1 Modal Model of the Mind Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory...

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Modal Model of the Mind

Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

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Modal Model of the Mind

Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and duration

Control processes - control movement of information within and between memory stores

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


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Sensory Memory Store

Function - holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

Capacity - large can hold many items at once

Duration - very brief retention of images .3 sec for visual info 2 sec for auditory info

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

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Divided into two subtypes: iconic memory - visual

information echoic memory -

auditory information Visual or iconic memory

was discovered by Sperling in 1960

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

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Sperling’s Experiment

Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds

Report as many letters as possible Subjects recall only half of the

letters

Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to view entire

matrix? No How did Sperling know this?

K Z R

Q B T

S G N

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Sperling’s Experiment

Sperling showed people can see and recall ALL the letters momentarily

Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared tone signaled 1 row to report recall was almost perfect

Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do

K Z R

Q B T

S G N

High

Medium

Low

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Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment

Q C F T

S K G O

W R J B

1. Letters are displayed on a screen for 1/20 of a second

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2. Screen is blank

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Length of timevaries up to one second

HIGH

LOW

MEDIUM

3. Tone is sounded, indicating row

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4. Subject reports letters in row indicated by tone

S, K, G, ...

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G V U

L S J

N A Z

A M K

X F Q

O U N

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What Letters Do You See?

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16


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Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation

Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

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Working Memory Store


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

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Working Memory Store Function - conscious processing of information

where information is actively worked on

Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items) Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds) Code- Often based on sound or speech even with

visual inputs.


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

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What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds?

To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time):

8 361975

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What is the number? 857-9163The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 secondsSo, how were you able to remember the number?

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Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention


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What happens if you can’t use maintenance rehearsal? Memory decays quickly To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number

(presented one digit at a time) BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens (i.e., 1014,

1007, 1000 … etc.)

6 490582

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What is the number? 628-5094Without rehearsal, memory fades

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Peterson’s STM Task

Test of memory for 3-letter nonsense syllables

Participants count backwards for a few seconds, then recall

Without rehearsal, memory fades

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What happens if you need to remember more than 7 +/- 2 items?

To demonstrate, memorize the following 16 digit number (presented one digit at a time):

181219982 00 11492

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Chunking

Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information expands working memory load

Which is easier to remember? 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 483 792 516

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Working Memory Model

Baddeley (1992) 3 interacting components

Central Executive

VisuospatialSketch Pad

PhonologicalLoop

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Working Memory Model

Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info Phonological loop - holds verbal information Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory;

brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory

Central Executive

VisuospatialSketch Pad

PhonologicalLoop

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Long-Term Memory Store

Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


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Function - organizes and stores information more passive form of storage than working memory

Unlimited capacity Duration - thought by some to be permanent

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


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Encoding - process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store

Retrieval - process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

Long-term memory


Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval


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Summary

Modal model of memory three memory stores (sensory, working

and long-term memory) control processes (attention,

maintenance rehearsal, encoding and retrieval) govern movement of information within and between stores

1 Modal Model of the Mind Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory...

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