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Major Themes of Anatomy and Major Themes of Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology

Form and Form and FunctionFunction

Anatomy is the Anatomy is the study of what and study of what and wherewhere

Physiology is the Physiology is the study of how and study of how and whywhy

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Anatomy - The Study of FormAnatomy - The Study of Form

Observation of surface structureObservation of surface structure Cadaver dissection Cadaver dissection

cutting and separation of organs to study cutting and separation of organs to study their relationshipstheir relationships

Comparative anatomy Comparative anatomy study of more than one species to analyze study of more than one species to analyze

evolutionary trendsevolutionary trends

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Physical examinationPhysical examination palpation, auscultation, percussionpalpation, auscultation, percussion

Gross anatomy Gross anatomy visible with naked eyevisible with naked eye

HistologyHistology examination of cells with microscopeexamination of cells with microscope

Anatomy - The Study of Form 2Anatomy - The Study of Form 2

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Physiology - The Study of Physiology - The Study of FunctionFunction

Study of bodily functions Study of bodily functions using methods of experimental scienceusing methods of experimental science

Comparative physiologyComparative physiology study of different speciesstudy of different species

Basis for the development of new Basis for the development of new drugs and medical proceduresdrugs and medical procedures

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Hierarchy of complexityHierarchy of complexity

organism is composed organism is composed of organ systemsof organ systems

organ systems organ systems composed of organscomposed of organs

organs composed of organs composed of tissuestissues

tissues composed of tissues composed of cellscells

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Hierarchy of Complexity 2Hierarchy of Complexity 2

Cells contain Cells contain organellesorganelles

Organelles composed Organelles composed of moleculesof molecules

Molecules composed Molecules composed of atomsof atoms

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Anatomical VariationAnatomical Variation

No 2 humans are exactly alikeNo 2 humans are exactly alike variable number of organsvariable number of organs variation in organ locations (situs inversus, variation in organ locations (situs inversus,

dextrocardia, situs perversus)dextrocardia, situs perversus)

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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

Organization Organization Cellular compositionCellular composition Metabolism and excretionMetabolism and excretion Responsiveness and movementResponsiveness and movement Homeostasis Homeostasis DevelopmentDevelopment ReproductionReproduction

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Mechanisms we use to maintain lifeMechanisms we use to maintain life

Negative feedbackNegative feedback Positive feedbackPositive feedback These cycles are in constant motionThese cycles are in constant motion When we loose control we encounterWhen we loose control we encounter

dis-ease and even deathdis-ease and even death

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Negative Feedback LoopNegative Feedback Loop

Body senses a change and activates Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse itmechanisms to reverse it

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Negative Feedback, Set PointNegative Feedback, Set Point

Room temperature does not stay at set point Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degreesof 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

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Human ThermoregulationHuman Thermoregulation

Brain senses change in blood temperatureBrain senses change in blood temperature if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating beginsif overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering beginsif too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

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Control of Blood PressureControl of Blood Pressure

Circulatory stretch receptorsCirculatory stretch receptors detect a rise in BPdetect a rise in BP

Cardiac center in brainstemCardiac center in brainstem sends out nerve signalssends out nerve signals

Heart slowed and BP loweredHeart slowed and BP lowered

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Structure of Feedback LoopStructure of Feedback Loop

Receptor = senses changeReceptor = senses change Integrator = control center that Integrator = control center that

respondsresponds Effector = structures that restore Effector = structures that restore

homeostasishomeostasis

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Positive Feedback LoopsPositive Feedback Loops

Self-amplifying changeSelf-amplifying change leads to change in the same directionleads to change in the same direction

Normal way of producing rapid changes Normal way of producing rapid changes occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and

generation of nerve signalsgeneration of nerve signals

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Life-Threatening FeverLife-Threatening Fever

Temperature > 108 degrees FTemperature > 108 degrees F increases metabolic rateincreases metabolic rate body produces heat even fasterbody produces heat even faster

Cycle continues to reinforce itselfCycle continues to reinforce itself Becomes fatal at 113 degrees FBecomes fatal at 113 degrees F

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Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology Medical terms from Greek and Latin rootsMedical terms from Greek and Latin roots

Naming confusion during the RenaissanceNaming confusion during the Renaissance same structures with different namessame structures with different names structures named after people structures named after people

Search for uniform international terminologySearch for uniform international terminology 1895 1895 Nomina AnatomicaNomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms (NA) rejected all eponyms

• each structure = unique Latin nameeach structure = unique Latin name Terminologia AnatomicaTerminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998 was codified in 1998

1818

Analyzing Medical TermsAnalyzing Medical Terms

Terminology based on word elementsTerminology based on word elements

Scientific terms Scientific terms Root word Root word Combining vowels Combining vowels PrefixPrefix Suffix Suffix

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Useful Tables in TextbookUseful Tables in Textbook

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Review of Major ThemesReview of Major Themes Cell theoryCell theory

activity of cells determine structure and activity of cells determine structure and functionfunction

HomeostasisHomeostasis maintaining stable internal conditionsmaintaining stable internal conditions

Hierarchy of structureHierarchy of structure levels of complexitylevels of complexity

Unity of form and functionUnity of form and function physiology is inseparable from anatomyphysiology is inseparable from anatomy