Conceptualization and measurement of fragmentation from the primate perspective
1 Measurement Measurement Rules. 2 Measurement Components CONCEPTUALIZATION CONCEPTUALIZATION...
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Transcript of 1 Measurement Measurement Rules. 2 Measurement Components CONCEPTUALIZATION CONCEPTUALIZATION...
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MeasurementMeasurement
Measurement RulesMeasurement Rules
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Measurement Measurement ComponentsComponents
CONCEPTUALIZATIONCONCEPTUALIZATION
NOMINAL DEFINITIONNOMINAL DEFINITION
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONOPERATIONAL DEFINITION
MEASUREMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ATTRIBUTESATTRIBUTES
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Measurement QualityMeasurement Quality
RELIABILITY – consistencyRELIABILITY – consistency
VALIDITY – “on target”VALIDITY – “on target”
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ReliabilityReliability
TEST-RETESTTEST-RETEST
SPLIT-HALFSPLIT-HALF
ESTABLISHED MEASURESESTABLISHED MEASURES
RESEARCHER-WORKERRESEARCHER-WORKER
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ValidityValidity
FACE FACE CRITERION (predictive) - uses CRITERION (predictive) - uses
behaviorbehavior CONSTRUCT - uses theoretical CONSTRUCT - uses theoretical
connectionconnection CONTENT - multiple attributes for CONTENT - multiple attributes for
complex conceptscomplex concepts
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Rules (Levels) of Rules (Levels) of MeasurementMeasurement
NominalNominal Mutually exclusive and exhaustiveMutually exclusive and exhaustive
OrdinalOrdinal First to last/High to lowFirst to last/High to low
IntervalInterval Known distance between attributesKnown distance between attributes
RatioRatio Absolute zeroAbsolute zero
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Measurement MatrixMeasurement Matrix
Mutually Mutually Exclusive Exclusive & & ExhaustiveExhaustive
Inherent Inherent order or order or SequenceSequence
Known Known distance distance between between attributesattributes
Absolute Absolute ZeroZero
NominaNominall
XX
OrdinalOrdinal XX XX
IntervalInterval XX XX XX
RatioRatio XX XX XX XX
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Measurement in the Social Measurement in the Social SciencesSciences
OBSERVATION – the systematic OBSERVATION – the systematic process of recording the behavioral process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects, and patterns of people, objects, and occurrences without questioning or occurrences without questioning or communicating with themcommunicating with them
QUESTONING – the systematic process QUESTONING – the systematic process of interacting with people directly of interacting with people directly and/or indirectly in order to have them and/or indirectly in order to have them respond to statements and/or questionsrespond to statements and/or questions
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Prior QuestionsPrior Questions
SHOULD YOU DO THE STUDY?SHOULD YOU DO THE STUDY? WHO WILL USE THE DATA?WHO WILL USE THE DATA? HOW WILL THE DATA BE USED?HOW WILL THE DATA BE USED? WHAT DATA NEED TO BE WHAT DATA NEED TO BE
COLLECTED?COLLECTED? WHO WILL SUPPLY THE DATA?WHO WILL SUPPLY THE DATA? HOW WILL THE DATA BE HOW WILL THE DATA BE
ANALYZED?ANALYZED?
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MEASUREMENT IDEASMEASUREMENT IDEAS
INTERVIEW POTENTIAL USERSINTERVIEW POTENTIAL USERS
REVIEW LITERATUREREVIEW LITERATURE
INTERVIEW SAMPLE OF INTERVIEW SAMPLE OF RESPONDENTSRESPONDENTS
BRAIN-STORMINGBRAIN-STORMING
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What can we observe?What can we observe?
Human behavior and physical Human behavior and physical actions and evidenceactions and evidence
Verbal behaviorVerbal behavior Spatial relations and locationsSpatial relations and locations Temporal patternsTemporal patterns Physical objectsPhysical objects Verbal and pictorial recordsVerbal and pictorial records Expressive behaviorExpressive behavior
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Trace EvidenceTrace Evidence
ErosionErosion
AccretionAccretion
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How do we Question?How do we Question?
Directly by researcherDirectly by researcher InterviewInterview
Indirectly by researcherIndirectly by researcher QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
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CRITERIA FOR CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
CLARITYCLARITY
LENGTHLENGTH
SPECIFICITYSPECIFICITY
UNIDIMENSIONALITYUNIDIMENSIONALITY
WORD CHOICEWORD CHOICE
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Criteria for Questions Criteria for Questions (cont)(cont)
BIASBIAS
SENSITIVITYSENSITIVITY
REDUNDANCYREDUNDANCY
PURPOSEFULNESSPURPOSEFULNESS
OMNISCIENCEOMNISCIENCE
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THE RESPONSES: Open-THE RESPONSES: Open-EndedEnded
PILOT STUDIESPILOT STUDIES LESS BIASEDLESS BIASED VARIETY OF RESPONSESVARIETY OF RESPONSES INTRODUCE NEW TOPICSINTRODUCE NEW TOPICS RESPONDENTS “HAVE THEIR SAY”RESPONDENTS “HAVE THEIR SAY” BACKGROUND FOR BACKGROUND FOR
INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION ““LIFE & CREDIBILITY”LIFE & CREDIBILITY”
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THE RESPONSES: Fixed-THE RESPONSES: Fixed-choicechoice
UNIFORM STIMULIUNIFORM STIMULI EASY & QUICK TABULATIONEASY & QUICK TABULATION NOT DEPENDENT UPON WRITING NOT DEPENDENT UPON WRITING
ABILITY OF RESPONDENTSABILITY OF RESPONDENTS LESSEN PROBLEMS OF LESSEN PROBLEMS OF
VOCABULARYVOCABULARY MORE QUESTIONS ASKEDMORE QUESTIONS ASKED EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO COMPLETEEASIER FOR PEOPLE TO COMPLETE
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What do we do with the What do we do with the data?data?
ReviewReview
RecordRecord
Develop composite measuresDevelop composite measures
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Composite MeasuresComposite Measures
IndexesIndexes
ScalesScales
TypologiesTypologies
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Built ScoresBuilt Scores
Index and Scales Index and Scales
Both are Ordinal – scores are relative Both are Ordinal – scores are relative and provide a “ranking” of subjectsand provide a “ranking” of subjects
Both are “Composite” measures – built Both are “Composite” measures – built by “combining values” for several by “combining values” for several measuresmeasures
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IndexIndex
Index is constructed by Index is constructed by accumulating scores assigned to accumulating scores assigned to individualsindividuals
e.g. “add up” the number of scores on a e.g. “add up” the number of scores on a set of measuresset of measures
i.e. count the number of “yes” i.e. count the number of “yes” responses on a set of measuresresponses on a set of measures
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Index constructionIndex construction
Select the items – face validity, uni-Select the items – face validity, uni-dimensionality, general or specific, dimensionality, general or specific, variancevariance
Examine the empirical relationships among Examine the empirical relationships among the items – bi-variate, multivariatethe items – bi-variate, multivariate
Assign the scores to the itemsAssign the scores to the items Manage missing data – exclude cases, Manage missing data – exclude cases,
missing as a response, substitutionmissing as a response, substitution Validation – item analysis, external Validation – item analysis, external
validationvalidation
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ScaleScale
Constructed by assigning “scores” to Constructed by assigning “scores” to patterns of responses – recognizing patterns of responses – recognizing that some items reflect a relatively that some items reflect a relatively “weak degree” of the variable while “weak degree” of the variable while others reflect something “stronger”others reflect something “stronger”
e.g. “women different than men” is e.g. “women different than men” is relatively weaker on a “sexism scale” than relatively weaker on a “sexism scale” than “men should be given preference in jobs “men should be given preference in jobs over women”over women”
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Scale ConstructionScale Construction
Scales offer more assurance of Scales offer more assurance of ordinality by “getting at” the intensity ordinality by “getting at” the intensity structure among the indicators – there structure among the indicators – there are a number of methods for “scaling”are a number of methods for “scaling” Bogardus Social Distance Scale – (logical Bogardus Social Distance Scale – (logical
structure)structure) Thurstone Scales – (uses judges)Thurstone Scales – (uses judges) Likert Scales – (differences in intensity)Likert Scales – (differences in intensity) Semantic Differential – (opposites)Semantic Differential – (opposites) Guttman Scaling – (“hard vs easy”)Guttman Scaling – (“hard vs easy”)
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TypologyTypology
Used to summarize the Used to summarize the “intersection” of two or more “intersection” of two or more variables (matrix) thus creating a variables (matrix) thus creating a “new variable”“new variable”
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Transient Housing Transient Housing TypologyTypology
TEMPORALTEMPORAL
vs vs
CHOICECHOICE
OpportunityOpportunity NecessityNecessity
TemporaryTemporary Temporary Temporary OpportunistsOpportunists
Temporary Temporary NecessitarianNecessitarianss
PermanentPermanent Permanent Permanent OpportunistsOpportunists
Permanent Permanent NecessitaritaNecessitaritansns