1 Max Weber 1864-1920 Rationality and Organization.
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Transcript of 1 Max Weber 1864-1920 Rationality and Organization.
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Max Weber1864-1920
Rationality and Organization
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Backgroundhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBMNDJZHEeI&feature=fvst
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber
Born in Erfurt, Germany (1864)
Well-to-do family
Eldest of eight children
Sickly child Physical problems Mental problems
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Background3
His mother (Helene Fallenstein):
Calvinist Concerned with social issues Very religious
His father (Max Weber): Politician Lawyer Self-centered and authoritarian
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Mr. and Mrs. Max Weber4
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Background
Parents had marriage problems
Different beliefs and values
Max Weber and his brother Alfred became sociologists and economists.
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Max Weber6
WeberPronounced:
“vay-bear”
Max, Alfred, and Karl -> (1879)
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Max Weber’s Sociology7
Concerned with individuals, as well as social structure Macro Micro
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Max Weber: Sociology8
Comprehensive science of
Social ActionSocial Action
Behavior versus Action Behavior versus Action BehaviorBehavior= move, react, = move, react, eat etc.eat etc.
ActionAction=Behavior + =Behavior + MeaningMeaning
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Different from Other Theorists
Spencer: Evolution of society as analogous to an organism
Natural laws of society
Durkheim: Society as an organism
Maintaining cohesioncohesion of social structures
Social Solidarity
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Different from Other Theorists
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Marx: Society influenced by economy
Conflict between social classessocial classes
Mauss: Mauss: System of gift-exchange System of gift-exchange as basic to societyas basic to society
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Max Weber: Social Action 11
Weber’s primary focus: Subjective meanings that humans attach to their actions and interactions
Within specific social contexts
Behavior without meaning, is not inthe purview of sociology
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Max Weber: Social Action12
Four Major Types of Social Action
1. Traditional ActionGuided by custom or habit
Action is simply "always done"
Example: Celebrating holidays
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Max Weber: Social Action13
2. Emotional or Affective ActionMotivated by emotional state Love, Anger, Happiness, Revenge
Examples: Hitting a person out of anger
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Max Weber: Social Action14
3. Value-oriented Rational ActionWorking toward a goal, which may not be rational
But is pursued through rational meansValues: Ethical, Religious, Philosophical Not rationally "chosen“
Example: Going to college because you value learning and knowledge
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Max Weber: Social Action
4. Instrumental Rational (Goal-oriented Rational Action)Goals & means are rationally chosen
Example: Earning a college degree in order to get a good paying job
How to get richhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz81sLCy--c
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Max Weber: Social Action16
Primarily concerned with modern Western society
Behavior increasingly dominated by goal-oriented rationality
In the past: Motivated by tradition, affect, or value-oriented rationality
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Rationalization
Rational calculation, Efficiency, and Control (Bureaucracy)
Replace:Affective tiesSpiritualityTradition
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Max Weber: Ideal Types18
An ideal type not meant to refer to “best” or to a moral ideal
e.g., Ideal type brothel or Ideal type chapel
Analytical construct that provides a basic method for comparative study
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Max Weber: Ideal Types
Identifies “logically consistent” features of social institution
Compare “ideal type” to reality
Used to develop research hypotheses
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Example of Ideal Type-Democracy20
1. A political system with the quality of being responsive to all or nearly all of the citizens.
2. Free to form & join organizations
3. Freedom of expression4. Right to vote
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Example of Ideal Type-Democracy
5. Eligibility for public office
6. Right of political leaders to compete for support
7. Alternative sources of information
8. Free and fair elections
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Legitimation & Authority22
Legitimation-> Turns coercion into acceptable Authority
Authority = Legitimate Power
Three modes of authority 1. Legal-rational2. Traditional3. Charismatic
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Max Weber: Authority
1. Legal-rational authority Based on impersonal rules Rules are legally enacted or
contractually established
Who has legal-rational authority? Presidents, judges
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Max Weber: Authority24
2. Traditional authorityBased on belief in traditionPassed down generation to
generation
Who has Traditional Authority? Aristocracy, Parents, Elders
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Max Weber: Authority25
3. Charismatic authorityAllegiance to leader Leader’s characteristics Quality of individual's personalitySource of change
Who has had Charismatic authority? Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi
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Max Weber: Bureaucracy26
Formal organization of large-scale enterprises for example:
GovernmentMilitaryEconomyReligionEducationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0
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Max Weber: Ideal–type Bureaucracy
Clearly defined division of labor
Rationality Attention to implementing goals of organization
Impersonal application of rulesRoutinization of tasks
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1.Rigidity: •Rules and regulations often rigid and inflexible.
•Discourages initiative and creativity.
2. Goal Displacement: •Rules become ends to themselves.
3. Impersonality: •Stresses mechanical way of doing things. •Organizational rules and regulations given priority over individual’s needs and emotions.
4. Compartmentalization of Activities: •Jobs divided into categories, •Encourages preservation of jobs even when redundant
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5. Paperwork: •Involves excessive paperwork --every decision must be put into writing. •All documents have to be maintained in their draft and original forms. •Leads to great waste of time, stationery, and space.
6. Empire Building: •People to use their positions and resources to perpetuate self interests. •Every superior tries to increase the number of subordinates• As if this number is symbol of power and
prestige
7. Red Tape: Procedures involve inordinate delays and frustration in the performance of tasks
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Bureaucracy: Advantage & Disadvantages
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TypEb0tbFho
George Tooker paintings illustrate rationality and modernity
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Method for Studying Social Stratification: Sources of Power
Social Class“…property…and lack of property…”Life chancesSocio-economic category
Lower class Middle class Upper class
Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party
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Sources of Power: Class, Status, & Party
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StatusPrestigeHonor Evaluations people make of one
anotherRanking desired behavior & traits
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2009
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Max Weber: Party
Association that attempts to influence social action ReligiousPoliticalAge-basedRace/EthnicityLobbyists
Working toward a goal in a planned manner (i.e., rationally)
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
◦Stratification theory (class, status, party)
◦Bureaucracy & large scale organizations
◦Power & Authority
◦Sociology of law
◦Sociology of religion
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Weber’s Contribution to SociologyTheory and Methodology
“Verstehen” helps in understanding why certain behaviors occur
Social Action: Subjective meanings
Values: Role in relationships
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
Multi-causality of Social Phenomena
Complete Objectivity is Impossible◦Values & Value relevance
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
The Protestant Ethic & The Spirit of Capitalism◦Cultural barriers can prevent an economy from growing to its full potentialEx: religion
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
Max Weber had more powerful positive impact on a wide range of sociological theories than any other sociological theorist
Created the German Association for Sociology (1909)
Starting Point for Careers: Karl Mannheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton and C. Wright Mills
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