1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.
-
date post
15-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.
![Page 1: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b
Eleni Miltsakaki
AUTH
Spring 2006
![Page 2: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Course outline
• Morphology– Content words and function words– Bound and free morphemes– Word formation processes
• Syntax• Semantics• Pragmatics• Historical Linguistics
![Page 3: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What is morphology?
• The study of the structure of words
– Words are part of our linguistic knowledge
– Words are part of our mental grammars
![Page 4: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Basic questions for morphology
• What are words and how are they formed?• How are complex words formed from simpler parts?• What are the basic building blocks in the formation of
complex words?• How is the meaning of the complex word related to the meaning of its parts?
• How are individual words of a language related to other words of the language?
![Page 5: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
What do we know when we know a ‘word’?
• Phonological info: How it is pronounced
• Morphological info: Its internal structure
• Syntactic info: Part of speech• Semantic info: What it means• Pragmatic info: How we use it
![Page 6: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
What is a word?
• Video-show• An arbitrary pairing of sound and meaning–E.g. house, casa, maison etc
![Page 7: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Content and function words
• Content words– They denote concepts– They are open class– They are nouns, adjectives, adverbs
• Function words– They have a grammatical function– They are closed class– They are conjunctions, prepositions, articles,
demonstratives, pronouns
![Page 8: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Simple and complex words
• Simple words– Minimal unit
– Cannot be further analyzed
– E.g. tree
• Complex words– Made of more than one part
– E.g. trees
We need a name for the parts which combine to make complex words
![Page 9: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Morphemes
• Morphemes are the building blocks of complex words– ‘Trees’: base morpheme + plural morpheme
• Types of morphemes– Free: independent words– Bound: affixes
![Page 10: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Types of affixes
• Prefixes: They are attached to the beginning of another morpheme
– E.g. rewrite, rethink
• Suffixes: They are attached to the end of another morpheme– E.g. modernize, centralize
• Infixes: They are attached within another morpheme (less common but certain languages do have infixes)
– E.g. kayu = wood -in- = product of a completed action
kinayu = gathered wood
![Page 11: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
How are new words created?
• Word formation rules (derivations)• Coining• Compounding• Blending• Acronyms• Clippings• Backformation• Conversion
![Page 12: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Derivational morphology
• Bound morphemes added to a root morpheme to form a new word with new meaning are called derivational morphemes.
• E.g. -ify, -cation pure purify purification | | to make pure the process of making pure “pouzy” pouzify pouzification
• The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called derived word
![Page 13: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
The hierarchical structure of words
• Morphemes are added in a fixed order according to the morphological rules of a language
• E.g. system systematic unsystematic
![Page 14: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Tree diagrams
• The hierarchical organization of words can be represented in a tree diagram
Adjective
Un Adjective
Noun atic system
![Page 15: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Adverb
Adjective ly
Adjective al
un Adjective
Noun atic
system
*unsystem
![Page 16: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
More about trees
• Tree diagrams are the linguist’s hypothesis of how speakers represent the internal structure of words
• Take a look at ambiguous cases such as unlockable
![Page 17: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Adjective
un Adjective
Verb able
lock
Adjective
Verb able
un verb
lock
Not able to be locked Able to be unlocked
![Page 18: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
• If words were only strings of morphemes without any internal organization, we could not explain the ambiguity of words like ‘unlockable’
![Page 19: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Inflectional morphology
• Inflectional morphology indicates grammatical aspects of a word– Plurality (boy – boys)– Tense (walk – walked)– Person (walk – walks)
• In English all inflectional morphemes are suffixes
![Page 20: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
How many morphemes?
1. Retroactive2. Befriended3. Televise4. Margin5. Psychology6. Unpalatable7. Deactivation8. Airsickness9. Grandmother10. Morphemic
![Page 21: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Can you “tree” the ambiguity?
A: Have you finished your ten-page book report, Norman?
B: I haven’t even started it.A: But it’s due tomorrow! I started mine a month
ago! Why did you wait until last minute??B: Perhaps I have more confidence in my
intellectual abilities that you have in yours! Besides, how long could it possibly take to read a ten-page book?
![Page 22: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Coining
• Speakers invent (coin) new words to describe previously non-existent objects
• E.g., xerox, fax, nylon, vaseline etc
![Page 23: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Compounding
• When two or more words are combined to form a new word
• E.g., bittersweet, homework, spoonfeed, sleepwalk etc.
• In English the rightmost of a compound is the head of the compound– Noun+verb=verb, e.g., spoonfeed
![Page 24: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Meaning of compounds
• The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of its parts
• E.g. a blackboard maybe green or white• Also
– A boathouse is a house for boats but a cathouse is not a house for cats (slang for whorehouse)
– A jumping bean is a bean that jumps, a falling star is a star that falls but a looking glass is not a glass that looks
– Peanut oil and olive oil but baby oil?
![Page 25: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Pronunciation of compounds
• In a compound the first word is usually stressed:
• Compare: REDcoat (slang for British soldier) with red COAT
![Page 26: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Blending
• The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term– Smoke + fog = smog– Breakfast + lunch = brunch– Motor + hotel = motel
![Page 27: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Acronyms
• Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words– NASA, from National Aeronautics and Space Agency– UNESCO, from United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization– Radar, from radio detecting and ranging– Laser, from light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation– Scuba, from self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus– RAM, random access memory
![Page 28: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Backformation
• A new word may enter the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis– beggar beg– editor edit– Enthusiasm enthuse
![Page 29: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Abbreviation
• Abbreviations of longer words may be lexicalized– Fax facsimile– Telly television– Gym gymnasium
![Page 30: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Eponyms
• Eponyms are words derived from proper names – Sandwich: named for the fourth Earl of
Sandwich who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while he gambled
![Page 31: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Clipping
• Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form– Fan fanatic– Plane airplane– Pro professional– Lab laboratory– Gas gasoline
![Page 32: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Conversion
• Conversion is a change in the function of a word– Verbs nouns (guess, must, spy, etc.)– Adjectives verbs (dirty, empty, total, etc.)– Particles verbs (up, down)
![Page 33: 1 Introduction to Linguistics II Ling 2-121C, group b Eleni Miltsakaki AUTH Spring 2006.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649d495503460f94a262d2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33