD

samagri

AAE

samagri

AAF

saSualo

Sedegi

0 102 90 80 79 83 86 85

20 95 90 76 77 82 74 82

40 90 86 73 75 82 71 80

60 85 83 70 74 81 68 77

80 85 80 70 73 80 65 76

100 80 80 67 73 78 63 76

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

0 25 50 75 100 125

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

0 25 50 75 100 125

BE

C

dro, wT dro, wT

ma

nZ

il

li

N-d

an

( m

m)

ma

nZ

il

li

N-d

an

( m

m)

_ ra moxdeba CamrTvelis amorTvisas?

_ ra funqcia aqvs koWas, mudmiv magnits da isars galvanometrSi?

Ppasuxi: deniani koWa qmnis magnitur vels, romelic moqmedebs mudmiv magnitze da isari aRniSnavs

denis arsebobas da mimarTulebas wredSi.

damatebiTi informacia: eleqtromagnitis aRmoCena daemTxva periods, roca civilizebul qvey-

nebSi transporti revoluciur ganviTarebas ganicdida. sarkinigzo gzebis mSeneblobam informaciis

did manZilze swrafi gadacemis aucilebloba moiTxova. am faqtis aRmoCena, rom eleqtruli wredis

CarTviT da amorTviT SesaZlebelia magnituri mizidulobis Zalebis warmoqmna , daedo safuZvlad da-

nadgars , romlis saSualebiYTac informaciis gadacema xdeboda umcires droSi, wamebis ganmavlo baSi.

es mowyobiloba gaxldaT telegrafi. Ppirveli telegrafis mowyobiloba Sedgeboda batareis, sa-

signalo gasaRebis da kompasisagan, romelic telegrafis mavTulis zemoT da qvemoT ganlagdebda.

roca wredi ikvreboda, kompasis isari gadaixreboda. wredis ganrTvisas isari pirvandel mdgomareo-

bas ubrundeboda.

mogvianebiT 1848 w. aAmeriklma s. Mmorzem (1791-1872ww) Seqmna e.w. klopferi anu mimRebi (gansakuTre-

buli sistema grZeli da mokle signalebisvis). mMorzes klopferis muSaobis principi aseTia: roca

wredi Sekrulia, elqtruli denis moqmedebiT xdeba eleqtromagnitis gularis damagniteba.

Eeleqtromagniti izidavs Ruzas da warmoqmnis biZgs. roca wredi ganrTulia, eleqtromagnitis gu-

lari ganmagnitdeba da Ruza ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas-am dros ismis meore biZgis xma. Yyovel sad-

gurSi dayenebulia klopferi da sasignalo gasaRebi. Setyobineba ZiriTadad gadaecema wertilebis da

tireebis saxiT, rasac morzes anbans uwodben. imisTvis, rom telegrafis wredi Sedges saWiroa ori

mavTuli”Semomavali” da “gamavali”. EerT-erTi pirveli gaumjobeseba telegrafis ganviTarebis isto-

riaSi iyo is, rom meore mavTuls amiwebdnen-aerTebdnen ra liTonis firfitasTan, romelsac miwaSi

flavdnen ramdenime metris siRrmeze. Amis Sedegad telegrafi gaxda erTmavTuliani.

erT-erTi nakli pirveli telegrafisa iyo is, rom signali didi manZilis gavlis Sedegad mniSvne-

lovnad sustdeboda. aAmis Tavidan asacileblad gamoigones e.w. rele.

rele Zalian waagavs klopfers im gansxvavebiT, rom masSi masSi Ruza Zalian msubuqia, zambara ki —

susti. Sedegad reles eleqtruli wredis Sekvra an gamorTva SesaZlebelia klopferTan SedarebiT

bevrad ufro susti denis saSualebiTac. dResdReobiT rele mraval avtomatur danadgarSi gamoiye-

neba. magaliTad, avtomaturi saxanZro signalizacia, inkubatorebi, sadac xdeba temperaturis avto-

maturad regulireba da sxva.

33

wredi Sekrulia

wredi Sekrulia

xazi

rele

xazis kveba

batareadan

batareebi

sadgurebze

zambara zambara

wredi gaxsnilia

telegrafis xazi deni

mimRebi

kompasi

kompasis isrebi

gadaixrebian

wredi gaxsnilia

telegrafis gasaRebi

kravs da Tisavs wreds

N S

I

W

gasaRebi gasaRebi

batarea

xazzeklopferi

34

I. Sesavali

maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans. mMas Semdeg rac Seiwavles eleqtruli da magnituri ve-

lebi, moswavleebis winaSe dgeba amocana:

_ gamoikvlion, Tu ra saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSan_TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba eleqtruli da magni-

turi urTierTqmedeba.

_ werilobiT Camoayalibon Sesabamisi daskvnebi.

II. ”kuTxeebi”

am etapisTvis winaswar moamzadeT baraTebi da daurigeT moswavleebs.BbaraTebis Sinaarsi SesaZlebe-

lia iyos amgvari:

Eeleqtruli veli:

BbaraTi1- iqmneba damuxtuli sxeulis irgvliv

baraTi 2-mis arsebobas adasturebs masSi Setanili damuxtuli sxeuli

baraTi 3- ganusazRvrelia sivrceSi

baraTi 4-axasiaTeben Zalwirebi

baraTi 5-Zalwirebi gamodian dadebiTi muxtidan

baraTi 6-veli iq aris Zlieri, sadac Zalwirebis sixSire metia

magnituri veli

baraTi1- iqmneba damagnitebuli sxeulis irgvliv

baraTi 2-mis arsebobas adasturebs masSi Setanili damagnitebuli sxeuli

baraTi 3- ganusazRvrelia sivrceSi

baraTi 4-misi Zalwirebi Caketili wirebia

baraTi 5-Zalwirebi gamodian N polusidan

baraTi 6-veli iq aris ufro Zlieri, sadac Zalwirebis sixSire metia da a.S.

moswvleebs SeuZliaT imoZraon klasSi, erTmaneTs aCvenon baraTebi. msgavsi Sinaarsis baraTebis mqone

moswavleebi erTiandebian jgufebSi. TiToeuli jgufi am baraTebis gamoyenebiT akeTebs Tabaxis fur-

celze saprezentaciod Canawerebs.

Mmaswavlebeli akravs formats an Tabaxis furcels warweriT:” eleqtruli veli” da “magnituri veli”.

TiToeuli jgufi irCevs Sesabamis Tabaxis furcels da mis qveS akravs Tavis baraTebs. A

Sejameba: samuSaos dasulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli klasTan erTad ganixilavs TiToeul formatze

Tavmoyril miniSnebebs da Seaqvs Sesabamisi koretivebi.

III.” terminebis Serkineba”

dayaviT klasi jgufebad. Ddafaze imdeni sveti daxazeT, ramdeni jguficaa. Kklass sTxoveT, moemza-

dos terminebis ganmartebisTvis. daasaxeleT terminebi: velis Zalwirebi, eleqtruli velis daZabu-

Eeleqtruli da magnituri veli (Semajamebeli gakveTili)

Sedegi 1. moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.2. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul

aRmoCenebs fizikaSi

indikatoriagebs eleqtul wreds gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisTvis, ikvlevs raodenobiv kav-

Sirs eleqtruli wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Sois.

mizaniaRweris, Sedarebis, klasifikaciis, msjelobis, komunikaciis da urTierTTanamSromlobis

unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. eEleqtruli da magnituri velis Sesaxeb codnis sistemaSi moyvana




I. SesavalimTeli klasi 5

denis wyaro 1,5v, 1m sigrZis wvri li

izolirebuli mavTuli, webovani, rki-

nis samagrebi, makrateli, kompasi.

dakvirveba, Cana-

werebis Semowmeba

II. “kuTxeebi” mTeli klasi 20Tabaxis furclebi, kalmistrebi, ba-

raTebi”webovaniT”

dakvirveba, Cana-

werebis Semowmeba

III. terminebis

Serkineba”

individua-

luri12

dakvirveba, Cana-

werebis Semowmeba

IV. savarjiSoebi 8Tabaxis furclebi, kalmistrebi,

baraTebi”webovaniT”

dakvirveba, Cana-

werebis Semowmeba

loba, fardobiTi dieleqtrikuli Sewevadoba, erTgvarovani veli, potenciali, eleqtrotevadoba,

grigaluri veli, feromagnetiki, diamagnetiki, paramagnetiki, domenebi. romelime jgufis mier termi-

nis ganmartebisas (gamomsaxveli formulis, sididis erTeulis dasaxelebisas) cxrilis Sesabamis

svetSi CawereT”+”. Ggamarjvebulia is jgufi, romelsac yvelaze meti”+” aqvs.

Tu dro dagrCaT, SegiZliaT gakeTebinoT savarjiSoebi.

savarjiSo1. urigebT wyvilebs 12 baraTs; TiToeul baraTze aris gamonaTqvami, mag.

Tu wyvili fiqrobs rom es gamonaTqvami WeSmaritia, baraTs magidaze ise dadeben, rom warwera 2=WeS-

mariti daemTxves warmosaxviTi saaTis cifr 2_s; Tu fiqroben, rom gamonaTqvami mcdaria, maSin baraTis

warwera mcdari=6 unda daemTxves saaTis cifr 6-s.

Tu yvela wyvili sworad gaarTmevs Tavs davalebas, magidaze baraTebis kideebiT saaTis ciferblati

miiReba;

1) yvela magnits aqvs magnituri veli (3= WeS, mcd=2)

2) magniti izidavs spilenZs (1=WeS, mcd=9)

3) yvela magniti magnituri masalaa (3=WeS, mcd=4)

4) magnituri velis danaxva SesaZlebelia ( 6=WeS, mcd=5)

5) dedamiwa magnitia (10= WeS, mcd=4)

6) magnetizmis mospoba SesaZlebelia (6=WeS, mcd=5)

7) magnituri veli magnitis garSemo yvelgan erTnairi simZlavrisaa (7=WeS, mcd=11)

8) magnetizmi sxeulma SeiZleba SeiZinos (7=WeS, mcd=9)

9) Crd. polusi ganizidavs sxva Crd. poluss (8=WeS, mcd=12)

10) magnitis Seqmna SesaZlebelia eleqtrobiT (1=WeS, mcd=11)

11) magnitis Seqmna SesaZlebelia (8=WeS, mcd=10)

12) eleqtromagnitis CarTva da gamorTva advilia(2=WeS, mc=12)

savarjiSo 2. dafaze dawereT sityvebi da sTxoveT moswavleebs xaziT SeaerTon ori erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli sityva, xazis zemoT ki daawereT fraza, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sityvebs;mag

rkina magnituri masalaa

magnituri________________–––_____––––––––– rkina,

sxva sityvebi: ganzidva _ aramagnituri, velis Zalwirebi _ dedamiwa, CrdiloeTi _ polusi, mizidva

_ magniti, magnituri veli _ samxreTi, kompasi _ Zala

savarjiSo 3.

es kiTxvari dagexmarebaT gaarkvioT, romeli sakiTxi gaiges kargad, romeli gauWirdaT.

35

eleqtrolitSi eleqtruli

deni warmoadgens ionebis

mowesrigebul moZraobas

2=WeSmaritri mcdari=6

darwmunebuli var bolomde ar mesmis

1) vici, rom magnitebi izidaven magnitur masalas

2) vici, rom arsebobs 4 magnituri masala: rkina, foladi,

nikeli, kobalti

3) vici, romeli polusebi miizideba da romeli ganizideba

4) vici, rom kompasSi magnetizmi gamoyenebulia mimarTu -

lebis misaTiTeblad

5) vici, rom magnituri veli Zlieria magnitis boloebTan

6) vici, rom magnitis irgvliv arsebobs magnituri veli

7) vici, rom magnituri velis Zalwirebi CrdiloeTidan

samxreTisken miemarTeba

36

atomi eleqtrulad neitraluria, roca igi protonebis da eleqtronebis erTnair raodenobas Sei-

cavs. Nneitraluri atomi SeiZleba eleqtruli muxtis mqone nawilakad-ionebad iqces, Tu is erT an

ramodenime eleqtrons SeiZens an gascems.

a) radgan sxeulTa zedapiri arasodes aris idealurad gluvi, amitom mWidro kontaqti mxolod mcire

ubnebzea. sxeulebis erTmaneTze xaxunis dros zedapiris mWidro kontaqtis mqone ubnebis ricxvi izr-

deba da Sesabamisad im damuxtul nawilakTa ricxvic, romelic erTi sxeulidan meoreze gadadis. gav-

leniT daeleqtroebisas neitralur sxeulTan miaxloebuli uaryofiTad damuxtuli sxeuli

ganizidavs zogierT eleqtrons da neitraluri sxeuli dadebiTad imuxteba.

b) Tu sivrcis romelime wertilSi gaCnda dadebiTi muxti, mezobel areSi aucileblad warmoiqmneba

moduliT toli uaryofiTi muxti da piriqiT anu jamuri muxti iqneba mudmivi.

a) dadebiTad damuxtvisas sxeulSi protonebis ricxvi ar icvleba; b) umuxto nawilaki SeiZleba arse-

bobdes, magaliTad, neitroni. Eeleqtronis muxtze naklebi muxtis mqone nawilaki ar arsebobs.

1) roca dadebiTad damuxtul minis joxs eleqtroskopis burTulas mivuaxloebT, burTulaze ua-

ryofiTi muxtebi grovdeba, liTonis furclebze ki_dadebiTi. Aamitom furclebi gaiSleba (eleqtros-

tatikuri induqciis movlenis gamo). Tu axla minis joxs burTulas SevaxebT joxis dadebiTi muxti

gadanawildeba burTulas, furclebs da TviTon minis joxs Soris. Aamitom furclebi odnav daeSveba, rad-

gan maTze muxti Semcirda. Eeleqtroskopi muxtis gazomvis saSualebas ar iZleva, magram furclebis gaS-

lis sididiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT mis gazrdasa da Semcirebaze.

2) Qk

3) MerTniSna muxtiT damuxtvisas gragnilis fenebi erTmaneTs Sordeba.

4) Ma) meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni: Caketil sistemaSi sxeulTa sruli meqanikuri energia mud-

mivia. impulsis mudmivobis kanoni: sxeulTa urTierTqmedebisas maTi impulsebis jami rCeba mudmivi, Tu

maTze gareSe Zala ar moqmedebs. muxtis mudmivobis kanoni: Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebs Soris muxti SeiZ-

leba sxvadasxvanairad gadanawildes, magram jamuri muxti ucvleli rCeba.

Bb) -2mkk. Mmuxtebi algebrulad Seikribeba da Tanabrad ganawildeba ((-8)+4):2=-2

Gg) SevaxebT iseTive neitralur burTulas, muxtebi Tanabrad ganawildeba

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs


dakvirvebis, aRweris, analizis, msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis da miwodebis unar-Cvevis

ganviTareba, kulonis kanonis esperimentuli kvleva. Aamocanebis amoxsna

rveulebi, kalmistrebi, sasurvelia kulonis grexiTi saswori

nebsmieri ori sxeuli erTmaneTs izidavs ZaliT, romelic pirdapirproporciulia sxeulTa masebis

da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratis da gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sasworis moTavseba WurWelSi aucilebelia, raTaA Tavidan iqnas acilebuli muxtis dakargva haerSi.

rodesac vadgenT ori sididis (Zala da muxti an Zala da manZili) urTierTdamokidebulebas, mesame si-

dide (muxtis zomebi) unda iyos mudmivi.

imisTvis, rom daedgina urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebuleba manZilze kuloni akvirdeboda ga-

daxris kuTxes.

1

2

3

1

2

3

Seamowme codna

I - 1

Sedegi

indikatori

eleqtruli muxti (ix. samodelo gakveTili)



I - 2

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

kulonis kanoni

pasuxebi

37

a) or wertilovan muxts Soris manZilis 3-jer gazrdiT urTierTqmdebis Zala 9-jer Semcirdeba. Tu

erT-erT muxts 3-jer gavadidebT, Zala 3-jer gaizrdeba. Tu orive muxts gavadidebT 3-jer, Zala 9—

jer gaizrdeba. b) msoflio mizidulobis kanons iseTive saxe aqvs, rogorc kulonis kanons. Mmuxtis

nacvlad mis formulaSi Sedis masebi, k koeficientis rols ki gravitaciuli mudmiva asrulebs.

a) Zalebis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs muxtis niSani. b) es Zalebi sididiT tolia, radgan es aris sxeu-

lebs Soris moqmedi kulonuri Zalebi.

g) I daII sxeulze moqmedi jamuri Zala tolia masze moqmedi Zalebis modulebis jamis. III sxeulze moq-

medi mizidvis Zala metia ganzidvis Zalaze, amitom jamuri Zalis moduli tolia ZalTa sxvaobis da mi-

marTulia didi Zalis mxres.

1) abreSumis Zafze dakide anwlis burTula, Salis naWeri gaaxaxune minis joxze da damuxtuli minis

joxi miuaxlove anwlis burTulas sxvadasxva manZilze, daakvirdi gadaxris kuTxes. gaakeTeb daskvnas,

rom kulonis Zala mcirdeba manZilis gazrdasTan erTad.

2) moc: q1 =20k, q1 =10k

r =10km=104m n

F =?

3) AB/AC = 1/3, F/F /=?. AB aRvniSnoT r - AB=r, maSin AB=3r,xolo BC=2r, Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi q1 muxts orive

muxti miizidavs ZalebiT, Sesabamisad: (1), (2), isini mimarTulia erT mxares, amitom

F =|F1|+|F2| (3). Tu (1) da (2) CavsvamT (3)-Si miiReba: (4)

meore SemTxvevaSi q1 muxtze moqmedi Zalebi (5) da (6) urTierTsawinaaRmdego

mimarTulebisaa, amitom F / =|F/1|+|F/2| (7). Tu (5) da(6) CavsvamT (7)-Si da gardavqmniT miiReba: (8)

(4)-is gayofiT (8)-ze miviRebT: F /F/ = 1,48. e.i. muxtebis adgilis Secvlisas q1muxtze moqmedi Zala Sem-

cirda 1,48-jer.

4) n , F = mg = 10 n . Kkulonuri Zala gravitaciul Zalaze Zlieria



msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis da miwodebis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. damuxtul sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebis daxasiaTeba

1) damuxtuli sxeulebi unda moaTavso dieleqtrikSi

2) navTSi CaSvebisas damuxtul burTulebs Soris ganzidvis Zala Semcirdeba, amitom kuTxe Zafebs

Soris Semcirdeba.

3)

4) niutonis III kanoni sruldeba kulonuri urTierTqmedebisas, radgan ra ZaliTac moqmedebs erTi

muxti meoreze, imave ZaliT moqmedebs meore pirvelze. MmaTi urTierTqmedebis Zala mimarTulia am mux-

tebis SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv

5

1

I - 3

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

fardobiTi dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

Seamowme codna

Seamowme codna

4

38

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba



Sedarebis, klasifikaciis, monacemebis interpretaciis , analizis unar- Cvevis gan-

viTareba, velis Zaluri maxasiaTeEblis gansazRvra.

damuxtuli sxeulebi sivrceSi qmnian eleqtrul vels, romlis saSualebiTac isini urTierTqmedeben:

erTi sxeulis veli moqmedebs meoreze da piriqiT.

1) a) 10 n/k; manZili gaizarda 2-jer, daZabuloba Semcirdeba 4-jer.

160 n/k; manZili Semcirda 2-jer, daZabuloba gaizarda 4-jer

40/9 n/k; manZili gaizarda 3-jer, daZabuloba Semcirdeba 9-jer

4000 n/k; manZili Semcirda 10-jer, daZabuloba gaizarda 100-jer

16 n/k; manZili gaizarda 1,5-jer, daZabuloba Semcirdeba 2,25-jer

b) 80 n/k; wyaros muxtis sididis 2-jer gazrda gamoiwvevs daZabulobis 2-jer gazrdas;

20 n/k; 320 n/k; e) 0,80 n/k;

2)

3) a: a) da g) rigis an b) da d) rigis monacemebis mixedviT SeiZleba davadgino, rom eleqtruli velis

daZabuloba pirdapirproporciulia wyaros muxtis. SeamCnevdiT, rom am dros velSi Setanili muxti da

manZili ar icvleba;

b: d) da v) an g) da T) rigi gviCvenebs, rom daZabuloba ukuproporciulia manZilis kvadratis

g: a) da b)an d) da e) an v) da z) gviCvenebs, rom daZabuloba ar aris damokidebuli velSi Setanili mux-

tis sidideze

4) velis daZabuloba SeiZleba gamoTvlil iqnas erTeuliT; mricxvelSi mocemuli sidide

Zalis erTeulia

I - 4

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

1

2

Seamowme codna

wertilovani

wyaros muxti,

qo k

velSi Setanili

muxti,

qk

Zala, romelic moqme debs

velSi Setanil muxtze,

Fn

velis daZabu-

loba,

E n/k

manZili

(pirobiTi er-

Teuli)

a 4 . 10-4

1 . 10-6 0,2n 2 . 10

5 rb 4 . 10

-4 2 . 10

-6 0,4n 2 . 105 r

g 8 . 10-4

1 . 10-6 0,4n 4 . 10

5 rd 8 . 10

-4 2 . 10

-6 0,8n 4 . 105 r

e 8 . 10-4

1,5 . 10-6 0,6n 4 . 10

5 rv 8 . 10

-4 1 . 10

-6 0,1n 1 . 105 2r

z 8 . 10-4

2 . 10-6 0,2n 1 . 10

5 2rT 8 . 10

-4 1 . 10

-6 0,1n 1 . 105 2r

i 4 . 10-4

8 . 10-6 0,1n 8 . 10

5 0,5rk 4 . 10

-4 8 . 10

-6 0,1n 8 . 105 0,5r

+

+ +

-

- -

q0 q

d)

a)

g)

+-b)

39

eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi



dakvirvebis, msjelobis, diagramis Seqmnis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba, eleqtruli velis sqe-

maturi gamosaxva

M

1mxebis mimarTuleba velis daZabulobisken unda iyos mimarTuli.

a) b)

g) marjvena wertilSi daZabuloba metia. muxti dadebiTia.

daZabuloba velis yvela wertilSi erTnairia sididiT da mimarTulebiT; b)muxtze moqmedi Zalis

mimarTuleba emTxveva Zalwiris mxebis mimarTulebas.

N1) nax. a

2) A sfero aris uaryofiTad damuxtuli da radgan

ganizidavsB A sferos, amitom B sferosac uaryofiTi

muxti aqvs. Eeleqtruli velis daZabulobis veqtori

yovelTvis mimarTulia uaryofiTi muxtisken. e.i. mi-

marTulia B sferosken.

3) nax. b

superpoziciis principi



amocanebis amoxsna, superpoziciis principis gansazRvra

1) n/k, n/k,

n/k

2) mkm

3) Mmoc: q1 = 8.10-9

k; q2 = —6.10-9

k; l = 10sm=0,1m; E = 0

a)

,

b) radgan q1>0 da q2 < 0, amitom wertili, sadac am ori muxtis velis

daZabuloba nulis tolia, mdebareobs am muxtebze gamaval wrfeze,

sididiT ufro mcire muxtis mxares.

1

2

3

I - 5

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

I - 6

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

- -

a)A

B

CD

b)

—

P

5 sm

e

5 sm

-q2+q1P E1E2

40

Aam wertilSi q1 da q2 muxtebis velebis daZabulobebi iqneba: , , maTi mimarTulebebi

sapirispiroa.

Aamocanis pirobis Tanaxmad am wertilSi orive muxtis velis daZabuloba absoluturi sididiT

(moduliT) erTmaneTis toli unda iyos e.i. =

gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi eleqtrul velSi



dakvirvebis, aRweris , diagramis Sedgenis,klasifikaciis, anlizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba

liTonebis atomebSi eleqtronebi atomebTan ise sustadaa bmuli, rom maT Tavisuflad SeuZliT erTi

atomidan meoreze gadasvla da muxtis gadatana. Aamis gamo liTonebi da maTi Senadnobebi muxtis gam-

tar nivTierebebs miekuTvneba, agreTve miwa da adamianis sxeuli.

zogierTi nivTierebis atomSi eleqtronebi ise mtkiced arian bmuli, rom maTi mowyveta arc ise ad-

vilia. Aam nivTierebebs aragamtarebs anu dieleqtrikebs uwodeben. Ddieleqtrikebia: mina, plastmasi,

mSrali haeri, faifuri, abreSumi, gamoxdili wyali, rezini.

gamtaris SigniT veli ar moispoba.

vakuumSi daZabuloba gaizrdeba, parafinSi ki Semcirdeba.

1) a) liTonis SigniT eleqtrostatikuri veli ar aris. amas emyareba e.w. eleqtrostatikuri dacva. bB)

saaTis meqanizmis liTonis budeSi moTavsebiT mas icaven gare eleqtruli velis gavlenisagan.

2)

3) E = 40n/k, E/=E/ε =40n/k:81=0,5n/k

4) = 4,5n/k

5) n/k, n/k,

1

2

3

I - 7

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

a) maRal temperaturaze

dipolebi ufro qaosu-

radaa ganlagebuli

b)sust velSi dipo-

lebi ufro qaosura-

daa ganlagebuli

g) sanTlis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba metia,

vidre ebonitis. velis daZabuloba, romelic iqm-

neba sanTelSi (E/ )iqneba ufro naklebi, vidre ebo-

nitSi

sanTeli eboniti

+–

+

–

+ –

+–

+ –

+

–

+–

+–

+–

+

–

VEVE /

VEVE /

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

V

eleqtruli velis potenciali



Sedarebis, analogiis gamoyenebis, msjelobis, analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. velis

energetikuli maxasiTeblis gansazRvra.

dedamiwis zedapiridan aweul sxeuls gaaCnia potenciuri energia, romelic vardnisas mcirdeba.

a) eleqtruli velis gavlenis Sedegad muxti daiwyebs moZraobas velis mimarTulebiT.b)muxts aqvs

potenciuri energia. ELEQeleqtruli Zala asrulebs muSaobas.

W/q Sefardeba q-s sidideze damokidebuli ar aris. W/q = qEd/q = Edpotenciuri energia tolia (nax 25 a). potenciali metia iq, sadac Zalwirebi ufro xSiria. b) Sem T xve -

vaSi potenciuri energia da potenciali matia iq, sadac muxti ufro axlosaa dadebiT firfitasTan.

Tu wyaros q>0, potenciali dadebiTia da Tu q<0, potenciali uaryofiTia.

1) moc: q = 10 nk= 10-8

k, E= 2 .10-8

n/k, d= 5 sm = 0,05m. unda gavigoT W= ?.

W= qEd = 10-5

j

2) a) ucvlelia; b) mcirdeba; g) izrdeba;

3) Tu vels qmnis ramodenime muxti, romelTa potencialebia da ϕ1, ϕ2, ϕ3 a.S. , maSin velis mocemul wer-

tilSi potenciali toli iqneba calkeul muxtTa velebis potencialTa algebruli jamis: ϕ = ϕ1+ϕ2+ ϕ34) a) eleqtruli da simZimis; b) amotyorcnis momentSi; W= qEd = 1,6.10

-19 . 40 .10-3 = 6,4.10

-21 j ; po-

tenciuri energia nulis tolia uaryofiT firfitaze dacemis momentSi; g) ϕ = Ed = 0,04v.m; W= qEd =1,6.10

-19 . 40 .10-3 = 6,4.10

-21 j

potencialTa sxvaoba



msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis, eqsperimentis Catarebis, daskvnis gamotanis, komunkaciiis

unar-Cvevis ganviTareba.

Tu dadebiTi muxti gadaadgildeba eleqtrul velSi daZabulobis mimarTulebiT, maSin muxtis po-

tenciuri energia mcirdeba, am dros veli asrulebs muSaobas. velis potenciali meti iqneba sawyis

wertilSi.

a) U = EΔd; b) potencialTa sxvaoba potencialis nulovani donis arCevaze ar aris damokidebuli; g)

po ten cialTa sxvaoba B da C wertilebs Soris nulis tolia.

wertilivani muxtis velis SemTxvevaSi ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi koncentruli wrewirebia

gamtaris zedapirze potenciali erTi da igivea.

1) E2/E1 =4. ϕ 2/ϕ 1=2

2) q = 4 .10-7

k. A = 8 .103j . ϕ 2 − ϕ 1=?

ϕ 2 − ϕ 1=A/q = 8 .103/ 4 .10

-7 = 2 .1010

v

3) ϕ 2 = 700v, q = 2 .10-8

k. A=?

A= qU = 1,4 .10-5

4) ar asrulebs, radgan gadaadgileba ar xdeba Zalis mimarTulebiT. am dros velis potenciali mudmivia

1

2

3

4

5

I - 8Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

1

2

3

4

I - 9Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

41

ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi

5)M A A wertilSi q1 muxtis velis daZabulobaa (1) da mimarTulia muxtis gareT(r1-is gaswvriv),

xolo q2 muxtis velis daZabuloba iqneba (2) da mimarTulia muxtisken (r2-is gaswvriv).

velis sruli daZabuloba toli iqneba q1 da q2 muxtebis velebis daZabulobaTa jamisa, xolo moduli

ganisazRvreba kosinusebis Teoremis gamoyenebiT.

Nnaxazidan gvaqvs (3) , cosα ganisazRvreba

imave naxazis didi samkuTxedidan: , Aaqedan

(4). (1),(2), da (4) mniSvnelobaTa (3)- Si CasmiT

vipoviT E-s. Ppotenciali imave wertilSi toli iqneba calkeuli muxtebis velebis potencialTa alge-

bruli jamisa

6) E =4500n/k, ϕ =1800v, q = ?, r = ?.

, , aqedan q = 5 . 10-9 k.

7) U = EΔd formulidan gamomdinare eleqtruli velis daZabuloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros erTeuliT v/m

kondensatori



aRweris, dakvirvebis, eqsperimentis Catarebis , anlizis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba

kondensatori, leidenis qila, denis wyaro

leidenis qilis liTonis burTula eleqtroforuli manqanis saSualebiT imuxteba uaryofiTad. EerT-

nairi niSnis mqone muxtebis ganzidvis Sedegad’_” muxti gadadis leidenis qilis Siga liTonis fir-

fitaze. uaryofiTad damuxtuli Siga firfita ganizidavs gare firfitis (Semonafenis) uaryofiT

muxtebs da “-“ niSnis muxtebi miwaSi gadadian gamtaris saSualebiT. ris Sedegadac gare Semonafeni

iZens “+” muxts. Gganmuxtvisas xdeba Siga Semonafenidan gareze uaryofiTi muxtebis gadasvla_ war-

moiqmneba naperwkali.

orive firfitis mier Seqmnili velis Zalwirebi TanamimarTulia firfitebs Soris, xolo maT gareT

ki erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli. veli Zlierdeba firfitebs Soris da erTmaneTs aqrobs

firfitebs gareT

muxtis 2-jer gazrdiT a) kondensatoris tevadoba ar Seicvleba; b) kondensatoris firfitebs Soris

potencialTa sxvaoba gaizrdeba 2-jer;

a)gamonaTqvami mcdaria, radgan kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba kondensatoris maxasiaTebelia,

rogorc damuxtul, aseve daumuxtav mdgomareobaSi; b) Cveulebriv, kondensatoris energia Zalian

didi ar aris, amave dros is didxans ar inaxeba, muxtis gardauvali kargvis gamo. Aamitom konden-

satorebs ar SeuZlia Secvalos mag; akumulatorebi, rogorc eleqtruli energiis wyaro.

1) wvimis wveTebsa da haeris aRmaval fenebs Soris xaxunis Sedegad Rrublebis qveda nawilSi grovdeba

uaryofiTi muxti, zeda nawilSi ki_dadebiTi muxti. Rrublis qvemoT mdebare miwis nakveTze ki dadebiTi

muxti grovdeba. am dros Rrublebsa da dedamiwas Soris eleqtruli veli SeiZleba imdenad Zlieri iyos,

rom warmoiqmnas giganturi naperwkali, romelic Rrublidan gamoityorcneba miwaze dadebiTad damux-

tul adgilisaken, gaarRvevs haeris fenas, rasac mohyveba Zlieri elva_ dedamiwidan Rrublamde. Eelvas

sapasuxo ganmuxtvas uwodeben.

2) kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 2 faradaa niSnavs, rom Tu am kondenatoris Semonafenebs Soris 1v

Zabvas movdebT, mis firfitebze 2k muxti dagrovdeba.

42

1

2

3

4

I - 10Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

Seamowme codna

r1

r2

α

q1q2

E2

E1

E

A

3) Aa) b) navTSi moTavsebisas muxtze moqmedi kulonuri Zala Semcirdeba

da igi qvemoT daiwyebs moZraobas, radgan ZalTa tolqmedi

qvemoT iqneba mimarTuli.

4) ΔU = 175 v. C = 11 .10-6

f. Δq = CΔU = 1,925 .10-3

5) SesaZlebelia. Aanalogiuri movlenebis erTnairi amoxsnis gzas xSirad mimarTaven mecnierebi

praqtikuli amocanebis gadawyvetisas.

A6) airis raodenoba _ eleqtrotevadoba. muSaoba _ Zabva. Bbalonis zoma_ kondensatoris zoma

brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.


dakvirvebis, aRweris, analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtro -

tevadobis Seswavla.

mMoswavleebi ixilaven savarjiSoebs da msjeloben.

kondensatoris firfitebs Soris unda moTavsdes mina.

kondensatoris firfitebs Soris ε SeRwevadobis dieleqtrikis moTavsebisas eleqtruli velis da-

Zabuloba ε-jer mcirdeba, potencialTa sxvaobac U=Ed Sesabamisad Semcirdeba ε-jer. q=CU e.i. da-

grovili muxtic Semcirdeba ε-jer.

Tu damuxtuli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZils SevamcirebT 2-jer, maSin a)kondensatoris

muxti ar Seicvleba; b) kondensatoris tevadoba gaizrdeba 2-jer; g)firfitebs Soris potencialTa sx-

vaoba Semcirdeba 2-jer;

1) marTebuli (b)

2) a) Semcirdeba; b) Semcirdeba; g) gaizrdeba;

3) kondensatoris tevadoba damokidebulia: firfitebis farTobze, firfitebs Soris manZilze.

kondensatorSi dagrovili muxtis raodenoba damokidebulia: firfitebs Soris potencialTa sx-

vaobaze; kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobaze

4) gansxvavdeba dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobiT.

5) S = 6 .10-3

m2. q = 10

-9k. U = 90 v. d = ?

6) b.

brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba (ix.samodelo gakveTili)




Cvevis ganviTareba. . brtyeli kondensatoris damzadeba

kompaqturi diski, folga, webo, saxazavi, parafinis qaRaldi(kanfetis Siga TeTri qaRaldi)

1)g.

2) S = Cd/εοε

43

1

2

3

I - 11Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

Seamowme codna

I - 11

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

Seamowme codna

+ + + +++

-qFk

mg- - - ---

44

Semajamebeli wera # 1

varianti I1) ramdenjer Seicvala or wertilovan muxts Soris kulonuri mizidulobis Zala, Tu erT —erTi mux-

tis sidides 2-jer gavzrdiT, muxtebs Soris manZils ki 4-jer gavzrdiT;

2) dadebiTi muxti erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moaTavses. rogor Seicvleba misi potenciali da po-

tenciuri energia? gaakeTe naxazi.

O3)ori paralelur firfitas Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 3v —ia. Ffirfitebs Soris

manZili 30 sm-ia (nax.). ipoveT: a) eletruli velis daZabulobis sidide K daL wer-

tilebSi; b) potencialTa sxvaobaN da M wertilebs Soris.

4) 1mkk muxtis mqone ori wertilovani muxti erTmaneTisgan 50sm manZiliTaa da-

Sorebuli. ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes, raTa isini 5sm manZilze davaaxlovoT?

variantiII1) ramdenjer Seicvala or wertilovan muxts Soris kulonuri mizidulobis Zala, Tu erT —erTi mux-

tis sidides 4-jer gavzrdiT, muxtebs Soris manZils ki 2-jer gavzrdiT;

2)uaryofiTi muxti erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moaTavses. rogor Seicvleba misi potenciali da

potenciuri energia? gaakeTe naxazi.

O3) ori paralelur firfitas Soris potencialTa sxvaoba 3v —ia. Ffirfitebs Soris

manZili 30 sm-ia (nax.). ipoveT: a) eleqtruli velis daZabulobis sidide M daN werti-

lebSi; b) potencialTa sxvaobaL daK wertilebs Soris.

4) 2mkk muxtis mqone ori wertilovani muxti erTmaneTisgan 25sm manZiliTaa daSo-

rebuli. ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes, raTa isini 2,5sm manZilze davaaxlovoT?

Ppasuxebi:

varianti I:1) Semcirdeba 8-jer (1 qula)

2) dadebiTi muxti moZraobs eleqtruli velis mimarTulebiT anu maRali potencialis mqone werti-

lidan dabali potencialis mqone wertilisken. maSasadame potencialic da potenciuri enrgiac mcir-

deba. Kkinetikuri energia izrdeba (2 qula)

3) a) radgan paraleluri firfitebis mier Seqmnili veli firfitebs Soris nebismier wertilSi erT-

nairia, amitom am wertilSi el. velis daZabuloba ase gamoiTvleba: E=U/d =3v/0,3m=10v/m; b)N daM werti-

lebi erTnairi potencialis mqone (ekvipotenciur) xazzea, amitom ϕ � =ϕ M e.i. UM� = 0. (3 qula)

4) roca manZili r1 = 50 sm, potenciuri energia udris

roca manZili r2 = 5 sm, maSin potenciuri energia udris

A = E1 - E2 = 0,16 (4 qula)

varianti II:1) GAar Seicvleba (1qula)

2) uaryofiTi muxti moZraobs eleqtruli velis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT anu maRali potencia-

lisken. Ee.i. misi potenciali izrdeba, magram potenciuri energia mcirdeba. Kkinetikuri energia izr-

deba(2qula).

3) a) radgan paraleluri firfitebis mier Seqmnili veli firfitebs Soris nebismier wertilSi erT-

nairia, amitom am wertilSi el. velis daZabuloba ase gamoiTvleba: E=U/d =3v/0,3m=10v/m

b )L daK wertilebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba tolia UM� = 10v/m.0,1m=1v (3qula)

4) pasuxi analogiuria I variantis: 0,16j (4qula)

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+K ML

N

10sm

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+K ML

N

10sm

1)g 2)g 3)b 4)g 5)a 6)g 7)b 8)b 9)b 10)g 11)b 12)g 13)a 14)b 15)b 16)b 17)g 18)a

1) rodesac cilindrebs mivuaxloebT dadebiTad damutul minis

joxs cilindrebSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi gadanawil-

deba_minis jixis maxloblad uaryofiTi muxtebi ganlagdeba. Tu axla

cilindrebs erTmaneTs davaSorebT, minis RerosTan axlos mdebare

cilindri uaryofiTad iqneba damuxtuli, meore ki dadebiTad.

2) eleqtroskopis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia gavarkvioT sxeuli damuxtulia Tu ara. Eeleqtroskopi

Sedgeba orive mxridan Seminuli liTonis CarCosgan da CarCoze morgebuli plastmasis sacobisagan, ro-

melSic liTonis Reroa gayrili. Reros boloze moTavsebulia msubuqi liTonis folgis ori Txeli fur-

celi. Tu dadebiTad damuxtul joxs eleqtroskopis burTulas mivuaxlovebT, burTulaze dagrovdeba

uaryofiTi muxti, liTonis furcelze-dadebiTi.xolo Tu joxs SevaxebT eleqtroskopis burTulas,

maSin liTonis furcelze dadebiTi muxti dagrovdeba.

3) zamTarSi, gansakuTrebiT didi yinvis dros, radgan am dros haeri mSralia da ufro kargi izola-

toria. roca haeri teniania, sxeulebis zedapirze warmoiqmneba tenis Txeli fena, rac xels uwyobs xel-

sawyoebis swraf ganmuxtvas.

4) a) manZilis SemcirebiT ; b) muxtis gazrdiT

5) manZili n-jer unda Semcirdes

6) urTierTqmedebis Zala Semcirdeba 81-jer; manZili 3-jer unda gavzardoT

7) Zalis sidide ar Seicvleba, Seicvleba mimarTuleba; muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidaven

8) q1 = 4 . 10 -8

k, q2 = 2 . 10 -8

k, r = 0,1 m, F =?.

9) q1 = 2 . 10 -8

k, q2 =3,3. 10 -8

k, r = 10 sm = 0,1 m, ΔF=? .

radgan burTulebi erTnairi zomisaa, amitom maTi mavTuliT SeerTebisas muxtebi

tolad ganawildeba maTze e.i. TiToeul burTulaze iqneba muxti q=(q1+q2)/2 (1).

muxtis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad saerTo muxti mudmivi iqneba.

birTvebis SeerTebamde muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala iyo (2), xolo

SeerTebis Semdeg gaxda an (1) gaTvaliswinebiT , Aamitom urTierTqmedebis Zalis

cvlileba iqneba ΔF=F2 - F1 an

10) m=30g=0,03kg, q1 = 2 . 10 -8

k, q2 =-1,5 . 10 -7

k, r = 10 sm = 0,1 m, Q=? .

birTvze moqmedebs simZimis Zala P=mg da mis qveS moTavsebuli q2 muxtis mxvriv

eleqtruli Zala, romlis sidide kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad ,

amitom Zafis daWimulobis Zala

11) moc: q, qx =?. aRvniSnoT kvadratis gverdi a -Ti, saZiebeli muxtis sidide qx -iT.

radgan kvadratis wveroebSi moTavsebulia toli muxtebi, amitom TviT qx muxti wo-

nasworobaSi iqneba ganurCevlad misi sididisa da niSnisa, amitom ganvixiloT kvadra-

tis erT-erT, mag. C wveroSi moTavsebuli muxtis wonasworobis piroba. Mmasze

moqmedebs 4 Zala, romelTa tolqmedi toli unda iyos nulis. kulonis kanonis

Tanaxmad , maTi tolqmedi , xolo

radgan F3 da F12 Zala mimarTulia erT mxares, amitom misi jamuri Zalis moduli iqneba:

45

testi I testi I Tavis bolos

savarjiSoebi savarjiSoebi I Tavis bolos

++

++

- -

- -- -

- -++

++

+

10

sm

q q

q q

q=x

saZiebeli qx muxtis mxriv mizidulobis Zalis sidide toli iqneba:

+

+

+

+

+

+3

+2

-

qo q

F4 Zala mimarTulia F Zalis sapirispirod, amitom sistema wonasworobaSi iqneba maSin, Tu sruldeba

piroba |F4 |= |F|. (1)da (2) CasmiT (3) —Si miiReba: . e.i. saZiebeli muxti qx = - 0,95 q.

12)

b) F gaizrdeba 3-jer; E -igivea; g) F gaizrdeba 2-jer;

E -gaizrdeba 2-jer; d) F sididiT igivea, Seicvala

mimarTuleba; E -igivea;

13) daZabuloba erTnairia B daC wertilebSi, A wertilSi daZabuloba metia.

14) velis mocemul wertilSi daZabulobis sididis Secvla SesaZlebelia im muxtis sididis SecvliT,

romelic qmnis am vels. |q| muxtis mier Seqmnil velSi moTavsebul sxeuls Tu davaSorebT |q| muxts, masze

moqmedi eleqtruli veli Semcirdeba.

15) r1=0,2m, E1 =90n/k, E2=40n/k, r2 =?.

16) E1 =E2 > E3 17) q =10 mkk=10-5k, E =2n/k, F =? . F = qE = 2.10-5 n

18) |q| =6mkk= 6.10-6 k, r =10 sm=0,1m.

19) Fel = Fsim. |q|E=mg

20) a) eleqtruli da simZimis;b)amotyorcnis momentSi; W = qEd = 1,6.10-19.40.10-3 =6,4.10-21j ; potenciuri

energia nulis tolia uaryofiT firfitaze dacemis momentSi; g) ϕ = U; d) A = qEd =qU.

21) Aam wertilSi q1 da q2 muxtebis velebis daZabulobebi iqneba:

maT mimarTulebebi sapirispiroa. A

amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad am wertilSi orive muxtis velis daZabuloba absoluturi sididiT (moduliT)

erTmaneTis toli unda iyos e.i. .gamosaxulebis gamartivebiT ganvsazRvravT r-s.

AA wertilSi Sesabamisad potencialebi iqneba: , saerTo potenciali tolia TiToeuli

muxtis mier Seqmnili ϕ1 da ϕ2 potencialTa algebruli jamisa:

22) q =2k, A =10j, Δϕ =?

23) C=0,02mk= 2.10

-8f, E =320v/sm, d1=0,5sm, d2 =1sm, U2 =?

E1=U1/d1, U1=E1d1 =160v, U2 =320 v, Zabva gaizrdeba 2-jer

24) S =6.10

-3m, q =10

-9k, U =90 v, ε =1,0006, d=?

25) U1 =10 v, d1=0,5.10

-3m, d2 =5

.10

-3m, U2 =?

sawyis momentSi kondensatoris tevadoba toli iyo xolo firfitebis daSorebis Semdeg

radgan kondnsatori Zabvis wyarodan gamorTulia, amitom firfitebis urTierTdaSorebisas firfi-

tis muxti ar icvleba: q=C1 U1 =C2 U2, aqedan firfitaTa daSorebis Semdeg U2 =C1 U1/C2. sabolood miviRebT

U2 =d2 U1/d1=100v

46

a)

Aq0B

C

q0r

r/2

V|E1|

V|E2|

V|E3|

e E1 E2A+q1 -q2

II Tavi: eleqtruli deni

eleqtruli deni. Ddenis Zala.


ikvlevs raodenobiv kavSirs eleqtruli wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris.

dakvirvebis, aRweris, monacemTa interpretaciis, analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba

q =1,6 . 10-19k, I =1a, q =10-9k, Δ t =1 wm, n =?

n =Δ q /e, Δ q= I/ Δ t = 1k, n =6 . 10-18

M1) Δ t = 20wm, q =0,5k, I =? I = qΔ t =10a

2) Δ t = 1wm, I = 0,5 a, n=? n =Δ q/e=I/Δ te ≈ 3 . 10-18

3)gamtarSi deni aRiZvreba, eleqtronebi daiwyeben moZraobas miwisken.

eleqtruli denis moqmedeba


Ppoulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris gzas.

M

dakvirvebis, aRweris, informaciis moZiebis, klasifikaciis, analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba

denis wyaro-akumulatori, CamrTveli, sadenebi, ori Stativi, niqromis mavTuli (2m

sigrZis), qaRaldis zoli, naxSiris Reroebi, minis WurWeli(0,5l moculobis), Sabiamani,

rkinis didi lursmani.

a)denis siTburi moqmedeba udevs safuZvlad dnobadi mcvelebis moqmedebas. Ddenis qimiur moqmedebas

iyeneben , roca samkaulis, WurWlis mooqroveba, movercxla an monikeleba surT. dDenis magnitur mo-

qmedebas efuZneba eletromagnitis moqmedeba, romelsac metalurgiul da liTongadamamuSavebel

qarxnebSi mZime jarTis gadasatanad iyeneben .

denis siTburi moqmedebis dakvirveba SeiZleba Semdegi cdiT:

cdisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebi: denis wyaro-akumulatori, CamrTveli, sadenebi, ori Stativi, niqromis

mavTuli(2m sigrZis), qaRaldis zoli.

http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/ electricity/movies/5F1535.mov;

_ moaTavseT magidaze erTmaneTisgan 2m-is daSorebiT ori Stativi.

_ CaamagreT mavTuli StativSi (mavTuli TaTisgan izolirebuli unda iyos)

_ miuerTeT mavTulis boloebi denis wyaros polusebs. wredSi CarTeT CamrTvelic.

_ dakideT mavTulze qaRaldis orad gadakecili zoli. CarTeT CamrTveli.

Mmoswavleebi SeamCneven denis siTbur moqmedebas.

gaafrTxileT moswavleebi: wredi gamorTon da mxolod Semdeg Seexon xeliT sadens.

denis qimiuri moqmedebis dakvirveba SeiZleba Semdegi cdiT:

masala: denis wyaro(akumulatori), CamrTveli, sadenebi, naxSiris Reroebi, minis WurWeli(0,5l mocu-

lobis), Sabiabani.

_ WurWelSi CaasxiT Sabiamnis xsnari.

_ CauSviT SigniT specialur sadgamSi Camagrebuli naxSiris Reroebi.

_ SeaerTeT Reroebi denis wyarosTan.

_ CarTeT CamrTveli da 10-15 wT-is Semdeg gamorTeT. amoiReT naxSiris Reroebi xsnaridan.

Mmoswavleebi daakvirdebian naxSiris Reroebs da dainaxaven naleqs-denis qimiuri moqmedebis Sedegs.

denis magnituri moqmedebis dakvirveba SeiZleba Semdegi cdiT:

masala: denis wyaro_galvanuri elementi, CamrTveli, sadenebi, rkinis didi lursmani.

47

II - 1

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1

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48

3

_ saizolacio feniT dafaruli spilenZis mavTuli daaxvieT rkinis mavTulze.

_ mavTulis boloebi miuerTeT galvanuri elementis polusebs.

_ miuaxloveT lursmans patara rkinis sxeulebi(samagrebi)

Mmoswavleebi SeamCneven denis magnitur moqmedebas.

denis myar gamtarebSi SeiniSneba siTburi da magnituri moqmedeba, xolo Txevad gamtarebSi — qi-

miuri da magnituri;

1) a)qimiurs; b) siTburs;g) siTburs;

4) es kiTxva Semdegi gakveTilis propedevtikaa

denis fiziologiuri moqmedeba (ix.samodelo gakveTili )

eleqtruli wredi


mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmoCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan; agebs el.

wreds gamtrTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisTvis, ikvlevs kavSirs el. wre-

dis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris

eqsperimentis dagegmvis, problemis Camoyalibebis, winaswari varaudis gamoTqmis, monace-

mebis Segrovebis da analizis , prezentaciis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba

denis wyaro, ampermetri, ori naTura, SemaerTebeli sadenebi.

denis wyaro, SemaerTebeli sadenebi da momxmarebeli eleqtrul wreds qmnis. wredis Semadgenel

yvela nawils Tavisi pirobiTi aRniSvna aqvs. Nnaxazs, romelzec pirobiTi niSnebiTaa wredSi CarTuli

eleqtruli xelsawyoebi da maTi SeerTebis Tanmimdevrobaa gamosaxuli sqema ewodeba.

umrtivesi wredis sqema:

a) deni meore naTuraSi ar gaivlis; b) deni meore naTuraSi gaivlis.

a) paralelur SeerTebas; b) paraleluri SeerTebis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxve-

vaSi eleqtrul xelsawyoebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad SeiZleba CairTos an amoirTos. mimde-

vrobiTi SeerTeba saWiroa im SemTxvevaSi, roca erTi CamrTveliT ramdenime momxmareblis CarTvaa

mosaxerxebeli.

ampermetrSic igive denma unda gaiaros, rac gadis xelsawyoSi. paralelurad CarTvisas denis gan-

Stoeba moxdeba da ampermetris Cveneba iqneba ganStoebaSi gamavali denis sidide.

1)

2) a)Tu mxolod S1-ia CarTulia, maSin orive naTura anTebulia; b) S2 CamrTvelia mxolod CarTuli,

niSnavs, rom wredSi dani ar gadis; g) S1 da S2-ia CarTuli_ orive naTura anTebulia

3) deni wredSi gaivlis. CamrTvelis Caketvisas ampermetris Cveneba Semcirdeba.

4) a) I2=0,5 a; b)

I3=0,5a;

I1= I4 = 1a

Seamowme codna

1

2

3

4

5

II - 3

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denis mimarTulebaeleqtronebis mimarTuleba

+ -

II

I

denis wyaro

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. m Moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-

moCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

ikvlevs kavSirs el. wredis maxasiaTebel parametrebs Soris

dakvirvebis, aRweris, Sedarebis, analizis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba.

a) tixaris gaxsnis Semdeg wyali daiwyebs dinebas meti potenciuri energiidan, naklebi potenciuri

energiisken anu marcxnidan marjvniv, sanam doneebi ar gaTanabrdeba; b)eleqtronebiT mdidari aris

meore. SeerTebis Semdeg eleqtronebi gadaadgildebian II sferodan I-isken, vidre mustebi ar

gaTanabrdeba. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom dadebiTi muxti gadaadgilda I-dan II-ze.

denis wyaros boloebTan mierTebuli voltmetri Cveneba aris 1 volti niSnavs, rom denis wyarodan

gamosul 1k muxts 1j energia gadaecma.

1) volmetris danayofis fasia 0,2v .

2)

3) naTura ikaSkaSebs meore SemTxvevaSi metad, radgan denis wyaro ufro Zlieria

denis wyaros emZ. Zabva.

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-



dakvirvebis, aRweris, Sedarebis, analizis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba.

denis wyaro, naTura, sadenebi, ori voltmetri.

wyaros emZ-s gviCvenebs pirveli voltmetri. Mmetia pirveli voltmetris Cveneba. wredSi xdeba ener-

giis xarjva.

moswavleebi akvirdebian cxrils da asaxeleben, xelsawyos romelic muSaobs maRal Zabvaze, dabal

Zabvaze; TiToeuli xelsawyo 1wm-is ganmavlobaSi , Tu maTSi gadis 1a deni gadis gardaqmnis Semdeg

energias: mSrali elementi 1,5jouls, akumulatori 2j, saqalaqo qseli 220j; eleqtroZravebi380j,

tramvai 550j, el. sadguris generatorebi 1500j da a.S.

1) troleibusSi sadenebs Soris da tramvaiSi sadensa da liandags Soris iqmneba potencialTa sxvaoba.

Lliandagsa da sadenze erTdroulad Sexebisas adamiani gamodis gamtaris rolSi.

2) denis wyaros SigniT adgili aqvs energiis danakargs_wyaro wredSi CarTvisas Tbeba

1

2

3

4

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49

0

6 v

4 v

A B

CD

3) Zabvis vardna aris Sesabamisad 2v da 4v

4) 6j energia Tanabrad gaiyofa —TiToeuli naTura gardaqmnis 3j energias, muxtic gaiyofa Tanabrad;

gveqneba U1=U2=3j/1,5k=2v; emZ ξ=6j/3k=2v

5)

denis Zalis Zabvaze damokidebuleba.

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmo-

Cenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan

iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad;


mebis Segrovebis da analizis , prezentaciis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. Ddenis Zalis Zabvaze

damokidebulebis gansazRvra

voltmetri, ampermetri, niqromis gamtari, denis wyaro (sami, TiToeuli 1,5v) kalmi-

strebi, rveulebi,

burTulebi daiwyebs moZraobas . Tu milis kides kidev ufro zeviT avwevT, burTulebi ufro swra-

fad Camogordeba.

Zabvis orjer gazrda gamoiwvevs denis Zalis 2-jer gazrdas; Zabvis samjer gazrda gamoiwvevs denis

Zalis 3-jer gazrdas; denis Zalis Zabvaze damokidebulebis grafiki wrfea, rac migvaniSnebs , rom

denis Zala Zabvis pirdapirproporciuli sididea.

1) wredSi CarTes ufro Zlieri denis wyaro

2) a) Tu denis wyaroebi CarTulia mimdevro-

biT(nax, a) yoveli 1k muxti pirvel denis wyaroSi

gavlisas iZens 6j energias, meore denis wyaroSi

kidev 6j energias, sul 12j energias. maSasadame,

am SemTxvevaSi emZ udris 12 volts. (nax b) Sem-

TxvevaSi pirvel denis wyaroSi SeZenil 6j ener-

gias muxti kargavs meore denis wyaroSi gavlisas, Sesabamisad emZ 0-ia.

b) paraleluri SeerTebisas 1k muxti Tanabrad ganawildeba da 0,5 k muxti gaivlis TiToeul denis

wyaroSi da SeiZens 3j enrgias, SeerTebisas energia ikribeba da udris 6j-s.

3) naTuris varvarebis Zafebi damzadebulia sxvadasxva masalisagan

4) A=qU=6j; A=6vX3k=18j; q=A/U=30j/6v=5k

5) grafiks ar eqneba wrfivi saxe; moxdeba eleqtruli denis energiis gardaqmna sxeulis Sinagan ener-

giad; Zabvis Semdgomi gazrda aRar gamoiwvevs denis Zalis gazrdas.

Mmowyobiloba Ddenis wyaro

saaTi

mtversasruti

fotoaparati

eleqtrosaTamaSo

magnitofoni

kalkulatori

macivari

mSrali elementi

eleqtroqseli

batarea

mSrali elementi

eleqtroqseli

fotoelementi

eleqtroqseli

1

2

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Seamowme codna

50

6v 6v

- + - + - + + -

I

U

a) b)

6)

winaRoba.





mebis Segrovebis da analizis , prezentaciis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. Ddenis Zalis winaRo-

baze damokidebulebis gansazRvra

voltmetri, ampermetri, niqromis gamtari, spilenZi gamtari, denis wyaro (sami, Ti-

Toeuli 1,5v), rveulebi, kalmistrebi

a) burTulebis moZraobis siCqare Semcirdeboda; b) spilenZis gamtarisTvis denis Zalis Zabvaze da-

mokidebulebis grafiki aris wrfe, gansxvavebuli daxrilobiT; g) grafikis cicabo daxriloba gviC-

venebs ramdenad kargad atarebs gamtari dens. EerTi da igive Zabvis pirobebSi.

meti denis Zala aRiZvreba gamtarSi, romelsac naklebi winaRoba aqvs (1omi). Ggrafikze meti winaRoba

aqvs gamtars, romelsac II grafiki Seesabameba. Ducvleli Zabvis dros meti deni gaivlis gamtarSi , rom-

lis winaRobac naklebia.

maqsimaluri denis Zalis misaRebad unda SearCion denis wyaro- emZ 4v; gamtari winaRobiT 1omi.

minimaluri denis Zalis misaRebad unda SearCion denis wyaro- emZ 2v; gamtari winaRobiT 3omi.

1) Aa)winaRoba damokidebulia gamtaris gvarobaze; b) SeiZleba Seicvalos mag; gaxurebiT.

2) R=U/I =1om; denis Zalis 2-jer gazrda gamoiwvevs gamtaris boloebze, Zabvis 2-jer gazrdas da wi-

naRoba igive darCeba.

3) denis Zala winaRobis ukuproporciulia, Tu aviRebT or mils sxvadasxva sigluvis zedapirebiT

da milis kideebs avwevT erT simaRleze davinaxavT, rom ufro swrafad burTulebi dagordeba im mili-

dan, romlis zedapiri gluvia.

4) I=U/R =0,25a

5) a) SemTxvevaSi; b) ukuproporciuli

Oomis kanoni.




problemis Camoyalibebis, sidideebs Soris damokidebulebis formulirebis, analizis unar

_Cvevis ganviTareba.

Zabva ki ar aris denis Zalaze damokidebuli, aramed deni aRiZvreba gamtarSi velis Seqmnisas. rac metia

Zabva, miT metia aRZruli denis Zala. “a” gamonaTqvami mcdaria, marTebulia b)” wrdis ubanze Zabva am ubnis

winaRobisa da masSi gamavali denis Zalis namravlis tolia”; aseve mcdaria g) gamonaTqvami; R=U/I for-

mula gviCvenebs winaRobis gamoTvlis wess da ara winaRobis damokidebulebas denis Zalaze da Zabvaze.

51

sididis dasaxeleba aRniSvnaerTeuli

(SI sistemaSi)

Semoklebuli

aRniSvna

Ddenis Zala I Aamperi a

muxti q Kkuloni k

potencialTa sxva oba,Zabva U volti v

daZabuloba E Nniutoni/kuloni n/k

far d o biTi dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ε ------------- -------------

1

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1)

2) dajaxebaTa ricxvi damokidebulia denis Zalaze da winaRobaze

3) R=14 omi, U =3,5v, I=? I=U/R = 4 a _ Zabvis 2-jer gazrdiT denis Zalac 2-jer gaizrdeba.

4) grafikze ganxilulia erTi da igive gamtarisTvis denis Zalis winaRobaze damokidebuleba sx-

vadasxva Zabvis dros;

gamtaris winaRobis sigrZeze damokidebuleba




eqsperimentis dagegmvis, problemis Camoyalibebis, winaswari varaudis gamoTqmis, monaceme-

bis Segrovebis da analizis , prezentaciis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. gamokvleva , Tu razea

damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba

voltmetri, ampermetri, 50sm sigrZis 0,8mm diametris niqromis gamtari, denis wyaro,

rveulebi, kalmistrebi

moswavlem kvleva swori TanmimdevrobiT Caatara.

rom daadgino winaRobis damokidebuleba gamtaris ganivkveTze, unda aiRo igive sigrZis , igive

nivTierebis gamtari, mxolod misi diametri unda iyos mocemulze meti an igive mavTuli gakeco orad;

rom daadgino winaRobis damokidebuleba gamtaris gvarobaze, niqromis gamtari Secvale sxva

nivTierebis (mag; spilenZis) gamtariT

1) gamtaris sigrZis 2-jer SemcirebiT, denis Zala gaizarda 2-jer, radgan winaRoba Semcirdeba 2-jer.

Zabvis 2-jer gazrdiT denis Zala gaizrdeba 2-jer. e.i. Sedegad denis Zala gaizrdeba 4-jer

2) R1 =10omi, R2 =2,5omi. winaRoba, rom 4-jer SevamciroT a) sigrZe 4-jer unda SevamciroT; b) sigrZe

2-jer SevamciroT, ganivkveTis farTobi ki 2-jer gavzardoT, e.i. gamtari Suaze gavkecoT

3)

razea damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba?





mebis Segrovebis da analizis , prezentaciis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. gamokvleva , Tu

razea damokidebuli gamtaris winaRoba

niqromis spirali, ampermetri, voltmetri, reostati, akumulatori

eleqtrobis yvelaze kargi gamtaria vercxli. vercxli ZviradRirebulia, amitom iyeneben

sadenebad spilenZs.

52

Seamowme codna

I R U20 a 11 omi 220 v

2 a 1,5 omi 3 v

1,5 a 8 omi 12 v

2

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Ddenis Zala,a 6 3 2 1,5 1,2 1Zabva,v 100 200 300 400 500 600

1

1m sigrZis spilenZis mavTulis winaRoba 2 omia. gamoTvale igive ganivkveTis farTobis mqone 1m

sigrZis aluminis mavTulis winaRoba. Rsp /Ral = ρ sp /ρal . Ral = 3,3 omi

Ddenis Zalis gazrda gamoiwvevs Zabvis gazrdas ubanze R=U/I ; Zabvis Sefardeba denis ZalasTan mud-

mivi iqneba; gamtaris winaRoba ar aris damokidebuli deni Zalaze da Zabvaze.

1) naklebi winaRoba aqvs spilenZis gamtars.

2) reostatis saSualebiT xdeba winaRobis gazrda da wredSi denis Zalis TandaTanobiT Semcirdeba

3) l1=1m, R1 =0,5omi, ρ =0,017omi.mm2/m. a) l2=5m S1=S2, b) ρ =0,017omi.mm2/m. l2=1m R2 =?

a) b)

4) R1 =10omi, l2=2l1, R2 =? R2 /R1 = l2 /l1= 2l1 /l1= 2, R2 =2R1 = 20 omi

5)

winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze.




yuradRebis mobilizaciis , azris Camoyalibebis, varaudis gamoTqmis, prezentaciis

unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. informaciis mopoveba da zegamtari nivTierebis roli

teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi

liTonis winaRobas ganapirobebs eleqtronebis dajaxeba im ionebTan, romelic irxeva kristaluri

meseris kvanZebSi. rac maRalia temperatura, miT ufro swrafad irxeva atomebi da ionebi, rac iwvevs

eleqtronebis dajaxebaTa ricxvis gazrdas. Ee.i. temperaturis gazrda iwvevs liTonis winaaRmdegobis

gazrdas.

a)arazegamtarul gamtarSi deni wyaros gamorTvisTanave Sewydeba; b) Tu moxerxdeboda zegamtaruli

masalis Seqmna oTaxis temperaturaze, maSin gadawydeboda umniSvnelovanesi tqnikuri problema: gam-

tariT energiis udanakargo gadacema.

1) ar aris liToni, radgan kuTri winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiki gviCvnebs, rom

temperaturis zrdisas winaRoba mcirdeba.

2) tyvia-265,82oC, vercxliswyali-268,8

oC, kala-269,3oC, TuTia-272,1

oC.

3)(6) formulaSi unda movaxdinoT Casma t = T - 273o

4) 1911wels holandielma fizikosma heike kamerling-onesma(1853-1926)aRmoaCina, rom Zalian dabal

temperaturaze(4,1K) vercxliswylis winaRoba naxtomiseburad ecema nulamde. aAm movlenas zegamtaroba

ewodeba. Mmisi axsna fizikis erT-erTi didi gamarjvebaa. zegamtarobis praqtikul gamoyenebas zRudavs

Zalze dabali temperatura, romlis drosac nivTiereba gadadis zegamtarul mdgomareobaSi. Ggasuli sau-

kunis damlevs aRmoaCines axali klasi nivTierebebisa, romlebSic, savaraudod, zegamtarobis miReba Sei-

Zleba oTaxis temperaturazec. Ees namdvil gadatrialebas gamoiwvevs eleqtronikaSi. Mmiuxedavad

msoflios gamoCenili fizikosebis mcdelobisa, maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarobis Teoriuli axsna

dRemde ver moxerxda.

53

2

3

Seamowme codna

xelsawyo nivTiereba sigrze, l, m ganivkveTis farTobi, S, mm2 winaRoba, R, omi

spirali niqromi 4 0. 4 44

kabeli alumini 330 50 x 3 0.062

reostati nikelini 119 1 50

naTura volframi 18 0.00002 484

gamtari spilenZi 0.3 0.5 0.01

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II - 12

2

1

Seamowme codna

rezistoris mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba (ix. samodelo gakveTili)

1) 3a

2) a) I2=U2/R2=2a ; I1=2a; U1=I1R1=6v; ε =U=U1+U2= 14v

Bb) R=R1+R2 =2omi+3omi=5omi, I=U/R =2a, U1=IR1=4v, U2=IR2=46v

g) R=R1+R2=4omi+2omi=6omi, I1=ε/R =0,2a, U1=IR1=0,2 . 4 = 0,8 v,

rezistorebis paraleluri SeerTeba



agebs el. wreds gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdvrobiTi SeerTebisaTvis, ikvlevs

kavSirs el. wredis maxasiTebel parametrebs Soris


Cvevis ganviTareba. rezistorebis paraleluri SeerTebis gamokvleva.

ori rezistori cnobili winaRobebiT, denis wyaro, ampermetri, ori voltmetri, sami

ampermetri, CamrTveli.

paraleluri SeerTebisas Zabva erTi da igivea yvela rezistoris boloebze: U=U1+U2

jamuri deni Zala I=I1+I2

sruli winaRoba:

1) 10 paraleluri zoli 8 naTuriT

2) 1/R1=1/2; R=5omi

3) a) I1=U/R1=12/3=4a, b) I2=U/R2=12/6=2a

4) 5) 6)

7) a)1a,b) 3a

eleqtruli denis muSaoba



xsnis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moxmarebuli el. xelsawyoebis moqmedebis princips

aRweris, msjelobis , sakuTari azris argumentirebis , analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba.

oOmis kanonis eqsperimentuli kvleva. Ddiskusiis warmarTva.

eleqtruli energia gardaiqmneba sinaTlis energiad

siTbur energiad

eleqtruli energia gardaiqmnebameqanikuri energiad

bgeris energiad siTbur energiad

meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti gviCvenebs, energiis ra danakargebi aqvs sistemas. Tu sistemaSi

energiis danakargebi ar aris , maSin mqk=1-s. maRali mqk gviCvenebs meqanizmis efeqturobaze

54

Seamowme codna

II - 13

1

2

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

II - 14

Seamowme codna

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II - 15

V

V

el

eq

tr

on

eb

is

mi

ma

rT

ul

eb

a

denis mimarTuleba

1) A=IUt=66kj

2)

joul-lencis kanoni





oOmis kanonis eqsperimentuli kvleva. Ddiskusiis warmarTva.

akumulatori, ampermetri, voltmetri , gamtari, Termometri, kalorimetri, naTura,

reostati,

unda aiRo ampermetris da voltmetris Cvenebebi da gamoTvalo drois SualedSi muxtis gadatanaze

Sesrulebuli muSaoba A=IUt,aseve TermometriT unda gamoTvalo temperaturebis sxvaoba Q=cmΔtformulis saSualebiT gamovTvaloT wylisTvis gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba; unda Sesruldes pi-

roba A=Q, cdis Sedegebma SeiZleba ar aCvenos es toloba, garemoSi siTbos kargvis gamo. Ggrafiki da-

bali Zabvebisas aris wrfivi, Semdeg ki abscisaTa RerZis paraleluri wrfe.

praqtikuli samuSao: praqtikuli samuSao:

moswavlebi reostatis saSualebiT cvlian denis Zalas wredSi, iReben denis

Zalis da Zabvis anaTvlebs. ageben grafiks , grafiks aqvs saxe.

eleqtruli energia gardaiqmneba Sinagan energiadsiTbur energiad

Eeleqtruli velis mier miniWebuli energiis nawili gadaecema gamtars.

Ggamtaris Sinagani energia izrdeba_igi Tbeba.

1) denis aRZvrisas muxtebi (eleqtronebi) iwyeben mowesrigebul moZraobas. iZenen garkveul kinetikur

energias. amasTanave eleqtronebi daejaxeba gamtaris ionebs. ixarjeba eleqtronebis kinetikuri ener-

giis nawili. Eeleqtruli velis mier miniWebuli energiis nawili gadaecema gamtars. Ggamtaris Sinagani

energia izrdeba_igi Tbeba, rogorc ki gamtaris temperatura garemos temperaturas gadaaWarbebs,

iwyeba siTbos gadacema gamtarsa da garemos Soris, garemosTvis gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba pro-

porciulia gamtarisa da garemos Soris temperaturaTa sxvaobisa, amitom gamtaris temperaturis zrdis

kvalobaze izrdeba garemosTvis gadacemuli siTbos raodenobac. Ddadgeba momenti, rodesac gamtaris

temperatura Sewyvets zrdas, radgan denis muSaoba gamoyofili siTbos raodenobas gautoldeba(Tu ma-

namde gamtari ar gadna!)

2) U =220v, R1 =20omi, R2 = 11omi, t =10wm, Q =?

a) , , Q = 68200j, b) R =R1 +R2 = 31omi, Q =I2Rt

3) joul-lencis kanoni warmoadgens energiis mudmivobis kanonis kerZo saxes, romlis dros adgili

aqvs eleqtruli energiis gardaqmnas sxeulis (gamtaris) Sinagan energiad. siTbos raodenoba ar aris

damokidebuli denis mimarTulebaze.

55

Seamowme codna

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

II - 16

Seamowme codna

1

U

I

eleqtruli denis simZlavre





eleqtruli denis simZlavris gansazRvra.

a) macivris simZlavre 500 vatia, ipove denis Zala, romelic masSi gadis 220v Zabvis dros. I = P/U ≈ 2,3a

b) kilovatsaaTi ufro msxvili erTeulia: 1kvt.sT=1kvt.1sT=3,6.106j

1) P=U2/R, R=U2/P. winaRoba simZlavris ukuproporciulia, e.i. rac metia simZlavre miT naklebia

winaRoba; 60 vatian naTuras ufro meti winaRoba aqvs, vidre100 vatians.

2) U1=140v, I = 5a, U2=100v, P1=? P2=?

a) P2=IU2 = 500vt, b) P1=IU1 =700vt. simZlavris sxvaoba 200vt ixarjeba sadenebis gaTbobisaTvis.

3) 3vt.sT=3X3600j=10800j; 1hvt.sT=360000j; 5kvt.sT=5X1000vtX3600wm=18000000j

4) U =220 v, R=80 omi, P1/P2=?

a) P =U2/R, P1=2202/80 = 605 vt. mimdevrobiTi P1=2202/(80+80) = 302,5vt . paraleluri

b) simZlavre daaxloebiT 1,4-jer gaizrdeba

omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis



iyenebs omis kanons sruli wredisTvis sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad;


omis kanonis gansazRvra sruli wredisTvis

SesaZlebelia wredis or wertils Soris arsebobdes Zabva, magram ar iyos Zabvis vardna (mag ; Tu sadeni

gawyda)

sruli Siga winaRoba iqneba:Q 4 r. rom miviRoT didi emZ wyaroebi unda CavrToT mimdevrobiT

1) a)paraleluri SeerTebisas sruli emZ tolia erT-erTi elementis emZ-s. b) sruli winaRoba ki

gamoiTvleba gamtarebis paraleluri SeerTebis Cveulebrivi wesiT.

2) a) ε = 4v — 2v+2v=4 v, b) Rsr=6+4+2+2=14 omi

3) ξ =1,5 v, r =0,1omi, R =2omi, I =?

Rsr=R + 2r =2+0,4=2,4omi, ξ sr= 4 .1,5=6v, I =ξ/R=6v/2,4v=2,5a

56

Seamowme codna

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II - 17

1

Seamowme codna

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II - 18

1

2

I, a U, v P, kvt

el. Caidani 10 0,22 2,2

Ffeni 6 250 1500

televizori 0,5 0,5 100

mokle CarTva . mcvelebi.

moswavle ikvlevs eletrul da magnitur movlenebs.m Moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-


avlens usafrTxoebis wesebis codnas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtruli xelawyoe-

bis moxmarebisas


mokle CarTvis Tavidan acilebis pirobebis dadgena da mcvelebis funqciis gansazRvra

denis Zala SeiZleba Zalian didi gaxdes, Tu emZ ramdenime voltia da winaRoba mcirea;

winaRobis Semcireba wredSi xdeba erTdroulad ramdenime xelsawyos paraleluri CarTvisas;

Tu mavTulSi dasaSvebze meti deni gaivlis dnobadi damcvelis mavTuli wydeba da wredi iTiSeba ri-

winaRoba , es iwvevs wredSi denis Zalis gazrdas. Tu denis Zala gadaaWarbebs dasaSvebs damcvelis mav-

Tuli gawydeba.

eleqtrodafis damzadeba:

eleqtrobaSi cdebis Casatareblad denis wyarod binis ganaTebis qselis

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod sworad damzadebuli eleqtrodafis

gamoiyenebiT: eleqtrodafis panelisTvis SearCieT kargi eleqtrosaizo-

lacio fila: gamomSrali xe, eboniti, marmarilo. sqemis mixedviT panelze

daamontaJeT ori Stefselis rozeti da ori mcveli: 6 an 10 amperiani. ele-

qtrodafa samuSao magidaze an kedelze ise daamagreT, rom sadenebsa da

magidis an kedlis kides Soris manZili 15 sm manZili darCes.

1) sayofacxovrebo nivTebis wredSi paralelurad CarTvisas izrdeba denis Zala.

2) ix. grafiki.

3) televizori-3a; eleqtroCaidani-3a;kompiuteri-3a; eleqtroRumeli-5a;

mikrotalRovani Rumeli-5a; tosteri-13a

4) sruli deni 74a-is tolia; I-damcveli daziandeba 10,5a denis gavlisas;

II-28a; III-35a;IV-56a denis gavlisas, jamSi 129,5a

proeqti (ix. samodelo gakveTili)

eleqtruli deni siTxeSi

moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs. m Moswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aRmo-

Cenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan.

ikvlevs eleqtruli xelsawyoebis gavlenas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da garemoze

dakvirvebis, aRweris , Sedarebis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. siTxeSi eleqtruli denis Seswavla.

eleqtroliti, eleqtrodebi, Sabiamnis wyalxsnari, rveulebi, kalmistrebi

1) a)natriumis hidroqsidis wyalxsnari eleqtrolitia.

2) gaxsnili nivTierebis ionebad daSlil molekulaTa rao-

denoba D(disociacis xarisxi ) damokidebulia temperaturaze,

xsnaris koncentraciasa da gamxsnelis dieleqtrikul SeR-

wevadobaze.

57

Seamowme codna

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II - 19

II - 20. II-21

1

1

2

3

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

II -22

grafiki

d

I100

60

30

15

5

0,2 0,9 1,4 2

18 sm

24

sm

rozetebi

sadenebi

+

–

+ –

+–

+ –

+–

b) g)

+ -

+ -

+ -

anodi kaTodi

Na+

Na+

OH-

OH-

Na+ OH-

+

mcvelebi

–

meti denis Zala iqneba wredSi, romelSic disociaciis xarisxia meti.

2) xsnarSi marilis damatebiT izrdeba disociaciis xarisxi, rac iwvevs ionebis

koncentraciis gazrdas da naTuris varvareba gaizrdeba.

D3) denis gavlisas denis siTburi moqmedebis Sedegad eleqtroliti Tbeba. ele-

qtrolitSi ionebi eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT moZraobisas ejaxebian gamxs-

nelis molekulebs da erTmaneTs, ris gamoc izrdeba am nawilakebis kinetikuri

energia da maSasadame temperaturac. Eeleqtrolitis xasnarSi denis gavlisas ele-

qtruli energiis nawili xsnaris Sinagan energiad gardaiqmneba.

4)dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis raodenoba tolia, amitom eleqtroliti

mTlianobaSi eleqtrulad neitraluri sistemaa.

5) wyalbadi da liTonebi dadebiTi ionebia.

eleqtrolizi da misi gamoyeneba siTxeSi



ikvlevs eleqtruli xelsawyoebis gavlenas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da garemoze

dakvirvebis, aRweris, Sedarebis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. siTxeSi eleqtruli denis Seswavla.

eleqtroliti, eleqtrodebi, Sabiamnis wyalxsnari, denis wyaro

CuSO4- is disociaciis Sedegad miiReba spilenZis ioni, romelsac ori eleqtroni aklia. denis

gavlisas spilenZis ionebi kaTodTan Sexebisas misgan iZenen danaklis ionebs da neitraluri saxiT

gamoiyofian kaTodze.

temperaturis gazrdiT izrdeba dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli ionebis koncentracia.

eleqtrolizis saSualebiT xdeba qirurgiuli xelsawyoebis dafenva uJangavi liToniT.

1) dasamuSavebel liTons uSveben eleqtrolitur abazanaSi im eleqtrodis magier, romelzec liToni

gamoiyofa da abazanaSi dens atareben; sxeulis zedapiri liTonis Txeli feniT daifareba, mag; da-

Jangvisagan dasacavad foladis zedapirs kaliT an qromiT faraven(mag; foladis konservis qilebs Jangis-

gan dasacavad kalis Zalze Txeli feniT faraven, xolo TiTbris fena nivTebs aZlevs mdidrul oqrosfer

Seferilobas

2) gamovTvaloT muxtis raodenoba: a) q=It=1a. 600wm=600k. es mocemuli raodenobis naxevaria.e E.i.

gamoiyofa 0,25g spilenZi. Bb) SemTxvevaSi muxtis raodenoba iqneba 4a.300wm=1200k .gamoiyofa 0,5g spilenZi.

3) spilenZi orive abazanaSi erTnairad gamoiyofa, radgan mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas orive abazanaSi

erTi da igive sididis deni gaivlis. Ggamoyofili nivTierebebis masa ki eleqtrolizis kanonis Tanaxmad

proporciulia deni Zalis da droisa. Tu paraleluradaa SeerTebuli , maSin im abazanaSi iqneba meti deni,

romelSic Sabiamnis koncentraciaa meti da meti spilenZic gamoiyofa.

5) sufris marilis xsnaridan Na+ ionebi gadaadgildeba kaTodisken. kaTodze Na+ ioni miierTebs ele-

qtrons da gardaiqmneba natriumis atomad. eEs ukanaskneli maSinve qimiurad urTierTqmedebs wyalTan da

warmoiqmnis natriumis tutes(NaOH) romelic fenolftaleins gaawiTlebs. aAmpulis gawiTlebuli mxare

aRmoCndeba denis wyaros uaryofiT polusTan SeerTebuli.

58

Seamowme codna

+

_

anodi kaTodi

1

2

3

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

II -23

Seamowme codna

2

1)

damuxtuli nawi la -

kebis mowesri gebu -

li moZraoba;

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis

mowesrigebuli moZraobaa. Ddenis

gavlis Sedegad eleqtrodze

nivTierebis daleqva.

eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli

moZ raoba, gamtaris gaTboba, gam-

taris wagrZeleba;

liTonis Tvisebebi saerTo Tvisebebieleqtrolitebis Tvisebebi

4)

_

+

I

III

IIIV

eleqtruli deni airSi



poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris gzas

dakvirvebis, aRweris , Sedarebis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. airSi eleqtruli denis Seswavla.

brtyeli kondensatori, batarea, voltmetri, galvanometri, rveulebi, kalmistrebi

galvanometris isari gadaixreba. hHaeri gacxelebis Semdeg gamtari gaxda.

2) temperaturis gazrdasTan erTad airis winaRoba mcirdeba

3) gaxurebis an ionizaciis sxva wyaros moqmedebis Sedegad airis neitraluri

molekula kargavs eleqtrons an iqceva dadebiTad ionad. Ees eleqtroni uerTdeba

sxva neitralur molekulas da miiReba uaryofiTi ioni, romelic SedarebiT didi

masis gamo ufro naklebad moZravia, vidre dadebiTi ioni.

4) gamonabolqvi airi mtverTan erTad Sedis mowyobilobaSi, sadac imuxteba. damuxtuli mtvris naw-

ilakebi Sedis “+” da “-” damuxtul firfitebs Soris.

eleqtruli ganmuxtva



poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris gzas

dakvirvebis, aRweris , Sedarebis unar_Cvevis ganviTareba. airSi eleqtruli denis Seswavla.

gare ionizatoris Sewyvetis Semdeg rekombinaciis xarisxi metia disociaciis xarisxze, bolos gan-

muxtva wydeba.

a)pirveli ubani Seesabameba araTavisTavad ganmuxtvas, xolo mesame ubani TavisTavsd gamuxtvas; b) ai -

ris ionizaciis dros zogi molekula kargavs eleqtronebs, sxvebi TviTon iZenen eleqtronebs da ua-

ryofiT ionebad iqcevian, rogorc ki isini eleqtrodebs miaRweven, mas gascemen zedmet eleqtronebs

an TviTon ierTeben im eleqtronebs, romelic maT akliaT da neitralur molekulebad gardaiqmne-

bian, da isev airSi difundirdebian. Aamitomac ar xdeba maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis gamoyofa eleq-

trodebze, rogorc amas adgili aqvs eleqtrolitebSi.

Weqa-quxilis RrublebSi uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi Rrublis qvda mxares ganlagdebian..

Tu Rrublebsa da dedamiwis zedapirs Soris Seqmnili eleqtruli veli Zalian Zlieria, haeri gam-

tari xdeba da Rrublidan dedamiwaze muxti gadava, anu moxdeba eleqtruli ganmuxtva. Dedamiwasa da

Rrublebs Soris giganturi naperwkali gaCndeba-es aris mexi. Tu ganmuxtva Rrublebs Soris moxda

Cven mas elvis saxiT davinaxavT.

1) airis garRvevas adgili aqvs maRali Zabvis dros;

2) damokidbulia atomis agebulebaze. Uufro Ddabal temperaturaze SesaZlebelia natriumis ionizacia.

mMeore ubanze ionizirebuli da rekombinirebuli ionebis ricxvi erTmaneTs

udris. Aam ubnis Sesabamis denis Zalaze yvela ioni aRwevs eleqtrodebamde.

I. Eeleqtruli deni liTonebSi: eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba, I gamta-

ris gaTboba, gamtaris wagrZeleba;

II. Eeleqtruli deni eleqtrolitebSi: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi oinebis mowesri-

gebuli moZraobaa. Ddenis gavlis Sedegad eleqtrodze nivTierebis daleqva.

III. eEleqtruli deni airSi: ionebis da eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba. Ee-

leqtruli ganmuxtva

IV. damuxtuli nawilakebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba;

59

1

Sedegi

indikatori

resursebi

mizani

II -24

Seamowme codna

1

2

3

Sedegi

indikatori

mizani

II -25

Seamowme codna

U

I

12

3

+

+

+

-

e

-e

+-

1)

3)

4)

winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebuleba naxevargamtarebSi


moCenebs fizikaSi yoveldRiurobasTan. AakeTebs prezentacias


teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi.

dakvirvebis, aRweris , eqsperimentis Catarebis, grafikis agebis , analizis unar-Cvevis gan-

viTareba. winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis gansazRvra naxevargamtarebSi.

Termistori(10KK), multimetri, Termometri, yinuli, liTonis firfita, saaTi.

temperaturis momatebisas gamtaris winaRoba izrdeba.

naxevargamtaris kuTri winaRoba temperaturis ukuproporciulia; I ubanze ( dabali temperaturis

dros) naxevargamtari amJRavnebs dieleqtrikis Tvisebebs, II ubanze gamtaris Tvisebebs.

Ppraqtikuli samuSao

_ winaRobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiki gviCvenebs am sidideebs Soris ukupropor-

ciul damokidebulebas

_ temperaturis gazrdiT winaRoba mcirdeba

_ winaRobis temperaturuli koeficienti naxevargamtarebisTvis aris uaryofiTi.

Termistori gamoiyeneba temperaturis gasazomad. Mmisi temperaturis gazrda mZRols atyobinebs man-

qanis detalis gadaxurebis Sesaxeb .

RumelSi temperaturis awevisas naxvargamtaruli Termistoris winaRoba mcirdeba da deni wredSi

izrdeba, rac iwvevs zaris CarTvas. fotorezistori“grZnobs” sinaTles. Emas iyeneben usfrTxoebis

teqnikis xelsawyo-iaraRebSi. sakmarisia muSas SemTxveviT xeli mouxvdes manqanis saxifaTo mawilSi,

rom Crdili daecema fotowinaRobas da wydeba masSi gamavali deni, rac iwvevs manqanis avtomatur gaC-

erebas. Ffotorezistoris saSualebiT xdeba detalis gaprialebis da nawarmis SeRebvis xarisxis Se-

faseba.

1) mcire zomis gamo maTi winaRoba mcirea.

2) fosforic naxevargamtaria

3) fotorezistoris winaRoba icvleba ganaTebulobis Sesabamisad, winaRobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad

xdeba diafragmis Seviwroeba an gafarToeba.

4) rodesac gamonabolqvi gaizrdeba, maSin fotorezistoramde miRweuli sinaTle umniSvnelo iqneba,

Sedegad CairTveba Sesrulebis wredi zariT, romelic menejers amcnobs, rom gamonabolqvma dasaSveb zR-

vars gadaaWarba.

deni naxevargamtarebSi




teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi

dakvirvebis, aRweris , analogiis , analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba.

qudi eleqtronis rolSia.uqudo jariskaci xvrelis. Qqudiani jariskaci neitraluri atomis.uUqudo

jariskacis mcdeloba mezobel jariskacs moxados qudi SeiZleba SevadaroT eleqtronebis da

xvrelebis gadaadgilebas.

Tu germaniumis atoms Caenacvleba III jgufis romelime elementi (mag alumini, mas gare Sreze sami ele-

qtroni aqvs) sami eleqtroni sakmarisi ar aris germaniumis mezobel oTx aatomTan kovalenturi bmis

gasajereblad, amitom aluminis atomma SeiZleba CaiWiros eleqtroni germaniumis mezobeli atomidan.

Ggermaniumis atoms, romelsac aluminis atomma “ mostaca” eleqtroni gauCndeba dadebiTi muxti. igi,

rogorc xvreli sufTa germaniumSi gadaadgildeba velis gavleniT.

naTura ainTeba a) SemTxvevaSi. Ees savarjiSo SesaZlebelia CaatarebinoT klasSi.

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1) sufTa naxevrgamtarul kristalSi savalento eleqtronebi myarad aris dakavSirebuli atomebTan.

Kkristalis gaTbibisas an ganaTebisas warmoiqmneba Tavisufali eleqtronebi da xvrelebi.

2) naxevargamtaris eleqtruli Tvisebebis Secvla xdeba minarevis damatebiT. Mminarevis damatbiT

xdeba Tavisufali eleqtronebis raodenobis Secvla. es gamoiwvevs winaRobis Secvlas.

3) eleqtrul gamtarobas miviRebT, Tu germaniumSi minarevis saxiT SevitanT fosfors, dariSxans.

naxevargamtarebis gamoyeneba(ix. samodelo)




teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi. akeTebs prezentacias.

dakvirvebis, aRweris , informaciis Segrovebis, klasifikaciis, komunikaciis unar-Cvevis gan-

viTareba. Nnaxevargamtarebis Seswavla.

sasurvelia interneti

mzis energiis roli energomomaragebaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. mzis batareis dadebiTi mxareebi:

mzis batareis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi; Seucvlelia ukacriel adgilebSi da sa-

telitebze; mosaxerxebelia maTi gamoyeneba , roca saWiroa mcire eleqtrul deni(mag:satelitebSi);

mzis batareebi bevrad ufro msubuqia, vidre sxva saxis batareebi.

ix. samodelo

1) naxevargamtari inaxavs mzis energias iseve, rogorc mcenare fotosinTezis dros.

2)

Termistoris winaRoba 300C tolia daaxloebiT 8v; 700C tolia 1,6v;

1) b 2) g 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) b 8) a 9) g, a, b, g 10) a 11) b 12) b 13) g 14) g 15) a 16) b 17) g 18) a 19) a 20) b 21)a

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Seamowme codna

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U

20 40 60 80 100

12

4

1

testi II testi II Tavis bolos

1) a) “denis Zala wredSi 5 amperia” niSnavs, rom gamtaris nebismier ganivkveTSi 1wm-Si 1k muxti gaiv-

lis; b)“ eleqtrogamaTboblis simZlavrea 10vt” niSnavs, rom igi 1wm-Si 10j eleqtrul energias gar-

daqmnis; g) “ gamtaris boloebze Zabva 12 voltia’ niSnavs, rom 1k muxti gamtarSi gavlisas 1j energias

kargavs.

2) a) ξ=IR = 10v; b) I=U/R=3a; g) R=U/I=10omi

3) foTlovani xeebi ziandeba ufro metad, vidre wiwvovani, radgan wiwvovani xeebis guli webovania

da ufro didi winaRoba aqvs

4) a) I1=U/R=0,4a+0,6a=1a I2=0,6a; b) I1=1, I2 =0,4a; g) I1=0,6a; I2 =0,2a; I3=I4=0,2a

d) I1=0,7a, I2=0,3a, I3=0,9a e) I1 =0,8a; I2 =0,5a; v) I1=1a_(0,2a+0,4a)=0,4a; I2=0,8a;

5) a) 4,5j energias b) 4,5 vt simZlavres.

6) t =10wm, Q =15k, A =45j, I =? U=? A=�t=IUt, I=q/t=1,5a, U=A/It =3v

7) 5om winaRobis gamtars paralelurad unda miuerToT gamtari, romlis winaRoba 4-jer nakle-

bia(1,25om), maSin masSi gaivlis 4-jer naklebi deni.

8) Mt1 =1, Mt2=?.

Pparalelurad CarTvisas ,mimdevrobiTi CarTvisas ,radgan Q1=Q2 miiReba

Mt2=9 Mt1 imdenive siTbi gamoiyofa 9-jer met droSi.

9) I =? , U= 4 v, t =1wm, A =0,8 j, I = A/Ut = 0,8 /4.1 = 0,2a

10) Mt =0,001wm , I =18.103 a, U= 108 v. Q = IUt =18.103 .108 . 0,001=1,8.109 j

11) MU =220v, M� =1400vt, MI =2a(mcvelis), MI =?. MI =�/U ≈ 6,4a. 2 amperiani mcveli sakmarisi ar aris

12) R1=4,5om, R2 =1om, R3 =3om, R4=2om, R5 =2om, R6 =4om, R =?

a) Eeqvivalenturi sqemaa.

R/=R2+R3+R4=1+3+2=6omi.

1/R5+1/R/ =1/6+1/2=2/3

R/ /=3/2=1,5om

R =R1+R//+R6=4,5+1,5+4=10omi

b) wredSi gamavali sruli denis Zala I=U/R=8a; sruli deni SegviZlia warmovidginoT jamis saxiT I =I5+I /

, sadac I5aris R5 winaRobaSi gamavali deni, I /ki mimdevrobiT CarTul R2 R3 R4 winaRobebSi. Ddenis Za-

laTa Sefareba tolia I5/I /= (R2+ R3+ R4)/R5 =3 da radgan sruli deni 8a, miviRebT I /=2 da I5=6a;

g) Zabvis vardna R4 winaRobaze tolia U4=I /R4=4v.

13) I1=U/(R1+ R2)= 4,2v/3omi=1,4a. I2=U/(R3+ R4)=4,2v/70m=0,6a. I = I1+ I2=1,4a+0,6a=2a. Aampermetris Cveneba

iqneba 2a.

14) gamtaris winaRoba temperaturis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, amitom eleqtrogamaTboblis spi-

rals qselSi CarTvisas ufro naklebi winaRoba aqvs, vidre gaxurebis Semdeg.

Mmoc: l2=9/10 l1. P2/P1=?. -jer gaizrdeba

15) moc: � =300kvt=3.105vt. U =220v, t =1wm, (300kj;1,36a). Q =? I=?. Q =IUt = �t = 3.105 j

16)

Pparalelurad SeerTebuli 2 gamtaris saerTo winaRoba

iqneba 1omi, xolo maTTan mimdevrobiT mierTebuli 2omi

gamtari saerTo jamSi winaRobas gazrdis 3 omamde

17) moc: n = 40, P2/P1 = ?Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi yvela naTuraSi erTad gamoiyofa simZlavre P1 = U2/R=U2/nR1rodesac naTurebis ricxvi 2-iT Semcirdeba, maSin P2 = U2/(n-2)R .miviRebT P2/P1 = n/(n-2)=1,05.

gamoyofili simZlavre gaizrdeba1,05-jer. daaxloebiT amdenjerve gaizrdeba ganaTebac.

62

4,5om

1 om 3 om 2 om

4 om

2 om

2 om

2 om

2 om

savarjiSoebi savarjiSoebi II Tavis bolos

18) moc: I =0,15a, t=1sT=3600wm, A=1,08.105j. U=? �=?A = IUt, U = A/It =200v, P=IU =30vt

19) sasworis saSualebiT gansazRvrav spilenZis mavTulis masas da gamoTvli mavTulis moculobas

V=m/ρ. ampermetris da voltmetris saSualebiT gansazRvrav Sesabamisad denis Zalas da Zabvas da for-

muliT R = U/I. gamoTvli winaRobas Semdeg gamoiyeneb formulas R = ρ . l/S gaixseneb, rom V = Sl. Amisi gaT-

valiswinebiT l2 = RV/ρ20) moc: V = 103mm3 . ρ = 0,017omi.mm2/m, S = 4 .10-7mm2. R =?

R = ρ . l/S , l = V/S, R = ρ . V/S2

21) a) 21om; b) 42v; g) 0,5a

22) U = IR =0,1a .24om=2,4v

23) SevadginoT ekvivalenturi sqema. a da c-s erTnairi poten-

cialebi aqvT, radgan isini erTmaneTTan mokled arian CarTuli.

Aaseve b da d-s. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sami winaRoba SeerTebu-

lia paralelurad, xolo meoTxe SeerTebulia maTTan mimdevrobiT,

amitom saerTo winaRoba iqneba: R =r/3 + r = 4/3 r = 40oms.

24) Mmoc: ξ =30v, I=3a, U=18v, r =? R=?

wredis gare ubnisTvis R=UU/I = 6omi; mTeli wredisTvis r = (ξ - U)/I =4omi

25) Mmoc: D = 3 .10-2sm = 3 .10-4 m, U =120 v, P =40 vt, U1 =220 v, ρ = 1,1 .10-6, l=?R = ρ . l/S , S = πD2/4 , S = 4ρ l/πD2.

radganac naTura gaTvaliswinebulia U Zabvaze da unda CairTos U1-ze, amitom saZiebel R winaRobaze

Zabvis vardna unda iyos IR = U1 - U, sadac I naTuraSi normaluri varvarebis dros gamavali denis Zalaa da

gamoiTvleba formuliT I=P/U, miviRebT P P/U . 4ρ l/πD2 = U1 - U, saidanac l=19,26m.

26) Mmoc: Q = 8,6 .107j, D = 0,1 sm=10-4m, U=120v, t=24sT=3600wm, ρ = 1,1 .10-6, l=?oTaxSi rom temperatura ucvleli iyos, saWiroa eleqtroquram denis gatarebisas gamoyos DdeRameSi

imdeni siTbo, ramdenic ikargeba oTaxidan. joul-lencis kanonis Tanaxmad:

, aqedan ; CavsvaT , miviRebT

27) t1=10wT, t2=40wT, t3=? t4=?

Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi , meore SemTxvevaSi ,

mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas , aqedan , Casmis Semdeg miviRebT t3= t1+ t2=50wT.

Pparalelurad SeerTebisas , aqedan winaRobebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT

63

r

rac

bd

r

r

III Tavi. Mmagnituri veli

mudmivi magnitis magnituri veli.



agebs martivi xelsawyos models el. magnitis gamoyenebiT

dakvirvebis, aRweris, eqsperimentis Catarebis, daskvnis gamotanis unar_Cvevis gan-

viTareba. magnituri velis aRZvris pirobebis dadgena. mMagnituri velis daxasiaTeba

magnitebi( sxvadasxva formis), rkinis naqlibi, muyaos yuTi, rkinis lursmani, sama-

grebi, rveulebi, kalmistrebi

rkinis zogierT madans, e.w. rkinaqvas_ rkinisa da foladis sagnebis mizidvis unari aqvs. aseTi madnis

didi sabadoebi mcire aziis q. magnesiiis maxloblad mdebareobda. sityva “ magniti” swored am qalaqis

saxelwodebidan warmoiSva. mMagnitis im nawils, sadac magnituri urTierTqmedeba yvelaze Zlieria,

magnitis polusi ewodeba. Mmagnits ori polusi aqvs: CrdiloeTi da samxreTi.

sxeulebs, romlebsac magniti izidavs, magnituri sxeulebi hqvia. magnituri masalebia: rkina,

nikeli, foladi, kobalti.

matarebeli liandagis Tavze haerSi kidia da TiTqmis xaxunis gareSe moZraobs. erTmaneTs awonas-

worebs simZimis da magnituri Zala.

neitraluri wertili: velebi erTmaneTs aqroben.

rkinis Reros damagniteba SesaZlebelia, Tu masze ramdenjerme erTi mimarTulebiT gausvamT mag-

nits. dakakunebiT anu meqnikuri zemoqmedebiT xdeba lursmanis ganmagniteba_ igi kargavs magni-

turi mizidvis unars.

1) a) macivris kari rom mWidrod daixuros, masSi magnitebs iyeneben; b)xorblis nakadis gatarebisas

mZlavr magnitebs Soris xdeba xorblidan rkinis sagnebis gamocalkeveba; g) konstruirebisas magnituri

masalebis erTmaneTTan Sexebis Sedegad xdeba maTi damagniteba; d) damagnitebuli saxraxnisi miizidavs

WanWiks da ufro advilad moeSveba.

2) a) magniti miizidavs nemss. Nnemsi haerSi livlivs daiwyebs. Tu nemssa da magnits Soris movaTavsebT

qaRalds, Zafgayrili nemsi Zirs daeSveba. xolo Tu maT Soris rkinis firfitas movaTavsebT, magnituri

urTierTqmedeba kvlav SeimCneva; b) davinaxavT, rom igi mxolod mis Sua da bolo nawilebs miekroba.

3) diamagnetikisgan_spilenZi an vercxli

4) sakredito baraTebSi, moqnil diskebSi.

5) pawawina rkinaqvis kristalebi, zustad ise iqcevian dedamiwis magnitur velSi, rogorc magnituri isrebi.

deniani gamtaris magnituri veli.




dakvirvebis, aRweris, varaudis gamoTqmis, eqsperimentis Catarebis, daskvnis gamotanis unar-

Cvevis ganviTareba. magnituri velis aRZvris pirobebis dadgena. mMagnituri velis daxasiaTeba.

denis wyaro, sadenebi, kompasi, rkinis naqlibi, rveulebi, kalmistrebi

Tu im gamtaris paralelurad, romelSic deni gadis, movaTavsebT magnitur isars, davinaxavT, rom

isari gadaixreba. Tu deni Sewydeba, isari dabrundeba Tavis pirvendel mdebareobas. Tu imave gamtarSi

dens gavatarebT sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, davinaxavT, rom magnituri isari pirvel cdasTan

SedarebiT spirispiro mimarTulebiT gadaixreba.

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1

deniani gamtarebis urTierTqmedeba gansxvavdeba muxtebis urTierTqmedebisgan: ori erTnairniSni-

ani muxti erTmaneTs ganizidavs, sxvadasxvaniSniani erTmaneTs miizidavs, xolo ori deniani gamtari,

romelSic erTnairi mimarTulebis deni gadis erTmaneTs miizidavs, xolo Tu denebis mimarTuleba

sapirispiroa, maSin deniani gamtarebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs.

wrfivi denis magnituri velis moqmedebiT rkinis naqlibi gamtaris irgvliv koncentrirebul

wrewirebad ganlagdeba. wrfivi denis magnituri velis wirebis mimarTuleba damokidebulia gamtarSi

denis mimarTulebaze.

mudmivi magniti droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavs magnitur Tvisebebs, anu ganmagniteba. radgan domenebis

mowesrigebuli ganlageba nel-nela gadadis qaosur ganlagebaSi. Gan ganmagniteba Cqardeba tempera-

turis momatebiT, aseve meqanikuri dartymiT.

a) vels warmoqmnis muxti; b) moZravi muxti qmnis rogorc magnitur, ise eleqtrul vels. eleqtruli

veli iqmneba uZravi muxtis garSemo.

a) nax. 10-dan Cans, rom sxvadasxvasaxelian magnitSi wriul denebs erTnairi mimarTuleba aqvT. b) mag-

nitebis mizidva gamowveulia wriuli denebiT _ moZravi muxtebiT. uZravi muxtebis urTierTqmedeba

gansxvavdeba uZravi muxtebis urTierTqmedebisgan.

1)

2) kompasis isris CrdiloeT polusi rom yovelTvis dedmiwis CrdiloeT polusiskenaa mimarTuli, es niS-

navs,rom geografiuli CrdiloeT polusi magnituri samxreT polusia_ amitom igi izidavs kompasis magni-

turi isris CdiloeT poluss. Sesabamisad, geografiuli samxreTi polusi magnituri CrdiloeT polusia.

3) a) eleqtroni moZraobs moZravi muxtis garSemo _ iqmneba magnituri veli. b) yvela sxeuli Sedgeba

eleqtronebisgan, romlebic qmnian “wriul denebs”.

4) magnitis orive natexSi gvaqvs domenebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi

qaosuradaa ganlagebuli, magram magnitur velSi moTavsebisas domenebi mowesrigdeba, erTmaneTs gaa-

Zlierebs da vlindeba magnituri Tvisebebi; b) polusebi swored is adgilebia, romlis SemaerTebeli

wrfis gaswvrivac lagdeba mowesrigebuli domenebi. veli Zlierdeba am wrfis gaswvriv da ara mis mar-

Tobulad. g)rodesac domenebi mTlianad mowesrigdeba, es ukve rkinis damagnitebis zRvari iqneba; d)

rkina feromagnituri nivTierebaa. Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi misi domenebi qaosuradaa orientirebuli

da sxeuli magnitur Tvisebebs ar avlens. mMagnitur velSi moTavsebisas (magnitis maxloblad) domenebi

mowesrigdeba, erTmaneTs gaaZlierebs da rkina magnitur Tvisebebs gamoavlens.

5) nax. 16, b

deniani koWas magnituri veli

moswavle ikvlevs eletrul da magnitur movlenebs. mMoswavle akavSirebs mecnierul aR-



dakvirvebis, aRweris, varaudis gamoTqmis, eqsperimentis Catarebis, daskvnis gamotanis unar-

Cvevis ganviTareba. magnituri velis aRZvris pirobebis dadgena. mMagnituri velis daxasiaTeba

denis wyaro, sadenebi, koWa, koWa gulariT, rkinis naqlibi, rveulebi, kalmistrebi

a) sur. Mmagnituri velis wirebi koWaSi paraleluria, gareT ki Sekrulia. Ddeniani koWas magnituri

velis Zalwirebis ganlageba Zalian hgavs zolovani magnitis magnituri velis Zalwirebs; g) koWebi Tu

erT SemTxvevaSi ganizidavs erTmaneTs, denis mimarTulebis Secvlis Semdeg - miizidavs.

1) feTqebadi mowyobilobis mgrZnobiare nawilia magnituri isari. roca xomaldi gaivlis naRmze, mag-

nituri isari Semobrundeba xomaldis rkinis nawilakebisaken mizidvis gamo. am dros is Caketavs feTqe-

badi mowyobilobis eleqtrul wreds da moxeba afeTqeba. afeTqebis Tavidan asacileblad SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT “naRmis sawinaaRmdego sartyeli” anu uzarmazari koWebi, romelsac acvamen korpuss. aseTi

koWas magnituri veli moqmedebs naRmis magnitur isarze Sori manZilidan da iwvevs mis afeTqebas xoma-

ldis miaxloebamde gacilebiT adre.

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+

-

-

SN

_ +

2) 3)

eleqtromagniti.





Cvevis ganviTareba. Eeleqtromagnitis damzadeba . magnituri relaqsaciis movlenis Seswavla

denis wyaro 1,5v, 1m sigrZis wvrili izolirebuli mavTuli, webovani, rkinis samagrebi,

makrateli, kompasi.

Ppraqtikuli samuSao:

Ddavaleba: eleqtromagnitis polusebis Secvla SesaZlebelia, Tu denis mimaTulebas SevcvliT. Eele-

qtromagnitis velis gaZliereba an Sesusteba SesaZlebelia xviebis ricxvis SecvliT, lursmnebis ricxvis

SecvliT, denis wyaros raodenobis SecvliT.

MsaSinao davalebad mieciT saxlSi praqtikuli samuSao: magnituri relaqsacia

1) gansxvavebuli simZlavris eleqtromagnitebis miReba SesaZleblia xviebis ricxvis SecvliT da denis

gazrdiT an SemcirebiT. Mmag; metalurgiul qarxnebSi jarTis RumelSi CasatvirTad iyeneben uzarmazar

eleqtromagnits, romlis koWa ramdenime aTasi xviisgan Sedgeba da aTeulobiT amper dens moixmars. yve-

laze didi eleqtromagniti SveicariaSia. igi oTxsarTuliani saxlis simaRlea 12X12X12m. 7810 tonas iwo-

nis da dasamzadeblad ufro meti liToni daixarja, vidre eifelis koSkze.

2) a) ganizidavs; b) miizidavs.

eleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba




dakvirvebis, aRweris, sqemis analizis unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. Eeleqtromagnitis gamoyeneba

a) Tu CamrTveli amorTuli, e.i. marTvis wredSi deni ar gadis, am dros kontaqtic gamorTulia;

b)reles gamoyeneba xelsayrelia wredSi susti deniT Zlieri denis CasarTavad

1) rbili rkinisgan damzadbuli gulari advilad magnitdeba, roca koWaSi deni gadis da aseve advilad

kargavs magniturobas, roca deni gamorTulia.

2) telefonSi aris ori patara eleqtromagniti wvrili izolirebuli mavTulis

gragnilebiT(1) eleqtromagnitis gularebi moTavsebulia foladis magnitis po-

lusebze(2) da amitom igi yovelTvis damagnitebulia. Eeleqtromagnitebis win mo-

Tavsebulia rkinis Txeli membrana(3) , romelsac izidavs gularebi da amitom igi

odnav CaiRuneba. Mmembranas aqvs xvrelebiani saxuravi, romelsac yurze ideben tele-

fonze saubris dros. rodesac telefonis eleqtromagnitis gragnilebSi gaivlis

mikrofonSi aRZruli bgeris sixSiris Sesabamisi cvladi deni, membrana sxvadasxvanairad miizideba. irx-

eva da rxevis sixSire mikrofonis membranis rxevis sixSires udris, amitom telefoni imave bgerebs

gamoscems, romlebic warmoiTqmis mikrofonis win.

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Seamowme codna

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S N

Seamowme codna

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31

67

testi III testi III Tavis bolos

savarjiSoebi savarjiSoebi III Tavis bolos

++-

-

S �

3) didi denis gavlisas eleqtromagniti miizidavs Ruzas. wredi gaiTiSeba. avtomaturi gamTiSveli

icavs mokle CarTvisgan.

4) fotorezistori mgrZnobiarea Suqis mimarT. misi winaRoba mcirdeba danaTebisas. Sedegad deni

marTvis wredSi izrdeba. firfita eleqtromagnitisken miizideba da kontaqts Caketavs. amiT CairTveba

Sesrulebis wredi _ naTura ainTeba. fotorezistori gamoiyeneba quCis ganaTebaSi, kalkulatorebSi

cifrul xelsawyoebSi indikatorebad da a.S.

5) winadadebaTa nanmimdevroba iqneba: 3, 2, 5, 1, 6, 4.

1) g 2) b 3) g 4) b 5) a 6) g 7) b 8) b 9) g 10) b

1) eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi SeiZleba usasrulo iyos, magnituri velis Zalwirebi yovelTvis Cake-

tili wirebia.

2) magnituri isari msgavsad ganlagdeba-erTi bolo gviCvenebs CrdiloeT mimarTulebas, meore-samxreTs.

3) misi meSveobiT xdeba mxareebis gamokvleva.

4) magnitebi ganizidebian, radgan D da E erTnairi polusebia.

5) dedamiwis magnituri veli saimedod icavs dedamiwis zedapirs kosmosuri gamosxivebisgan, romelic

cocxal organizmebze damRupvelad moqmedebs.

6) dedamiwis magnitur velTan mzis gamosxivebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba polaruli

ciali-airis naTeba atmosferos maRal fenebSi. Ppolaruli ciali umTavresad RamiT moCans 80-100km si-

maRleze. mMisi warmoqmnis mizezia atmosferoSi dedamiwis magnituri velis induqciis wirebis gaswvriv

moZravi nawilakebis SemoWra. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom polarul mxareebSi wirebi TiTqmis zedapiris

perpendikularulia. mzidan wamosuli damuxtuli nawilakebis nakadebi CaiWireba dedamiwis magnituri

velis mier, aRagznebs dedamiwis magnitur polusebTan atmosferos zeda fenebis atomebs da maT naTebas

iwvevs. Ppolaruli ciali eleqtroluminescenciis movlenis kerZo SemTxvevas miekuTneba, misi feradi Se-

feriloba gamowveulia atmosferos Semadgeneli sxvadasxva airis gansxvavebuli naTebiT. Ddedamiwisa da

mzis magnituri velebis urTierTqmedeba cvlis dedamiwaze mzis radiacias. Ees TavisTavad did gavlenas

axdens adamianebsa da sxva cocxal organizmebze.

7)mokle CarTvis Tavidan asacileblad.

8)Zlier magnitebs xSirad iyeneben mZime aTletebis varjiSisaTvis. Aam mizniT koSkura amweebSi gamoye-

nebul eleqtromagnits kideben adamianis simaRlze cota maRla. aTleti, romelsac xelSi uWiravs rki-

nis mZime sagani, dgeba mis qveS da cdilobs eleqtromagnituri aparatis miziduloba daZlios. mwrTvneli

aregulirebs gamaval dens. aAmis gamo mizidvac sxvadasxva sididisaa. SeiZleba mizidvam miaRwios iseT sim-

Zlavres, rom aTleti, romelic xelidan ar uSvebs rkinas, mizidvis gamo magnitisken “afrindes’.

9) an miizideba, an ganizideba

10) alumini miekuTvneba susti manituri Tvisebebis mqone nivTierebebs e.w. paramagnetikebs. Parama-

gnituri masalebi magnitur velSi Zalian sustad magnitdeba.

11) a) grafiki 1; b) I =2,74 a, P =8n. I=6a, P=15n. wona 2-jer Semcirdeba

cxrilSi da am cxrilis mixedviT aageT grafiki.

12) karis an fanjris SexebisTanave ikvreba wredi, eleqtromagniti izidavs

Ruzas da meore wredis Sekvris Sedegad irTveba zari

13)

14) eleqtromagniti miizidavs Ruzas da kari gaiReba.

15) a) rbili rkina; b) foladi g) arametalisgan, rom ar iqonios gavlena isris moZraobaze.

16) rodesac wredi ikvreba, galvanometris mavTulis koWaSi gaivlis deni, romelic qmnis magnitur

vels. es magnituri veli moqmedebs mudmiv magnitze, romelzec damagrebuli unda iyos isari da isari

iwyebs moZraobas. Ggadaxris sidide ganisazRvreba skalis saSualebiT.

1 2 3 4 5

I

P15

10

3

0.8

grafiki 1

sasurvelia esaubroT moswavleebs zogadad fizikis ganviTarebis istoriis Sesaxeb Semajamebel

gakveTilebze.

fizikis istoria

uZvelesi adamiani milionobiT wlis win ukve flobda garkveul codnas garemomcveli bunebis da masSi

mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. Ees codna exmareboda mas yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli problemebis

gadaWraSi, xSirad Tavis gadarCenaSi.

uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli codna Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, icvleboda da grovdeboda. is-

toriis garkveul etapze adamianebma gaacnobieres, rom codna mxolod imisTvis ki ar aris aucilebeli,

rom adamianma iarsebos garemomcvel samyaroSi, aramed adamians sicocxle miniWebuli aqvs imisTvis, rom

Seimecnos garemomcveli samyaro. swored aseTi azrovnebis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba mecnierebis

dabadeba.

Mmecniereba aris codnis da informaciis sistematuri Segrovebis, Zveli codnis axali aRmoCenebiT

gamdidrebis procesi. dRemde dagrovili mecnieruli codna mTeli kacobriobis sakuTrebas warmoad-

gens, ganurCevlad erovnebis, rasis da religiisa.

Zveli aRmosavleTi

uZvelesi mecnierebis winaSe ar idga amocana, daesabuTebinaT mopovebuli codna, maT konkretuli amo-

canebi hqondaT - religiasTan da soflis meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli: rodis CaetarebinaT

sadResaswaulo ritualebi, rogor aeSenebinaT piramidebi, rogor aezomaT miwis nakveTi da a.S. yvela es

amocana konkretul codnas saWiroebda — magaliTad, mSeneblobisTvis aucilebeli iyo daxrili sibr-

tyis, WoWonaqis, berketis gamoyenebis codna.

amgvarad, Zveli egviptelebisa da babilonelebisTvis mTavari iyo konkretuli amocanis praqtikuli

gadaWra. maTgan gansxvavebiT Zvel saberZneTSi mniSvnelovani gaxda amocanis gadaWris Teoriuli

dasabuTeba. Aamgvarad daasabuTa Zvelma berZenma mecnierma Talesma (Zv.w.aR. 625-547 ww.) miuwvdomel sag-

namde manZilis gamoTvlis xerxi da imavdroulad daamtkica Tavisi cnobili Teorema.

Zveli saberZneTi

Zvelma berZenma mecnierebma Camoayalibes bunebis Sesaxeb azrovnebis logikuri sistema. samyaros

Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen kosmoss. berZnulad “kosmosi” niSnavs “wesrigs”. Zveli berZnebis azriT sam-

yaros wesrigi eqvemdebareboda logikis garkveul wesebs. Sesabamisad adamianebis sazogadoeba da

TiToeuli adamiani unda yofiliyo kosmosis msgavsi harmoniuli erToba_ mcire kosmosi.

Zveli berZnebi darwmunebuli iyvnen adamianis gonebis siZliereSi da cdilobdnen aexsnaT samyaroSi

mimdinare movlenebi. isini cdilobdnen epovaT yovelive arsebulis pirvelsawyisi anu aexsnaT yve-

laferi, rogorc erTi sawyisis gamovlineba. “yvelaferi wyalia”- Zveli berZeni mecnieris Talesis mier

iqna gamoTqmuli pirveli azri samyaros erTianobis Sesaxeb. Talesis Semdeg samyaros pirvelsawyisad

Tvlidnen haers, cecxls da a.S.

Tales mileTeli

Tales mileTeli antikuri filosofiis da mecnierebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. igi daibada Cv. w. aR.-

mde 640 wels saberZneTis qalaq mileTSi, vaWris ojaxSi. gadmocemiT cnobilia, rom Talesi bevrs mogza-

urobda. Mmogzaurobisas igi gaecno finikielebis codnas maTematikaSi, egviptelTa codnas geometriaSi

da astronomiaSi da es codna man Tavisi TanamemamuleebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada.

Aantikuri avtorebis cnobebiT swored Talesma gansazRvra pirvelma Tvis xangrZlivoba 30 da weli-

wadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRiT. Mman aRwera mzis wliuri moZraoba varskvlavebs Soris da ivarauda, rom mT-

vare xilulia imitom, rom igi mziTaa ganaTebuli. Mmisi SefasebiT mzis diametri 720-jer naklebia mzis

orbitaze.

yvelaze didi aRiareba TanamemamuleTa Soris ki Tales mileTels moutana mis mier mzis dabnelebis

winaswarmetyvelebam, romelic moxda Cv. w. aR.-mde 585 wels.

Talesma aRmoaCina, rom qarva Salze xaxunis Sedegad izidavda msubuq sxeulebs: bumbuls, mtvris naw-

ilakebs, Calis pawawina Reroebs. am movlenebs igi qarvis TvisebebiT xsnida. qarvas berZnulad eleqtroni

hqvia. damuxtul sxeulebTan dakavSirebul movlenebs dResac eleqtrul movlenebs uwodeben.

mniSvnelovania Talesis roli geometriis ganviTarebaSi. Ggadmocemis Tanaxmad, Talesma pirvelma

gamoiyena fargali wrewiris dasaxazad, agreTve kuTxmzomi kuTxis gasazomad. Mman pirvelad gazoma pi-

ramidis simaRle piramidis da sakuTari Crdilebis saSualebiT. Mman SemoiRo zRvis napiridan gemamde

manZilis gazomvis meTodi.

Tanamedroveni qeds ixridnen Talesis sibrZnis winaSe. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ki didi filosofosi

Zalian dabneuli iyo. gadmocemiT cnobilia, rom erTxel saxlidan gamosuli Talesi, romelic caze

dakvirvebiT iyo garTuli, ormoSi Cavarda. Mmis SeZaxilze gamosulma mosamsaxurem Taless uTxra: “ ver xe-

davT ra gaqvT fexqveS da gsurT dainaxoT is, rac caSia.”

Talesma da misma Tanamimdevrebma Semoitanes mecnieruli azrovnebis axali stili — isini cdilobd-

nen aexsnaT ucnobi movlena cnobili faqtebis saSualebiT.

68

Aantikuri xanis mecnierebi

bevrma Zvelma berZenma filosofosma ( piTagora, platoni, levkiperi, demokrite) Seqmna naSromi

“bunebis Sesaxeb”.

piTagora iyo pirveli, vinc Tavis Tavs filosofosi uwoda ( berZn. “fileo”- “miyvars” da “sofoa” —

“sibrZne”), e. i. sibrZnis moyvaruli da ara brZeni. is amtkicebda, rom sibrZnes mxolod RmerTi flobs,

adamiani ki mxolod SeiZleba eswrafodes sibrZnis miRebas. piTagoram uwoda samyaros kosmosi, riTac aR-

niSna samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigi da harmonia. piTagora Tvlida, rom yovelive warmoiqmneba ricxvis

Sesabamisad. Yyvelaferi aris ricxvi, radgan saganTa erToblioba ricxvebSi gamoixateba.

mniSvnelovani iyo levkiperis da demokrites moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac yovelive arsebuli

Sedgeba materiis umciresi nawilakebis - atomebisgan. yovelgavari cvlileba(axlis warmoqmna) atomebis

gadajgufebis Sedegad xdeba. es mosazreba eTanxmeboda piTagoras Tezissac, radgan TiToeuli sxeuli

atomebis gansazRvruli ricxvisgan Sedgeba.

antikuri atomistebis moZRvreba didxans miviwyebuli iyo da mxolod me-17 saukuneSi frangi mecnieri

gasendi daubrunda demokrites mosazrebas da srulyo moZRvreba nivTierebis agebulebis Sesaxeb.

magram Tu Zvelad swavlulebi mxolod varaudobdnen, rom nivTiereba calkeuli nawilakebisagan

Sedgeba, me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi mecnierebam daasabuTa aseTi nawilakebis arseboba.

aristotele

ufro gvian Zv. w.aR. me-4 saukuneSi Usamyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb Tavisi Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba

saberZneTis udidesma swavlulma da filosofosma aristotelem.

aristotelemde ar arsebobda samyaros Sesaxeb erTiani warmodgena. saWiro iyo mecnierebis iseTi dar-

gis Seqmna, romelic daeyrdnoboda ra logikas da dakvirvebas, upasuxebda kiTxvas: ra aris buneba?

Bbunebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas aristotelem fizika uwoda. (berZn. “fiuzis”-“buneba’).

Aaristoteles mosazrebiT yovelive, rac samyaroSi arsebobs, warmoqmnilia pirveladi materiisgan,

romelsac SeuZlia miiRos oTxi stiqiis saxe: cecxlis, haeris, wylis da miwis. Aam oTxi stiqiis sxvadasx-

vagvari SeerTeba qmnis sxvadasxva nivTierebas. “uZraoba sxeulis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, sxeulis

moZraobisTvis saWiroa, masze sxva sxeuli moqmedebdes. Aar arsebobs moZraoba sxva sxeulis moqmedebis

gareSe” aseTi iyo aristoteles Tvalsazrisi. TiTqmis 2000 weli batonobda es mcdari azri. albaT imit-

omac, rom es mtkicebebi arcTu cudad Seesabameboda yoveldRiur cdebsa da dakvirvebebs-egreTwode-

bul saR azrs. mxolod 20 saukunis Semdeg Secvala es mosazreba didma italielma mecnierma Ggalileo

galileim da daamtkica, rom Tanabari moZraoba iseTive “bunebrivi” mdgomareobaa, rogorc uZraoba. miRe-

buli daskvna bunebis erTerTi ZiriTadi kanonia, mas inerciis Kkanoni ewodeba.

“yovelgvari moZraoba aris an iZulebiTi an bunebrivad mimdinare”_ werda aristotele. Bunebriv

moZraobebs igi miakuTvnebda ciuri sxeulebis moZraobas, mZime sxeulebis vardnas dedamiwaze da msub-

uqisxeulebis moZraobas (mag, haeris) zeviT.

Aaristotele 4 saxis moZraobas ganixilavda: 1) xarisxobrivi anu cvlileba; 2) raodenobrivi anu

gazrda-Semcireba; 3)gadaadgileba-sivrceSi moZraoba; 4)gaCena da gaqroba.

aristotele swavlobda dedamiwis formas da mis mdebareobas samyaroSi. mTvaris dabneleba xdeba

maSin, roca is dedamiwis CrdilSi moeqceva, dedamiwis Crdili ki mTvaris diskoze yovelTvis mrgvalad

Cans. TviT mTvaresac xom amozneqili da albaT sferosebri forma aqvs. Aamgvari msjelobiT aristotelem

daaskvna, rom dedamiwas da uTuod yvela ciur sxeuls sferosebri forma gaaCnia.

Tumca amave dros aristoteles miaCnda, rom dedamiwa samyaros centrs warmoadgens. Aaristoteles

samyaros modelSi: “dedamowa wyalSia, wyali-haerSi, haeri-eTerSi, eTeri-caSi, xolo ca arafer sxvaSi”

aristoteles Sromebi Seexeboda bunebismetyvelebis da kulturis sruliad sxvadasxva sferos dawye-

buli politikidan mediciniT damTavrebuli an meteorologiidan dawyebuli poeziiT damTavrebuli.

Aaristotele iyo brwyinvale oratori. mecnierebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom aristoteles

bevri Sexeduleba mcdari iyo. amisMmiuxedavad didia misi roli fizikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

aristoteles miswrafebam, Seeqmna samyaros erTiani mecnieruli suraTi, ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi

gamoiRo; erTis mxriv, aristotelem safuZveli Cauyara mraval mecnierebas fizikiT dawyebuli

filosofiiT damTavrebuli da meores mxriv, misi swavleba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo sa-

fuZveli azrovnebis, mecnierebis ganviTarebisa.

Aantikur xanasa da aRorZinebas Soris:

fizikas Tanamedrove saxe rom mieRo am mecnierebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze moxda maTematikuri

meTodebis gamoyeneba. YmaTematikis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT ufro adreul periodSi fizikis, kerZod

ki optikis amocanebis gadasaWrelad gamoyenebuli iqna geometria.

Teoriuli geometriis ganviTareba ukavSirdeba Zv. w.aR-is me-3 saukunis mecnieris evklides saxels.

Eevklide:

Eevklides cxovrebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili garda imisa, rom man aleqsandriaSi skola

daarsa da am skolaSi aswavlida. Mman dawera traqtati, romelSic igi Seecada maTematikurad Camoeyal-

69

ibebina berketis kanoni. Masve ekuTvnis naSromi “optika”, romelSic man ganaviTara platoniseuli war-

modgena mxedvelobis Sesaxeb da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom sinaTle sworxazovnad vrceldeba. Yvelaze

mniSvnelovani misi naSromebidan ki aris .“sawyisebi”_ antikuri xanis erTaderTi samecniero monografia,

romelic TiTqmis me-20 saukunemde gamoiyeneboda geometriis saxelmZRvanelod.

Eevklide sivrces ganixilavda, rogorc erTgvarovan, izotropul ( berZn. “izos”- “Tanabari” da”tro-

pos”_ “mimarTuleba”) samganzomilebian usasrulobas. samganzomilebian sivrces dResac evklides

sivrces uwodeben.

Aarqimede

arqimede daibada Zv.w. 287 wels siciliis erTerT umdidres qalaq sirakuzaSi. misi pirveli maswavle-

beli iyo mamamisi fidiasi — astronomi da maTematikosi.

arqimede Zalian dainteresda astronomiiT, meqanikiT da maTematikiT. swavlis gasagrZeleblad Wabuki

gaemgzavra egviptis aleqsandriaSi, romelic im dros mecnierebis da kulturis centrs warmoadgenda.

aleqsandriaSi Seqmna swored evklidem Tavisi cnobili naSromi “sawyisebi”.

arqimede sirakuzaSi dabrunebis Semdeg Seudga nayofier moRvaweobas. man saxeli gaiTqva meqanikuri kon-

struqciebiT.Mmis mier gamogonebul wylis amosaxapav xraxns dRemde iyeneben egvipteSi. Mlegendis mixedviT

egviptis mefisTvis mefe gierons saCuqrad augia mdidruli gemi, romelis wyalSi CaSvebac ver moxerxda. Aar-

qimedem aago blokebis sistema da mxolod xelis moZraobiT Seasrula mTeli samuSao. am SemTxvevam Tu

berketis principebze fiqrebma aTqmevina mas: “momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas gadavabrunebB!”

arqimedem gaakeTa mniSvnelovani daskvnebi martivi meqanizmebis: berketis, solis, daxrili sibrtyis

Sesaxeb. aRmoaCina martiv meqanizmebSi ZalTa wonasworobis kanoni da SemioRo sxeulis simZimis centris

cneba. gadmocemiT erTxel arqimedes mefe gieronis gvirgvinis Semowmeba daevala. Mmas unda daedgina,

gvirvini sufTa oqrosgan iyo gakeTebuli Tu oqromWedelma vercxlic Seuria. OsirTules warmoadgenda

arawesieri formis gvirvinis moculobis gansazRvra.

Aarqimede bevrs fiqrobda da erTxel, rodesac abazanas iRebda, daebada brwyinvale azri, romlis

mixedviT gvirvinis moculoba SeiZleba dadgindes, Tu mas wyalSi CavZiravT, xolo Semdeg gavzomavT gan-

devnili wylis moculobas. “evrika”-e.i. “aRmovaCine” - SesZaxa arqimedem da marTlac am didma mecnierma

fizikis istoriaSo pirveli kanoni aRmoaCina. Ees kanoni Tanamedrove hidrostatikis ZiriTad Kkanons war-

moadgens da mas arqimedes kanoni ewodeba.

arqimedem aago planetariumi anu “ciuri sfero”, romelic rogorc Cans SekumSuli haeris daxmarebiT

moZraobda. sferos moZraobis dros akvirdebodnen mzisa da mTvaris amosvlas, mTvaris fazebsa da dab-

nelebebs, akvirdebodnen rogor ikargeboda orive es sxeuli horizontis xazis miRma.

212 wels sirakuzas alya Semoartyes romaelebma, magram amoqmeddnen arqimedes mier agebuli mZlavri

satyorcni manqanebi da mowinaaRmdeges didroni qvebi setyvasaviT daayares. Aarqimedes miaweren

Cazneqili sarkis Seqmnas, riTac TiTqos igi wvavda romis samxedro xomaldebs.

Aarqimede Zv. w, 212 wels sirakuzas aRebisas mokla romaelma jariskacma maSin, rodesac igi geometri-

uli amocanis amoxsniT iyo dakavebuli. Aarqimedes ideebma TiTqmis ori aTasi wliT gauswro Tavis dros.

didi mecnieri laibnici werda: “rodesac yuradRebiT kiTxulob arqimedes Txzulebebs, aRar

gakvirvebs geometrTa arc erTi uaxlesi aRmoCena.”

galileo galilei

Ffizikis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis dabadebas samarTlianad ukavSireben didi italieli

mecnieris Ggalileo galileis saxels (1564-1642), igi iTvleba eqsperimentuli fizikis fuZemdeblad.

Aaristoteles mimdevar mecnierTagan gansxvavebiT galilei amtkicebda, rom bunebis Seswavlis sa-

fuZvels dakvirveba da cda warmoadgens. Gigi Tvlida, rom eqsperimentis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia gan-

isazRvros da zustadac ki gamoiTvalos, ramdenad gansxvavdeba realuri movlena idealur pirobebSi

mimdinare movlenisagan. Uufro metic, galileim daamtkica, rom eqsperimentis Catareba idealuri gare-

moSic SesaZlebelia, rasac azrobrivi eqsperimenti uwoda. swored azrobrivi eqsperimentis saSualebiT

mivida galilei Teoriamde, romelsac dRes galileis fardobiTobis princips uwodeben.

nebismieri hipoTeza eqsperimentiT unda Semowmdes, fiqrobda galilei. cnobilia, rom igi sxvadasxva

masis burTulebs agdebda pizis daxrili koSkidan da daamtkica, rom aristoteles mosazreba- “is sxeuli

vardeba ufro swrafad, romelic ufro mZimea” mcdaria.

Ggalilei TviTon agebda samzer milebs, romlebsac caze dakvirvebis dros iyenebda. Ppirveli mili, rom-

liTac man dakvirvebebi daiwyo mxolod 3-jer adidebda, bolo-yvelaze srulyofili ki 30-jer. Mmiuxe-

davad amisa galileim gaakeTa mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi. mTvareze dakvirvebisas man aRmoaCina mTebi,

velebi da Rrma napralebi, e.i. mTvare reliefiT rom dedamiwis msgavsia. G

galileim iupiteris 4 Tanamgzavri aRmoaCina, romlebic planetis irgvliv brunavdnen. Ees ki imas niS-

navda, rom mxolod mze da dedamiwa ar aris ciuri sxeulebis brunvis centri.

mzis laqebze dakvirvebisas galileim daadgina, rom isini yovelTvis erTi mimarTulebiT inacvlebd-

nen mzis zedapirze da swori daskvnac gaakeTa: mze Tavis RerZis irgvliv brunavs. cxadi gaxda, brunavs ara

mxolod dedamiwa, rogorc amas koperniki amtkicebda, aramed yvela ciuri sxeuli.

70

Ggalileimde erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebulad arsebobda meqanika, romelic mxolod martivi meqanizme-

bis TeoriiT Semoifargleboda da mecniereba moZraobis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis mxriv filosofiis naw-

ils Seadgenda. Ggalileo galileim gadadga pirveli nabiji Tanamedrove fizikis Seqmnis gzaze, gaaerTiana

ra es ori mecniereba.

isaak niutoni

niutoni daibada 1643 wels. bavSvobaSi mecnierebisadmi midrekilebas ar amJRavnebda, magram Wabuko-

bisas araCveulebrivi maTematikuri niWi aRmoaCnda. 1661-1665 wlebSi niutoni inglisis erT-erT uZve-

les da saukeTeso saswavlebelSi-kembrijis universitetSi swavlobda. 1669-1696 wlebSi amave

universitetSi maTematikis profesori iyo. 1696 wels londonSi gadasaxlda da didi sazogadoebrivi da

saxelmwifoebrovi Tanamdebobebi eWira. igi gardaicvala 1727 wels oTxmocdaxuTi wlis asakSi.

Tavisi aRmoCenebiT niutonma gaamdidra maTematikac, fizikac da astronomiac. Mniutonma aRmoaCina

TeTri feris rTuli Sedgeniloba. cdebis Sedegad man daadgina, rom TeTri feri SeiZleba daiSalos Se-

madgenel ferebad, mere ki kvlav SeerTdes erT mTlian TeTr ferad. Ees aRmoCena SemdgomSi safuZvlad

daedo speqtrul analizs.

Nniutonma gaakeTa amrekli teleskopi anu refleqtori. masSi galileis milisgan gansxvavebiT

dasakvirvebeli ciuri sxeulis sinaTle linzis ki ara sarkis saSualebiT ikribeba.

Nniutonis aRmoCenaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania msoflio mizidulobis kanonis aRmoCena. Zveli

da Sua saukuneebis mecnierebi SecdomiT fiqrobdnen, TiTqos yvela sxeuli miiswrafis dedamiwisken ro-

gorc samyaroSi yvelaze mZime sxeulisaken. maT ar esmodaT, rom TviT dedamiwasac sxva sxeulebi miizi-

davdnen, ar icodnen, rom dedamiwa yvelaze mZime ki araa, mxolod erTi planetaTagania da rom misi masa

warmoudgenlad mcirea ara marto mzis, aramed iupiteris da saturnis masasTan SedarebiTac ki. Niutonis

daskvnebis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom yvela sxeuli izidavs erTmaneTs da maTi mizidulobis Zala emor-

Cileba garkveul kanonzomierebebs, kerZod, mizidulobis Zala pirdapirproporciulia sxulTa masebis

da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratisa.

msoflio mizidulobis kanonis aRmoCeniT safuZveli Caeyara astronomiis axal dargs- cis meqanikas,

romelic planetebis moZraobas Seiswavlis. Tavisi ZiriTadi daskvnebi niutonma Camoayaliba did Sro-

maSi , romelic gamoqveynda 1687 wels saTauriT “naturaluri filosofiis maTematikuri sawyisebi”.

me-18 saukunis bolos planeta uranis moZraobaSi uwesrigoba SeamCnies. gamoiTqva azri, rom igi

gamowveulia mzidan ufro metad daSorebuli ucnobi planetis mizidulobiT.

msoflio mizidulobis kanonze dayrdnobiT da maTematikuri gamoTvlebiT frangma mecnierma lek-

eriem miuTiTa is adgili, sadac unda eZebnaT axali planeta da Tavisi gamoTvlebi gaugzavna germanel

astronom gales. galem imave saRamos teleskopis daxmarebiT TiTqmis imave adgilze, sadac lekerie miu-

TiTebda aRmoaCina planeta neptuni.

astonomiis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanoni warmarTavs aramarto

planetebis, kometebisa da mzis sistemis sxva sxeulebis moZraobas, aramed irmis naxtomis Soreul siR-

rmeebSi mimofantuli varskvlavebis moZraobasac.

albert ainStaini

albert ainStaini daibada 1879 wlis 14 maiss germaniaSi. 1894 wels misi ojaxi italiaSi gadavida sacx-

ovreblad, male ki SveicariaSi. 21 wlisam daamTavra ciurixis politeqnikuri institutis pedagogiuri

fakulteti.

1905 wels ainStainma gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli mniSvnelovani naSromi fardoboTobis kerZo Teori-

aSi, romelic amtkicebs, rom materiis yvelaze didi siCqare sinaTlis siCqarea vakuumSi.

klasikuri meqanikis mixedviT Tu avtomobilis Sesaxvedrad vmoZraobT, maSin misi siCqare Cvens siC-

qares aRemateba. Mmagram Tu vmoZraobT sinaTlis sxivis Sesaxvedrad misi gavrcelebis siCqare igive 300 000

km/wm rCeba. ainStainma ganacxada, rom es aris bunebis axali kanoni: sinaTlis siCqare damokidebuli ar

aris damkvirveblis mdebareobaze(ar aris fardobiTi). mis Teorias fardobiTobis Teoria ewoda.

fardobiTobis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani daskvna sinaTlis siCqaris Sesaxeb: sxeulebs

sinaTleze swrafad moZraoba ar SeuZliaT.

1916 wels ainStainma daasrula naSromi fardobiTobis zogad TeoriaSi. albert ainStainma pirvelad

SemoiRo fizikaSi sinaTlis kvantis cneba. 1921 wels Teoriul fizikaSi damsaxurebisaTvis, kerZod ki

fotoefeqtis kanonis aRmoCenisTvis ainStains nobelis premia mieniWa. 1987 wlis dekemberSi auqcionze

1,16 milion dolarad gaiyida ainStainis 72 gverdiani xelnaweri. 1912 wliT daTariRebul xelnawerSi

misi cnobili formula E=mc2 iyo gamoyvanili.

a. ainStaini gardaicvala 1955 wlis 18 aprils. Mman datova anderZi, romelSic iTxovda ar daeSvaT

dakrZalvis oficialuri ceremonia. Aaravis unda scodnoda misi dakrZalvis dro da adgili, misi sxeuli

unda daewvaT, xolo ferfli quCebSi gaebniaT. Mmisi anderZi aRsrulda.

ainStaini yvela drois udides fizikosTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.

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Transcript of 1 nacili samodelo 1-26:FIZIKA- MASCAVLEBELI · 2015. 8. 20. · I.10. kondensatori 1 I.11. brtyeli...