1. Levels of Biological Organisation
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Transcript of 1. Levels of Biological Organisation
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1. LEVELS OF B
IOLOGICAL
ORGANISATION
A N I NT R O D U C T I O
N TO H
O M E O S T A S I S
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2. HOW HOMEOSTASIS
WORKS
T H E RO L E O
F FE E D B A C K S
Y S T E M S
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HOMEOSTASIS: A definition:
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment
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COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS
A system requires three components for homeostasis:
- A receptor;- A control centre;- An effector.These components do specific jobs that
allow regulation of the internal environment.
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FEEDBACK SYSTEMSMay be negative or positive
Discuss how these devices work:A toilet cistern when you flushA hot water cylinder when you run the
shower
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WHAT UPSETS THE BALANCE?Various factors apply stress on the
internal environment:
Internal factors - within the body, eg pain, high or low blood pressure
External factors - outside the body, eg extremes of temperature
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK...causes the system to respond to reverse the
direction of change. ..which tends to keep things constant…so it allows the maintenance of homeostasis.
eg, if there is a fall in calcium in the blood, the parathyroid glands sense the decrease and secrete more parathyroid hormone, thereby increasing calcium release from the bones;
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACKIN INCUBATOR
temperatureTemp too high
Temp too low
Temperature
sensor
Thermostat
system with
switch
Heater (switched off)
Temperature
sensor
Heater (switched on)
Thermostat
system with
switch
Incubator temperature at 32 C
Rise inTemp fallsi
Temp risesi
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACKA FRIDGE
Fall in
Temperature
sensor
Thermostat
system with
switch
cooling (switched off)
Temperature
sensor
cooling (switched on)
Thermostat
system with
switch
Fridge temperature varies to setting CDrop in temperature
Rise in temperature
Rise in temperature
Drop in temperature
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK…increases the variable in the same
direction… a destabilising effect that does not result
in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used when rapid
change is needed. eg in childbirth the hormone oxytocin is
produced to stimulate and enhance labour contractions
eg clotting mechanism when skin is cut
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