1 Michael Mooney V.P. & CRO Mark Willey CEO Mike France Director, Safety & Training The Future of...
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Transcript of 1 Michael Mooney V.P. & CRO Mark Willey CEO Mike France Director, Safety & Training The Future of...
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Michael MooneyV.P. & CRO
Mark WilleyCEO
Mike FranceDirector, Safety & Training
The Future of Avgas
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What we will cover today……• History of Avgas• Fleet Requirements & Challenges• Proposition 65 and CEH Lawsuit• PAFI Road Map to Unleaded Avgas• Q & A
The Future of Avgas
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The History of Avgas
Aviation Gasoline Grades
80/87 100/130
100LL
1960’s
70’s to 90’s 80/87
100LL90’s to now
Future 100UL
.5 ml TEL/Gal 4.0 ml TEL/Gal
2.0 ml TEL/Gal
?
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Unleaded Fuel – No Easy Solution
• Decades of trying to find a “drop-in” solution but none found
• Very technically complex problem, quality control, and performance required
• Solution must be safe, reliable, and affordable
• Regulatory pressure – FAA and EPA
• Only one supplier of Lead worldwide
• Avgas is a specialty product, less than one-tenth of 1% of auto gas
• In 1989 32 refineries made Avgas, today only 10 (US & Canada)
• Economic Risk – Expensive to find solution for a relatively small market
• Not economically feasible to have more than one grade of Avgas
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Engines – Aviation vs. Auto
Lead (TEL) is the component is Avgas that establishes the Octane.
Lead prevents fuel from pre-igniting under compression before spark plugs fire.This is pre-ignition is called “detonation” (“knock” in auto engines).
The octane number is a measure of the fuel’s anti-knock performance.
Automobile engines – 80-90% of the time the power demand is low.
Aircraft engines are under a load all the time.
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Aviation Fleet Fuel Requirements
Low Compression – Many certified on 80 Octane
High Compression – Certified on 100 Octane
70% of the fleet in numbers.
30% of the fleet in numbers.
30% of the fuel consumption.
70% of the fuel consumption.
170,000 Aircraft in US Fleet230,000 Worldwide Fleet
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Prop 65 & CEH Lawsuit
• 1985 Proposition 65 becomes law
• May 2011 CEH issues “Notice of Violation” under Prop 65
> Seeks to ban the sale of leaded Avgas in California
• June 2011 NATA forms Joint Defense Group (FBO’s & Fuel Distributors)
• June 2011 Defense Group files suit against CEH (dismissed)
• Oct. 2011 CEH files suit against FBO’s & Fuel Distributors
• Nov. 2014 CEH lawsuit settled;
• Terms; 1. Warning Signs & Messages
2. TEL no more than .56gr./L
3. Sell Very Low Lead (VLL) if available
4. Sell Unleaded (100UL) when available
5. Sell Mogas unless prohibited
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What about Auto Gas aka Mogas?
• Ethanol – Not allowed in Auto Gas per FAA approved STC’s.• Senate requires Ethanol to reduce CO² emissions.• No refiner will extend aviation products liability insurance to auto gas.• Hard to find non-ethanol gas is not distributed to aviation standards
although priced similar to Avgas.• Does not meet the requirement of the aircraft that use 70% of the volume.• EAA and the rest of industry agree we need a solution that meets the
needs of the entire fleet.
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Unleaded Aviation Gasoline – Testing
• Octane / Performance Number
• Vapor Pressure
• Freezing Point
• Materials Compatibility
• Electrical Conductivity
• Emissions and Toxicity
• Storage Life
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Unleaded Fuel – No Easy Solution
Worst Case ScenariosFuel does not meet performance requirements. Expensive engine modifications required for new unleaded fuel. De-rating engine and/or reducing payload.
No high octane unleaded fuel passes testing. Fleet permanently grounded until a whole new class of large-displacement engines can be developed capable of generating 320 to 400 HP on diesel fuel or other unleaded, non-ethanol fuel.
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Joint Industry/Government Partnership
Piston Aviation Fuel Initiative - PAFI
Joint industry-government partnership formed in 2010 to test and approve an unleaded avgas suitable for the existing fleet, develop a new ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specification for refining it and address the business case for deploying it into the field.
Members• AOPA – Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association• EAA – Experimental Aircraft Association• GAMA – General Aviation Manufacturers Association• NATA – National Air Transportation Association• NBAA – National Business Aircraft Association• API – American Petroleum Institute
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Road Map to an Unleaded Avgas Future
2010 - PAFI Formed
2011 - Charter Signed by FAA.
2012 - FAA opens fuel program office. $12 mil in funding approved by Senate
2013 - FAA Solicits for New Unleaded Fuels
2014 - FAA selects 4 of the 5 candidate fuels submitted
> Swift (2), Shell, and Total
2015 – Phase 1 Testing begins in Test rigs and lab (to be completed by Jan ‘16
2016 – Jan. Select fuels for Phase 2 Testing (maybe 3)
2016 – July – Selected fuels due at FAA Test Center
2017 – Phase 2 Testing begins (actual engine & flight testing)
2018 - Final Reports & FAA Certification. ASTM Certification
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Once the PAFI Technical Evaluation Committee has determined that at least one unleaded avgas candidate meets all the performance and properties requirements, ASTM will issue a “consensus standard” for the new fuel, which can be broadly produced as a commodity. This sets the requirements and characteristics that any refiner could use to develop a competing fuel.
Unleaded Avgas
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Questions?
Michael MooneyV.P. & CRO
Mark WilleyCEO
Mike FranceDirector, Safety &Training
The Future of Avgas