1) Lecture1

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

1/69

Biological Sciences

BS101

Dr Ann

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

2/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

3/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

4/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

5/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

6/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

7/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

8/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

9/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

10/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

11/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

12/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

13/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

14/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

15/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

16/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

17/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

18/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

19/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

20/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

21/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

22/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

23/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

24/69

1915 1945 1965

Decline in Industrial Chemistry

Development of Unit Operations

1925 1935 1955

Increasing Emphasis in Underlying Sciences

Evolution of CHE Curriculum

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

25/69

The Frontier CHE Curriculum

Decade XI (2005 -2015)

Molecular

TransformationsMulti-scale Analysis

Process/Product

Design

Molecular engineering

Biology

Product Design

Systems Analysis

??

??

??

??

Increasing emphasis in biology and integration

2005 2015

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

26/69

BIOLOGICALMOLECULES

(6)

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

CELLGROWTH

(8)

Growth kinetics

Growth media

Growth conditions

GENETICS(6)

DNA, RNA synthesis

Protein synthesis Mendelian genetics

Bacterial genetics

Induction/repression

Mutations

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

27/69

BIOCHEMISTRY

(11)

CATABOLISM

ANABOLISM

PRIMARY PATHWAYS

SECONDARY PATHWAYS

CENTRAL PATHWAYS

METABOLITE INTERCONVERSIONS

REGULATION

BIOENERGETICS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

STRUCTURE &

FUNCTION (6)

PROKARYOTE

EUKARYOTE

ARCHEABACTERIA

EXTREMOPHILES

MICROBIAL CELL STRUCTURE ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

CELLULAR ORGANELLES

CELLULAR FRACTIONATION

CELL DIVISION

ENZYMES

(6)

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

28/69

MONTHS DAYS

JULY 12 19 26

AUGUST 2 9

16 -

Ass

16 23

27-

Ass

30

Mid-term Exam

SEPTEMBER 6 13 20

24

Ass

27

OCTOBER 4 11

15-

Ass

18 25

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

29/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

30/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

31/69

Cell as a chemical factory Thousands of different biochemical reactions can proceed

under constant temperatures,

In cells several anabolic and catabolic reaction chains are

separated from each other by 'compartments' like

mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and

many more.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

32/69

Complexity of Life

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

33/69

Lineage tree of life

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

34/69

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

35/69

Level Examples Special consideration

Ecosystem Rain forest, desert, fresh water lake,digestive tract of animal for bacteria Includes all living organisms and non living mattersuch as air, water and minerals

Community All species in an ecosystem Only includes living things from bacteria, to fungi,to plant to animal

Population All individuals of a single species Includes only individuals from a specific speciessuch as a plant, an animal, a bacterial colony

Organism One single individual Serves as a representative of the species anddescribes overall form and function of anorganism

Organsystem

A specialized functional system of anorganism

The nervous system or immune system of ananimal

Organ A specialized structural system of anorganism

The brain or the thymus of an animal

Tissue A specialized substructure of anorgan

The nervous tissue and epithelial tissue are bothpart of the brain

Cell A single cell A neuron, a skin cell, a root cell, bacteria, yeast,paramecium

Molecule A single large or small molecule suchas a protein, DNA, sugar or fatty acid

Molecules are the smallest part of biologicalsystems; they can be studied for their chemical,

physical properties, but are of particular interestfor their usefulness in biological systems.

Levels of Organization

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

36/69

Cellular architecture

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

37/69

Building blocks

Alphabets Words Sentences

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

38/69

Occurrence of elements

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

39/69

Association of building blocks

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

40/69

Types of interactions possible

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

41/69

Molecular Dogma of Life

Early evolution

RNA based systems

PolypeptidesRNA based systems

Protein based systems

DNA based systems

RNA

ComplexProtein based

systems

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

42/69

CELLS

Structure and Function

Cell = smallest unit of life

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

43/69

Two Major Cell Types

Cell Type Example

Prokaryotic Bacteria

Eukaryotic Protists

FungiPlants

Animals

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

44/69

Prokaryotic Cell

E k ti C ll

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

45/69

Eukaryotic Cell(protist, animal)

E kar otic Cell

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

46/69

Eukaryotic Cell(plant)

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

47/69

Differences Between Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Single circularchromosome

Multiple linearchromosomes

Chromosome foundin a cytoplasmicregion called thenucleoid.

Chromosomes foundin a membrane-bound nucleus.

No internalmembranes

Some infoldedplasma membrane

Extensive network ofinternal membranes

Common Components

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

48/69

Common Components

and Cellular Organization

Plasma Membrane

boundary surrounding the cell

Genetic material: DNA

located in a membrane-bound nucleus

for eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm

Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymesand organelles

(enzyme = biological catalyst)

Cytoskeleton

network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that

maintains cell shape, allows movement

F t f

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

49/69

Features of

Prokaryotic CellsAll prokaryotic cells contain

Structure Function

PlasmaMembrane

Regulates flow of

substances into and outof cell

Nucleoid Cytoplasmic regioncontaining geneticmaterial

Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluidRibosomes

Enzymes

f

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

50/69

Features of

Prokaryotic CellsOther possible prokaryotic structures

Structure Function

Cell Wall Supports cell

Maintains shape

Capsule Protects from drying

Protects againstwhite blood cells

Infolded PlasmaMembranes

Metabolism

Cell division

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

51/69

Features of

Prokaryotic CellsOther possible prokaryotic structures

Structure FunctionBacterialFlagellum

Movement

PlasmidSmall circular DNA

Replicatesindependently

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

52/69


Structure Function(s)PlasmaMembrane

1. Regulates passage ofmaterials into and out of cell

2. Cell-Cell Recognition


8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

53/69


Structure Function(s)Cell Wall

(protists,

fungi, plants)

1. Controls cell shape,protects, supports


8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

54/69


Structure Function(s)

Nucleus 1. Carrier of genetic material

DNA + protein = chromatin

2. Governs cell activities

3. Directs cell reproduction

4. Surrounded by Membrane

= nuclear envelope5. Contains nucleolus

produces ribosomes

which synthesize proteins

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

55/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Function(s)RoughEndoplasmicReticulum (RER)

1. Associated ribosomes produceproteins

2. Prepares proteins for exportSmoothEndoplasmicReticulum (SER)

1. Lipid Synthesis

2. Drug detoxification

3. Transport of proteins from RER

RER SER

f k

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

56/69

Functions of Eukaryotic

Cell Features


Golgi

Apparatus

Collects, modifies, packages and

distributes proteins and lipids from ER

F ti f

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

57/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Function(s)Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes

to digest food in protists ordestroy aging organelles

Endomembrane System
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/cit3.htm

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

58/69

Endomembrane SystemRough

EndoplasmicReticulum

Smooth

EndoplasmicReticulum

Vesicle

GolgiApparatus

Vesicle

Lysosome

Vesicle

Plasma

Membrane

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

59/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Function

Peroxisome Removes harmful oxidantsfrom cells

Functions of
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/Cit3.htm

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

60/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Function

Mitochondrion Captures energy fromorganic molecules,producing ATP

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

61/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure FunctionChloroplast(protists, plants)

Photosynthesis: Uses lightenergy to produce organicmolecules

Functions

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

62/69

of Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Function(s)Cytoskeleton 1. Maintains cell shape

2. Anchors organelles and proteins

3. Allows for organelle movementand cellular movement in some

cell types

Functions of

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

63/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Function

Centriole Gives rise to basal bodies thatproduce cilia or flagella

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

64/69

Functions of

Eukaryotic Cell

Features


Vacuole 1. Central vacuole (plants) storeswaste, maintains turgidity.

2. Contractile vacuole (protists)maintains water balance.

3. Food vacuole (protists) fuses

with lysosome for digestion.

Functions of Eukaryotic

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

65/69

y

Cell Features


Cilia and

Flagella

1. Move substances across

cell surface in lungs,fallopian tubes

2. Cell movement in sperm,

protists

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

66/69

Questions

1. What are similarities for

a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

b. animal and plant cells?

2. What are differences between

a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?b. animal and plant cells?

Part of Cell Part of Factory

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

67/69

Part of Cell Part of FactoryCapsule Security Gate

Cell Wall Outer Fence around the factory

Chloroplast Solar Panel

Cytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspected

Steel Support, Interior Walls

Cilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator

Enzyme Worker; Assemblage Machinery

Golgi Complex Distribution/Packaging DepartmentMailroom

Mitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power Source

Nucleoid Storage of pre-production material

Nucleus Supervisors Office, Boss

Corporate Office, Central OperationsPlasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door

Ribosomes Assembly Line Track

RER Production Line

SER Shipping Dock

Vacuole Storage Area

Cellular Interactions

8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

68/69


Signal Transduction: passing a signal

from the cell surface to the interior

First messenger binds toCell Surface Receptor

Receptor signals nearbyRegulator Protein

Regulator activatesnearby enzyme

Enzyme catalyzes formationof Second Messenger

Second Messenger initiatesCellular Response


8/2/2019 1) Lecture1

69/69


Cell Adhesion: joining of cells

controlled by proteins calledCellular Adhesion Molecules(CAMS)

important in Inflammatory Response

Placenta Formation

Learning and Memory

Lack of cell adhesion isimplicated in cancer

and arthritis.

1) Lecture1

Documents

Transcript of 1) Lecture1