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Introduction to Computers
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Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process the input and then produce information.
What are computers?
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HARDWARE
SOFTWARELook inside the computer
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Computers are made of
1. HARDWARE 2. SOFTWARE
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Hardware
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Hardware
The parts of computer itself (tangible objects ) including :
CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or Main Memory)
Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse
Output devices Storage devices
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The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet)
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Hardware
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)2. Input units3. Output units4. Memory (Main or Primary
Memory & Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)
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Components of a Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)
control unit (CU)
ArithmeticlogicUnit (ALU)
RAM
ROM
MemoryMemory
Inputunits
output units
AuxiliaryMemory
Data
Information/Knowledge
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Hardware Organization
motherboard
CPU
memory
hard drive
Input Devices ...
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Input Devices
• Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with
• Most common are keyboard and mouse
Selector Buttons
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Examples of Input Devices
1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard)ATM: automatic teller machine
2. Mouse 3. Scanner 4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, …
etc.) 5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin ,
Bar code scanners) 6. Microphone 7. Joystick .
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8. Point and Draw devices 9. Trackball10. Touchpad11. Touch screen 12. Magnetic stripes and smart
cars. 13. Digital Cameras
Examples of Input Devices(2)
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Categories of Input Devices
keys and buttonskeyboards
most common (QWERTY, Dvorak, chord, alphabetic)
keypads (numeric, telephony, calculator)buttons - discrete entry devicefunction keyscursor keys
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Keyboards as Input Devices
QWERTY keyboardDvorak keyboardalphabetical keyboardchord keyboardnumeric keypad
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QWERTY Keyboarduses the most common arrangement of alpha and numerical keys.
required when input data are variablemany users are trained for using itvery slow for untrained usersnot designed for 10-finger typingkeys are distributed strangelyleft hand has to work harder than the right
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Alphabetical Keyboardarrangement of keys in alphabetical ordersuitable for untrained usersslower than the QWERTY or Dvorak keyboards
in general, avoid its use for PC applicationsconfusing for most users
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Mouse as Input Device
How many buttons are optimal ?
ongoing human factors debate1( Apple )
easier to double click a single button to select an item than to remember which button points and which extends
2( Xerox, Microsoft )
one to point and the other to extend (special commands)largest population among mouse species
3( most workstations )
more functions directly availableconfusing at first; gets easier with practicenovice or infrequent users often forget which button does what
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Selecting Input Devices
the input device should match physiological / psychological characteristics of users, their training, and their expertisee.g. older adults may be hampered with arthritis, and may be unable to type; inexperienced users may be unfamiliar with keyboards and keyboard layouts, etc.
be appropriate for the tasks to be performede.g. a drawing task requires a device that allows continuous movement; selecting an option from a list requires an input device that permits discrete movement, etc.
be suitable for the intended work and environmente.g. speech input may be useful when there is no keypad or keyboard, or when the eyes and hands are busy, but is unsuitable in noisy conditions; automatic scanning is suitable if there is a large amount of data to be gathered, etc.
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Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
hard drive
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Hardware Organization
motherboard
CPU
memory
hard drive
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A specific chip or the processora CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computers circuitry and chips.
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data
• The speed (clock speed) of CPU measured by Hertz (MHz)
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The CPU consists of :
Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic and Logical Unit
(ALU) Some Registers
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The Control Unit (CU) :
coordinates all activities of the computer by:
• Determining which operations to perform and in what order to carry them out.
• The CU transmits coordinating control signals to other computer components.
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The ALU :consists of electronic circuitry to
perform:
• Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
• Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some comparisons (less-than, equal, … etc.)
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Hardware Organization
motherboard
CPU
memory
hard drive
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Primary Memory
• Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results.
• Two general parts:1.RAM 2.ROM
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RAM (Main Memory)• its a primary storage or random access memory
(RAM).• it temporarily holds data and programs for use
during processing (volatile)• Any information stored in RAM is lost when the
computer is turned off. • RAM is the memory that the computer uses to
temporarily store the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM the computer needs.
• RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a unique address which distinguishes it from other cells.
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ROM: Read Only Memory
ROM is part of memory Programmed at manufacturing time Its contents cannot be changed by users It is a permanent store
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Secondary StorageSecondary Storage
Stores data and programs permanently: its retained after the power is turned off
Examples•Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
Located outside the CPU, but most often contained in the system cabinet
•Floppy Disk•Optical Laser Discs
CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD
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Kinds of Disk DrivesDrives
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Common Secondary Media
• DiskettesDiskettes– Data represented as magnetic spots on
removable flexible plastic disks– Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid
plastic case – Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or
retrieves the data and writes or stores data
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Common Secondary MediaCommon Secondary Media• Hard drive
– Data is represented magnetically as with diskettes
– Normally more than one rigid platterplatter in a sealed unit
– These disksdisks are not removablenot removable– Significantly more capacity and faster
operating than diskettes
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Hardware Organization
motherboard
CPU
memory
hard drive
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Optical Laser Discs• CD ROM & DVD’s
• Data is represented as pits and lands• Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and
some Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW)• Significantly more capacity and faster
operating than diskettes
Common Secondary MediaCommon Secondary Media
DVD: Digital Video Disk
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Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
hard drive
Output …
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Output Devices
Pieces of equipment that translate the processed information fromfrom the CPU intointo a form that humans can understand.
CPUPr
oces
sed
info
rmat
ion
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Output Devices
MonitorsPrinters
Dot matrix printers Ink jet printers Laser printers
Sound Blasters (Sound Card By Creative Lab)
Controlling other devices
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Software
The instructions that tell the computer what to do
1. Application Software - helps end-users perform general purpose tasks
2. System Software - enables application software to interact with the computer
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System Software
The most important
System Software is the
Operating SystemOperating System
Examples of operating systems:Windows XP, DOS, Apple, UNIX
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System Software
• The software that controls everything that happens in a computer.
• Background software, manages the computer’s internal resources
Resources examples : CPU, RAM , I/O devices, …
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Application SoftwareApplication Software – Basic Tools – Basic Tools
• Word processors– example: example: Microsoft wordMicrosoft word
• Spreadsheets-- example: example: Microsoft ExcelMicrosoft Excel
• Database managers-- example: example: Microsoft AccessMicrosoft Access
• Graphics-- example: PhotoshopPhotoshop
Spreadsheets: Computer software that allows the user to enter columns and rows of numbers in a accounting book like format.
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Units of Measurements
Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0) Byte = 8 bits
KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB
Remark: 1024=210
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1. Microcomputers
Four Kinds of Computers
3. Mainframe computers
2. Minicomputers
4. Supercomputers
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• Microcomputer =>Personal Computer => PC
• There are 3 types of the Microcomputers :1.Laptop2.Desktop3.Workstation
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• Personal Computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
• Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has : a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.
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Minicomputer, Mainframe, and Supercomputer
• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundredshundreds of users simultaneouslysimultaneously.
• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundredshundreds oror thousandsthousands of users simultaneouslysimultaneously.
• Supercomputer: An extremely fast extremely fast computercomputer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
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• Desk-sized• More processing speed
and storage capacity than microcomputers
• General data processing needs at small companies
• Larger companies use them for specific purposes
Minicomputers
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• Larger machines with special wiring and environmental controls
• Faster processing and greater storage than minicomputers
• Typical machine in large organizations
Mainframe Computers
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• The most powerful of the four categories
• Used by very large organizations, particularly for very math-intensive types of tasks
Supercomputers
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Supercomputers
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1- Store a large amount of data and information for a long period of time.
2- process data and information in high accuracy level .
3- Speed in processing data information.
4- Sharing of information / network.
Characteristics of Computers
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UnderstandingUnderstanding the difference between Data, Information and Knowledge:
ComputerComputerData
Knowledge
Information
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DataData: is the name given to basic facts such as names and numbers.
InformationInformation: is data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligible form.
KnowledgeKnowledge: arrangement of information and classifying information of the same type or the same topic.
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• e. g.
-2 4 0 -3 10 (datadata) | | sort \ / -3 -2 0 4 10 (informationinformation)
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Processing data produces information, and processing information produces knowledge.
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Computer VirusesComputer Viruses
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Computer Viruses
•A computer virus is an application program designed and written to destroy other programs.
•It has the ability to: Link itself to other programs Copy itself (it looks as if it repeats itself)
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Examples of Viruses
Monkes ABC Crabs CIH
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Viruses and Virus Protection
• A virus program• Infects programs,
documents, databases and more …
• It is man-made• It can hide and reproduce• It can lay dormant (inactive)
and then activate
Anti-virus programs can helphelp
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Sources of Computer Viruses
• Three primary sources• The Internet
• Via downloads and exchanges
• Diskettes• Exchanging disks
• Computer networks• Can spread from one
network to another
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How do you know if you have a virus?
• Lack of storage capability• Decrease in the speed of executing
programs• Unexpected error messages• Halting the system
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Virus Protection
•The software package distributed with new PCs always includes an antiviral program. The best way to cope with viruses is to recognize their existence and use an antiviral, or antivirus program.