What is malaria?• One of the oldest diseases

• Protozoal disease – plasmodium sp.• Female anopheles mosquito

• Malaria is a preventable and treatable disease.

• It is a public health problem today in more than 100 countries inhabited by some 2,400 million people -- 40 percent of the world's population.

• Malaria is estimated to cause 300- 500 million clinical cases and over one million deaths each year.

• Every 30 seconds, a child somewhere dies of malaria. In any given year, nearly ten percent of the global population will suffer a case of malaria.

• Most survive after an illness of 10-20 days.

HISTORY OF MALARIA Mal-bad , aria-air----

originally thought to be acquired from marshes and stagnant swamps

5th century B.c- Hippocrates classified into quotidian , tertian and quartan

Roman soldiers too camped away from swamps during war times

Alphonse Laveran – 1st person to try associate malaria to mosquitoes

Sir Ronald Ross- confirmed mosquitoes as hosts for malarial parasite in India

HISTORICAL MILESTONES-I

MALARIA PARASITES AND TRANSMISSION

• 1ST defn. by Celsus• 1880 –Laveran malarial parasites in blood• 1897 –Ronald Ross, P.falciparum and its life

cycle in sparrows• 1922- P.ovale – Stephens

TREATMENT

1600- Juan Lopez peruvian tree bark 1934-chloroquine 1979 -82 chloroquine Resistant sp. 1989 halofantrine ,1991-98 artemisinins

established

HISTORICAL MILESTONES-II

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1899- Ross ,antilarval measures in

sierra leone 1927 – A.albimanu eradicated in

africa 1935-39 India , 1st large scale

pyrethrum spraying- control rural malaria

1953-National anti-malarial program 1957- concept and practice of

malarial eradication –WHO 1998-WHO Roll back malaria

Problem statement• WORLD about 109 countries

endemic 3.3 billion at risk 247 cases in 2006 97 % from african nations Deaths 8,87,000- 91 %

africa!! 85%- children <5 yrs-

mainly cerebral malaria Incidence increasing in

south Asia Drug resistance –

Bhutan,Thailand,myanmar & indonesia

Prevalence map of malaria

Problem statement

• INDIA P.falciparum main

organism N.E. states,chattisgarh ,

M.P , A.P ,gujarat are most affected

Most of the areas remote and involves tribal population

2005- total—1.80 mn , Pf -0.79 mn

2006- total –1.67 mn , Pf-0.75 mn

No of deaths remains same

PROBLEM STATEMENT

• TAMILNADU Urban more significant Chennai, Erode , salem , dindigul

, tuticorin Rural- villupuram , krishnagiri ,

dharmapuri, areas around saathanur dam , rameswaram ( chloroquine resistant )

Chennai City contributes 60–70% malaria of Tamil Nadu

Endemic regions of Tamilnadu

Major epidemiological types in india

Tribal-limited health infrastructure & lack of drugs

Rural-irrigated areas , moderate health infrastructure

Urban-moderate to low endemicity , P.vivax

Malaria in project areas- in areas where there is inflow of people due to construction activities

Border malaria- along state and international borders, poor administrative control

OTHER TYPES Therapeutic malaria or

malariotherapy-in the 1920s Julius wagner-jauregg intentionally induced malaria to treat diseases like neurosyphilis

Transfusion malaria is spread through blood transfusion , onset is early within 3 weeks

Imported malaria- immigrants from endemic areas moving into non-endemic areas spread the disease

WORLD MALARIA DAY

• 25th april• Instituted by world

health assembly in may,2007

• Countries to learn , share and support each other in anti-malarial measures

• Anti-malarial month- june