1. Maxillary bone2. Maxillary teeth3. Mandibular arch4. Vomerine teeth5. Lining of buccal (mouth) cavity6. Inferior aspect of eyeball (floor of eye socket)7. Tongue (with right half cut away)8. Opening of the eustacean tube • v

9. Glottis%

10. Internal nares11. Vocal sac opening (found only in the male but shown here in the cut away position on

the female side)12. Mylohyoid muscle (floor of the mouth)13- Deltoid muscle14. Muscles of forelimb15. Muscles and ligaments of metacarpels and phalanges16. Aortic arches17. Conus arteriosus18. Heart19- Ventricle (single chamber)20. Right auricle21. Left auricle22. Carotid artery23. Systemic arch (artery)24. Pulmocutaneous artery25. Ventral abdominal vein (cut end)26. Dorsal aorta27. Coeliaco-mesenteric artery (cut end)28. Posterior vena cava (Postcava)29. Aorta30. Comon iliac artery31. Lungs32. Liver (lobes have been reflected back and outward)33. Stomach (reflected outward from body cavity)34. Small intestine35. Large intestine (with wall cut away)36. Gall bladder37. Spleen38. Pancreas (random in position and location)39. Left kidney40. Adrenal gland (on surface of kidney)41. Ureter42. Urinary bladder43- Rectus anticus muscle44. Vastus internus muscle

~ 16-

Key {continued)

45. Sartorius muscle46. Adductor magnus muscle47. Gracilis major muscle48. Gracilis minor muscle49. Ostium (opening of oviduct)50. Oviduct (egg tube)51. "Uterus"52. Ovary (female sex gland)53. Egg mass (can fill abdominal cavity)54. Fat bodies55. Cloaca (disclosed by dorsal dissection)56. Dorsal wall of cloaca (reflected back on dorsal frog)57. Opening of bladder into cloaca (on dorsal frog)58. Testis (male sex gland)58a. Vas deferens (Wolfian duct)59. Extrnal nares (nostrils)60. Eyeball61. Muscles for eye movement62. Temporalis muscle63. Depressor mandibularis muscle64. Dorsalis scapulae muscle65. Latissimus dorsi muscle66. Longissimus dorsi muscle67. Iliolumbaris muscle68. Coccygeoiliacus muscle69. External oblique muscle70. Gluteus muscle71. Rectus anticus femoris muscle72. Renal portal vein73. Triceps femoris muscles (cut)74. Semimembranosus muscle75. Intercostal muscles76. Suprascapula (mostly cartilage)77. Fused ribs78. Sacral rib79. Ilium (hip bone)80. Urostyle81. Femur (upper leg bone)82. Hip joint83- Femoral vein (from upper hind limb)84. Sciatic nerve85. Sciatic artery86. Anus87. Dorsal leg skin (reflected back to show the abundant vascularization characteristic of

amphibian skin)88. Tympanum (eardrum)89. Tympanum removed exposing middle ear

-17-

G L O S S A R Y

Adrenal gland (40) An endocrine gland attached to the anterior part of each kidney. It makesseveral hormones including adrenaline, which stimulates the frog in emergencies.

Anus (86) The opening at the frog's posterior through which urine, indigestible food wastes andreproductive cells exit the body.

Aorta (29) The large artery exiting the heart.

Aortic arches (16) The two main forks of the aorta, one to the, right and one to the left.

Bile a liquid made by the liver, stored in the gall bladder* and released into the small intestine to helpemulsify fats.

Buccal cavity (5) The mouth.

Carotid artery (22) The main artery taking blood to the head.

Cerebellum (metencephalon) (97) That part of the brain which coordinates muscular activity.

Cerebral lobes (93) That part of the brain which in higher animals is the center for memory andlearning. It is relatively small in the frog.

Cloaca (55) The posterior most part of the large intestine. It acts as a channel for reproductive cells,urine, and indigestible food wastes, conveying them out of the body through the anus.

Columella (90) The bone of the middle ear which transmits vibrations from the tympanum to theinner ear.

Conus arteriosus (17) That part of the heart which receives blood from the ventricles anddistributes it to the arterial system.

Enzyme A protein produced by the frog which acts as a catalyst to facilitate a particular chemicalreaction. For example, pepsin is a stomach enzyme that helps break down protein.

Epiphysis (pineal body) (95) A tiny projection on the brain which is associated with triggering ofreproductive behavior when stimulated by seasonal photo period.

Esophagus That part of the digestive tube which takes food from the mouth to the stomach,

Eustachlan tube (8) A tiny tube leading from the inner ear to the buccal cavity and through whichpressure on the eardrum can be adjusted by air flow in and out.

External nares (59) The external nostril openings on the frog's head.

Fat bodies (54) Yellow finger-like structures attached to the anterior of each kidney which storereserves of fat.

Gallbladder (36) A sac enfolded by the liver which accumulates and stores bile.

Glottis (9) A slit-like opening at the back of the frog's buccal cavity through which air passes intoand out of the lungs.

Heart (18) The muscular pump which forces blood through the circulatory system.

Internal nares (10) The openings of the nostrils into the roof of the frog's mouth.

Large intestine (35) The final portion of the digestive tube which receives indigestible material andstores it until it can be voided.

Left auricle (21) The upper left chamber of the frog's heart which receives oxygenated blood backfrom the lungs and skin and pumps it into the ventricle.

-19-

Glossary (continued)

Kidney (39) The primary blood filter which removes excess water, salts and metabolic wastes(chiefly urea), in the form of urine.

Liver (32) A three-lobed organ that removes toxins from the blood and stores sugars foremergencies. Additionally, it secretes bile.

Lungs (3D The internal organs of respiration.

Maxillary teeth (2) Tiny serrations on the edge of the frog's upper jaw.

Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) (98) The posterior most part of the brain. It regulates basic-body processes such as breathing.

Olfactory lobes (92) That part of the brain associated with,smell.

Olfactory nerves (91) Nerves which bring sensory information from the nose to the brain.

Optic lobes (94) That part of the brain associated! with vision.

Optic nerve (96) Nerve connecting eye'to brain.

Ostium (49) Opening of oviduct.

Ovary (52) Female sex gland.

Oviduct (50) Tube which carries eggs from ovary to uterus.

Pancreas (38) A gland which has both endocrine and ducted functions. It produces several enzymeswhich are delivered by duct to the small intestine to digest foods. It also produces hormonesinvolved in metabolizing foods.

Posterior vena cava (Postcava) (28) The main vein bringing blood to the heart from the posteriorparts of the body.

Pulmocutaneous artery (24) The artery that sends blood to the skin and lungs for oxygenation.

Renal portal vein (72) The vein which brings blood from the kidney region to the liver.

Right auricle (20) The top right chamber of the heart which receives deoxygenated blood from allover the body and pumps it to the ventricle.

Sciatic artery (85) Main artery supplying the hind leg.

Sciatic nerve (84) Main nerve to the hind leg.

Sciatic plexus (100) A network of spinal nerves in the posterior of the frog.

Small intestine (34) The longest and perhaps most important part of the digestive tube. Itcompletes digestion begun in the stomach and absorbs the digested food into the blood andlymph systems.

Spinal cord (99) The neural extension of the brain posterior to the tail and enclosed by thevertebrae of the spinal column.

Spleen (37) An organ that serves as a reservoir for blood for emergency situations. It also producesblood cells and destroys worn-out blood cells.

Stomach (33) A large, elastic, muscular part of the digestive tube that receives prey animalsswallowed whole by the frog, via the esophagus. It also begins digestion by churning the foodand mixing it with digestive enzymes.

Suprascapula (76) The shoulder bone of the frog.

Testis (58) Male sex gland; it produces sperms.

Tongue (7) A highly elastic organ in the frog used to snap up prey animals and flip them into itsbuccal cavity.

-20-

Glossary (continued}

Tympanum (88) The ear drum.

Ureter (41) A tube carrying urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder (42) A thin membranous sac which collects urine from the kidneys via the ureters.

Uterus (51) The posterior most portion of the oviduct.

Vas deferens (Wolfian duct) (58a) The tube which carries sperms from the testis to the cloaca.

Ventral abdominal vein (25) A major vein which returns blood from the posterior part of the frogto its liver.

Ventricle (19) The posterior most, powerful chamber of the heart which pumps blood into thearteries.

*Vocal sac opening (11) The opening from the buccal cavity into the inflatable vocal sac of the male

Bullfrog.

Vomerine teeth (4) Two rough bumps on the roof of the frog's mouth. They help secure its preyuntil it can be swallowed.

-21