1 Investing in the future: Addressing challenges faced by Africa's young population. 40 th Session...
Transcript of 1 Investing in the future: Addressing challenges faced by Africa's young population. 40 th Session...
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Investing in the future: Addressing challenges faced by Africa's young
population.
40th Session of the Commission on Population and Development
Nyovani MadiseAfrican Population and Health Research Center
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Outline of Presentation
• Why invest in Africa’s young people?
• Health - RH, HIV and AIDS
• Education
• Education – population - health
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Why Invest in Young People?
• Human Capital= Population x Health X Education
• Young people have the greatest potential for change.
• Large proportion of population
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Africa’s Youthful Population fuelled by High Fertility
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nu
mb
er
of
ch
ild
ren
per
wo
man
Source: World Population Datasheet 2005.
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Africa’s growing young population
Source: Compiled from UN World Population Prospects, 2006 Revision.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Pro
po
rtio
n
0-4 years
5-14 years
15-24 years
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The Health of Young People Matters
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Young People’s Health
• Historically African infants and babies have high disease and mortality burden
• Youth have low disease burden BUT increasing due to – Reproductive ill-health – Teen pregnancies– STI infections– HIV and AIDS
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Sexual behaviour among 15-19 yr-olds
Source: National Surveys of Adolescents 2004
39
21
28
37
25
10
38
32
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Malawi
Uganda
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Malawi
Uganda
Never had sex Had sex but not in last 12 months Had sex in last 12 months
Males
Females
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But they are ill-protected against consequences
Source: National Surveys of Adolescents 2004
Unmarried females aged 15-19 years
5955
39
6154
4035
46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Burkina Faso Ghana Malawi Uganda
Current use of any method of contraception Condom use in last 3 months
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Many births to mothers under age 20 were wanted later or not at all: West Africa (DHS data)
20
17
34
37
13
16
21
10
9
27
48
0
1
1
21
1
2
5
1
7
1
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'I voire
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Birth was wantedlater
Birth was notwanted at all
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(cont’d) East and Southern Africa (DHS data)
20
28
26
8
11
18
23
34
15
66
23
15
17
37
11
5
21
41
3
15
1
32
8
13
9
5
22
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Rwanda
South Africa
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Birth waswanted later
Birth was notwanted at all
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High HIV prevalence among young Africans
0 10 20 30
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Mali
Ghana
Cote d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Uganda
Tanzania
Kenya
Malaw i
Zambia
Lesotho
15-24 Males 25-49 Males
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Mali
Ghana
Cote d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Uganda
Tanzania
Kenya
Malaw i
Zambia
Lesotho
15-24 Females 25-49 Females
Males Females
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Proportion of deaths to females aged 15-29 years by cause
Compiled from WHO Burden of Disease Statistics
41.1 46.362.4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2015 2030
TB HIV/AIDS Other causes
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Proportion of deaths to males aged 15-29 years by cause
Compiled from WHO Burden of Disease Statistics
25.3 30.5 38.6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2015 2030
TB HIV/AIDS Other causes
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A Synergistic Response for Family Planning and HIV services
• Higher HIV infection rates among young people especially females (3:1 ratio)
• More than 25% of girls have started childbearing by age 19 in many African countries)
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Education Matters
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Investing in young people: education
Education: has intrinsic value in itself but also key determinant of
• Health,
• Population change - fertility, mortality, migration
• Economic development
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Young people need opportunities for schooling
• DHS data (2000-2005) on young people aged 6-10 years attending school:
– 59% where there is no free primary education
– 74% where there is free primary education
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Making education affordable
Primary Attendance, by Wealth. Malawi DES (2000)
0.73 0.740.81
0.850.91
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
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Differential in secondary education by wealth status
Secondary Attendance, by Wealth. Malawi DES (2000)
0.03
0.060.04
0.07
0.23
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
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Gender differences persist especially for secondary education
Source: DHS surveys, 2000-2005
Ratio of females-to-males in School by Age in Selected African Countries
0.97
0.79
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
6-15 year-olds 16-20 year-olds
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Education matters
• Make education affordable
• Reduce the difference in school attendance between females and males
• Other forms of education – Skills development– Sex education
• Information for behavioural change
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Education-Population
• Lower fertility
E,g, Average fertility of African woman Without education = XXXPrimary =XXXSecondary =XXX
• Longer birth spacing (34 months for secondary educated women compared with 28 for those without education).
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Education-Health
• Lower child mortality– 7% reduction for infants of primary educated women– 30% for secondary educated
• Better nutritional status
• Lower prevalence of infectious childhood illnesses
• Higher use of health facilities (delivery, immunization, curative services)
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The Education-Health Link
Use of health facility for delivery, by woman's education level
28
50
78
0
20
40
60
80
100
None Primary Secondary+
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Summary
Africa’s young people
+ Investments in health +
+ Education
= Human Development
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Thank you for your attention