(1) Makahiki: A Serious Game Engine for Sustainability Yongwen Xu Collaborative Software Development...
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Makahiki: A Serious Game Engine for Sustainability
Yongwen XuCollaborative Software Development Laboratory Department of Information and Computer Science
University of Hawai`i at Mānoa
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Compete To Reduce
Sustainability education efforts:• Energy Competitions• Water Competitions
Goals:• Reduce consumption, save resource and money• Educate and hope for sustained behavior changes
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(3) Map courtesy of Chelsea Hodge, 2010 Campus Sustainability Survey
160+College Campus involved
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Dorm Energy Competitions
Reduce energy use during the competition by 9% on average
Hodge, Chelsea, Dorm Energy Competitions, Presented at the Behavior, Energy, and Climate Change Conference, November 2010
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Want to Run an Energy or Water Competition ?
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A. Use a "minimal tech" solution such as a web page and manual posting of data and results
Harvard Green Cup
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B. Out-source to a commercial providerOberlin Campus Resource Monitoring
System
Lucid Design Group
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3 weeks1,035 first year students418 players, 850 hours
C. Build your own custom in-house solution
The Kukui Cup 2011
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Kukui Cup 2011 Technology
George Lee, M.S. thesis 2011. Makahiki: An extensible open-source platform for creating energy competition
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Univ. of Hawaii Manoa
9 months Energy CompetitionSmart meter
Hawaii Pacific Univ.
3 weeks Energy CompetitionSmart meter
East West Center
2 weeks Energy and Water Competition
No smart meter
The Kukui Cup 2012
d. Use an open source serious game engine
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Serious Game Engine
Serious game “a mental contest, played with a computer in accordance with specific rules that uses entertainment to further government or corporate training, education, health, public policy, and strategic communication objectives.” Zyda, Michael 2005
Game engine• “collection of modules of simulation code that do not
directly specify the game’s behavior (game logic) or game’s environment (level data)” Lewis, Jacobson 2002, Game engines in scientific research.
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Game engine definition (cont.):“a framework comprised of a collection of di erent tools, utilities, and interfaces that ffhide the low-level details of the various tasks that make up a video game” Sherrod, 2007
Examples:• FPS: Unreal (rendering, physics, AI)• Mobile: Papaya • Healthcare: OpenLabyrinth• Educational Storytelling: Fabula• Sustainability: ??
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Serious game engine for Sustainability
Energy Competition:• Energy real-time
feedback• Competition
elements:-Scoreboard-Prize incentives
Energy Challenge:• Energy real-time
feedback•Game elements-Scoreboards-Prizes-Smartgrid game-Daily energy goal game-Raffle game-Participation game-Points and Badges
Compete Play, Learn
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Q1. What design elements are required in a serious game engine to facilitate the creation, administration and analysis of a family of serious game instances for sustainability?
Research Questions
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Q2. How can we provide effective support for configurability and extensibility in a serious game engine for sustainability?
Research Questions
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Q3. What game mechanisms are needed to effectively support research in sustainability education, user behavior, and serious games in general?
Research Questions:
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Q4. How can serious game engine evaluation provide insight into evaluation of framework in general?
Research Questions:
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• A collection of customizable games and game mechanics
• A library of pedagogically organized learning actions
• Real time game analytics for research and evaluation
• Responsive (design) user interface supporting mobile, tablet, and laptop
• Deployable to PaaS cloud as an inexpensive hosting option
Makahiki Game Engine Features
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System Design
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Game Library
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Admin Interface
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Game Analytics
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Responsive Design
Laptop view Mobile view
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Deploy to PaaS Cloud
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Evaluation Methodology
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Davis 1989• Questionnaire instruments• Measurement scales• TAM2, UTAUT
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Experimental Design 1
Evaluation: Case study of 3 different game instances (UH, HPU,
EWC)
Data collection:1. Structured interviews (pre-game, in-game, post-
game) to the system admins and game admins2. In-game survey from players3. game play logs and analytics data
Data Analysis:1. TAM analysis of interview and survey data2. quantitative analysis of game play data
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Univ. of Hawaii Manoa
Energy Game9 months1067 studentsnear real time data144 learning actions
Hawaii Pacific Univ.
Energy Game3 weeks198 studentsnear real time data39 learning actions
East West Center
Energy and Water Game2 weeks129 residentsmanual data41 learning actions
The Kukui Cup 2012 Experience
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Experimental Design 2
Evaluation: Case study of multiple external developers who are
tasked with making enhancements to the engine.
Data collection and analysis:1. Log book of development activities from the
developers (online Google form)2. Code reviews3. Questionnaires
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Experimental Design 3
Evaluation: Case study of research experience in UH game
instance.
Data collection:1. game analytics data2. game logs data3. energy data
Data analysis:1. Social interaction in the game 2. Effectiveness of Eco-Feedback (real-time vs. daily)3. Effectiveness of game mechanics such as Badge,
Quest
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Experimental Design 4
Evaluation: Experience TAM, UTAUT, or proposed modification to
TAM, in serious game engine evaluation, theoretical exploration of applying the same process to other generic software framework, such as Django
Data collection and analysis:validation data of TAM related evaluation
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Possible Contributions
An Open source game engine for creating sustainability related serious games and fostering serious game research
Applying the Technology Acceptance Model in evaluating serious game engine and possible software framework in general
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Thank You!