1 - K Sayre - Rainfed CA-Based Systems - Ken Sayre

7/31/2019 1 - K Sayre - Rainfed CA-Based Systems - Ken Sayre

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CIMMYT nternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center nternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Conservation Agriculture-based CropManagement Technologies for

Rainfed Production Systems in Mexico

en Sayreonsulting Agronomist with the CIMMYT Conservation Agriculture-Based Cropanagement


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CIMMYT HeadquartersEl Batn

Low RainfallLow RainfallMainlyMainly RainfedRainfed

2249 m

MexicoMexicoCityCity

TolucaHigh Rainfall

Rainfed 2640 m

Locations of the CIMMYT Main

Rainfed Experiment Stations inMexico where the CIMMYT

Conservation Program is Working


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Toluca May-Oct. 870 536 1127 5 21

El Batan May-Sept. 501 357 618 9 24

Summary of weather variables during the wheat growing

season at the rainfed Toluca and El Batan ExperimentStations (period covered 1973-1996).Average Min. Max. Average

total total total min. max.

Months for rainfall rainfall rainfall temp temp.the wheat ------------------------------------------------------------Experiment growthStation cycle (mm) (mm) (mm) C C


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Rainfed Production Systems in the Central

Highlands of Mexico Rainfed maize and small grain-based production systems (someeans too)

Range in elevation from 1500 to 2800+ masl

Annual average rainfall in the area ranges from 400 to 1000 mmer year distributed from late May to early October and highly ariable both within year and year-to-year

Very erratic onset and ending of rains and very unpredictable

istribution during the rainy season commonly with heavy ownpours followed by extended dry periods

Crop/Livestock interactions are common with associated

ompetition for crop residues


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Rainfed Small Grain-Based Systems

in the Central Highlands of Mexico


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Crop Residue Status on Soil Surface after Removal Of Residuesfrom Different Crops

After Maize - All Residues Removed for Fodder Almost No Ground Cover

After Beans All Residues Removed Very Minimal Ground Cover

After Wheat Most Residues Removed -Some Ground Cover


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Crop Residue Status on Soil Surface after

Retention Of All Residues For Rainfed Maize For Rainfed Wheat


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Planting rainfed wheat on permanent raised beds

wheat into full retention of wheat residue


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Early Stage Zero Till Rainfed Wheat Removed versus Retained Residues

Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained


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Later Stage Zero Till Rainfed Wheat

Removed versus Retained Residues Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained


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Comparison of Rainfed Wheat Yields for the Most Common FarmerPractice versus the Best Conservation Agriculture Practice at El

Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006

1500

2500

3500

4500

5500

6500

7500

8500

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

G r a i n Y i e l d

( k g / h a )

FarmerPractice -ContinuousWheat: Conv.tillage:Residue

RemovedBest CAPractice -Wheat-Maize:Zero tillage:ResidueRetained


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Effect of Rotation, Tillage and Residue Management on AverageRainfed Wheat Grain Yields from 1997 to 2009 at El Batan in the

Central Highlands of Mexico (Mean Annual Rainfall = 550mm)

3000

35004000

4500

50005500

6000

6500

Wh-Wh - ConvTill - All

ResiduesRemoved(Farmer

Practice)

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All

ResiduesRemoved

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All

ResiduesRetained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All

ResiduesRetained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - 50% ofResiduesRetained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All

ResiduesRemoved

Rotation - Tillage - Residue Management

G r a i n Y i e l d ( k g / h a )

LSD (0.05) = 235 kg/ha


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Effect of rotation, tillage and residue management for rainfed production systems onthe distribution ofsoil wet aggregate distribution

(0-20cm) at El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Wh-Wh - Conv.Till - Residue

Removed(FarmerPractice)

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - Residue

Removed

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - Residue

Retained

Wh-Mz - Zero Till- ResidueRemoved

Wh-Mz - Zero Til- ResidueRetained


M W D o f

S o i l W

e t

A g g r e g a t e s ( m m ) LSD (0.05) = 0.6 mm


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Rainfed Maize-Based Systems in theCentral Highlands of Mexico


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Contrasts in Maize Residue RetentionComplete Residue Removal

Partial Residue Removal

Complete Residue Retention


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Roller for Managing Standing Crop Residues

Instead of Chopping


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Field after zero-tilled rainfed maize with full retention of

maize straw rolled down and left on soil surface


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Field afterzero-tilled

rainfed wheatwith straw left

on soil surface


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Zero Till Rainfed Maize

Removed versus Retained Residues Zero Till Residues Removed after Maize Zero Till Residues Retained

ero Till Residues Removed after Wheat


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Planting Rainfed Maize on Permanent Raised

Beds into Wheat Straw


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Rainfed Maize After Full Retention of WheatResidues from the Previous Crop


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Daily Rainfall Ammounts (mm) from June 1 to August 31 , 2009, at

El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89

Consecutive days from June 1 to August 32, 2009

D a i l y R a i n f a l l ( m m )


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Zero Till Rainfed Maize Removed versus Retained Residues

Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained


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Comparison of Rainfed Maize Yields for the M ost Common FarmerPractice versus the Best Conserv ation Agriculture Practice at El

Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

G r a i n

Y i e l d ( k g / h

a )

Farmer Practice - Continuous Maize: Conv. Tilage: Residue Removed

Best CA. Practice: Maize-Wheat: Zero tillage: Residue Retained


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Comparison of Rainfed Maize Yields for the Most Common FarmerPractice versus the Best and Worst Conservation Agriculture

Practice at El Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006

010002000

300040005000

60007000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

G r a i n

Y i e l d ( k g / h a )

Farmer Practice - Continuous Maize: Conv. Tilage: Residue Removed

Best CA-based. Practice: Maize-Wheat: Zero tillage: Residue Retained

Worst Practice - Continuous Maize: Zero Tillage: Residue Removed

LSD (0.05) = 550 kg/ha


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Effect of Rotation, Tillage and Residue Management of Average Rainfed M aizeYields from 1997 to 2009 at El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico

(Mean Annual Rainfall = 550 mm)

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Mz-Mz - Conv Till- All Residues

Removed(Farmer

Practice)

Mz-Mz - Zero Till- All Residues

Removed

Mz-Mz - Zero Till- All Residues

Retained

Mz-Wh - Zero Till- All Residues

Retained

Mz-Wh - Zero Till- 50% of

ResiduesRetained

Mz-Wh - Zero Till- All Residues

Removed


G r a i n Y i e l d ( k g / h a )

LSD (0.05) = 239 kg/ha


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Effect of Residues on Weed DynamicsCONVENTIONAL TILLAGE

Residues Removed ZERO TILLAGE Residues Retained


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Zero-tilledrainfed beanwith previouscrop residue


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Use of CA-based, Permanent RaisedBeds for Rainfed Production Systems


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Zero or Direct Seeding on the Flat is the Most

Common Seeding System for Rainfed CA-basedProduction Systems

WHY USE PERMANENT RAISED BEDS?


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Rainfed wheat

planted onpermanent

beds withprevious crop

residue


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Rainfed

maize plantedon permanent

beds withprevious crop

residue


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Permanent Beds = Reduced Water Logging Problems Following


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Permanent Beds Reduced Water Logging Problems Following

Heavy Rain Events

onventional Till- Water Logging Permanent Beds Minimal Water Logging


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WHEAT ON

PERMANENTRAISED BEDSWITH TIED

RIDGES ANDWITH

RESIDUE

REMOVAL

P t B d O t it t U Ti d Ridg t I i


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Permanent Beds = Opportunity to Use Tied Ridges to Increase in situ Rain Water Harvest


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Rainfed wheatplanted on

permanent bedswith tied-ridges

with minimalretention of the

previous cropsresidue

Effect of Tillage Residue Management and Use of Tied Ridges in Furrows on Avera


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Effect of Tillage, Residue Management and Use of Tied Ridges in Furrows on AveraRainfed Wheat Yields from 1999 to 2005 at El Batan in the Rainfed Highlands of Cen

Mexico

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,0004,500

5,000

5,500

Conv.TillRemove. All

No

Perm. bedRetain All

No

Perm. bedRemove All

No

Perm. bedRemove All

Yes

Perm. bedRemove 60%

No

Perm. bedRemove 60%

Yes

Tillage - Residue Management - Tied Ridges

G

r a i n

Y i e l d

k

/ h a LSD (0.05) = 223 kg/ha

TillageResidueTied Ridges

Rainfed maize planted on permanent


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Rainfed maize planted on permanent

beds with tied-ridges


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Rainfed maizeplanted on

permanentbeds with tied-ridges with

minimalretention of the previous

crops residue

Effect of tillage residue management and field ridges on average maize grain


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Effect of tillage, residue management and field ridges on average maize grainyields produced in a rainfed, annual summer crop, maize-wheat rotation from

2000 to 2005 at El Batan

5,698

7,788

6,335

7,2657,472

7,655

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

6,500

7,000

7,500

8,000

8,500

Conv.Incor.

No

Perm. bedRetain

No

Perm. bedRemove

No

Perm. bedRemove

Yes

Perm. bedPartial

No

Perm. bedPartial

Yes

Y i e l

d k g /

h a a t

1 2 %

H 2 O

LSD (0.05) = 338 k /ha

Tillage a

Resi due manag. b

Tied-ridges

a Con v: Conventional til lage , ne w beds made for each crop.Perm. Bed: Permanen t beds, no till age e xcept to reshape as n ee ded.

b Incor.: Incorporate; Retai n: C hop and le ave on su rface; Remove: Rem ove for fodder;Partial : Remove whe at straw cut by combin e an d remove mai ze s tove to just be low the ear.

Use of Permanent Raised Beds for Rainfed


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Use of Permanent Raised Beds for Rainfed

Production Systems Narrow Permanent Raised Beds Wide Permanent Raised Beds

Wheat on Narrow Permanent Raised Beds in


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W

Toluca(76cm furrow to furrow)


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Wheat onWide

PermanentRaised Beds

in Toluca(152cm

furrow tofurrow)


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Comparison of Rainfed Maize and Wheat Yields for Permanent and Tilled


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Wide Beds for 2009 (Dry Crop Cycle) and 2010 (Wet Crop Cycle) at El Batan

447841283561347749214235334933002010

59065358458821612205182519812009

WheatYieldskg/ha

692867557365659892739717743572562010450522074839361291328169546356202009

MaizeYieldskg/ha

150 Basal

N+ Residue

150 Basal

N- Residue

0 N

+ Residue

0 N

- Residue

150 Basal

N+ Residue

150 Basal

N- Residue

0 N

+ Residue

0 N

- Residue

TilledWideBeds

TilledWideBeds

TilledWideBeds

TilledWideBeds

PermanentWide Beds

PermanentWide Beds

PermanentWideBeds

PermanentWideBeds

Year


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