1. Neoplasia: New growth (Neoplasm);

* Oncology: ( Greek - Oncos - Tumor),

* Cancer: Malignant tumour (Crab)

* Tumor: Benign/ Malignant.

Definitions:

2. NEOPLASM: ( Rupert Willis)

“A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with

that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner

even after cessation of the stimuli

which evoked the change”.

Progressive,

Purposeless,

Pathologic,

Proliferation of cells characterized by loss of

control over (Uncontrolled) cell division.

Cell Proliferation -

(Immortality/ Autonomous)

Cell Differentiation -

(Resemblance to the cell of origin)

Relationship between cells & their

surrounding stroma.

4. Neoplasia - Disturbance in:

WHO Estimation – 2000 AD

10 Million new cases of cancer,

6 Million deaths;

1,500 Deaths / day !!

Worldwide :

1. Lungs 1. Lungs -- 24.7%24.7%

2. Breast 2. Breast -- 16%16%

3. Colon & 3. Colon &

Rectum Rectum -- 10.5%10.5%

4. 4. LeukemiasLeukemias &&

LymphomasLymphomas--8.2%8.2%

5. Pancreas 5. Pancreas -- 5.5%5.5%

Cancer Death Rates ( Females ):

NOMENCLATURE

CRITERIA USED:

Hybrid of

Histiogenesis,

Embryogenesis,

Biological behavior,

Eponyms,

Gross and microscopic structure &

Site of origin……………………… etc.,

Nomenclature :

All have suffix …. oma

Biological behavior ** Benign** Malignant

Histogenesis Epithelial

Mesenchymal

Germ cell

Classification: Depending on

Benign - Tissue of origin + …oma,

Adipose tissue = Lipoma,

Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma

Smooth muscle cells= Leiomyoma

Bone = Osteoma

Cartilage = Chondroma

Nerve = Schwannoma

Nomenclature ( contd….)

Connective Tissue Tumors:

Malignant - Tissue of origin + Sarcoma

Nomenclature ( contd...)

Connective Tissue Tumors:

Adipose Tissue Liposarcoma

Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyosarcoma

Smooth muscle Leiomyosarcoma

Bone Osteosarcoma

Cartilage Chondrosarcoma

Benign - Papilloma = Squamous,

= Transitional,

- Adenoma = Glands,

Malignant - ……….Carcinoma,

*** Adeno……..

*** Squamous cell ……

*** Transitional cell ……

Benign – Adenoma: benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from

glandular tissue

Glands or ducts - Adenoma,

- Cystadenoma,

- Papillary Cystadenoma;

Skin.

Lip, Oral cavity, Tongue, Esophagus.

Uterine cervix.

Lung.

Penis.…….,etc.

Stomach

Intestine

Gall Bladder

Lung

Kidney

Renal Pelvis

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Sites of TCC:

Adenocarcinoma + Squamous cell Carcinoma=

Adenosquamous carcinoma.

Carcinoma + Sarcoma= Carcinosarcoma.

Combined tumors !

Carcinosarcoma:

Embryonal tumors:

Origin - Primitive tissue + Blastoma

Retinoblastoma,

Nephroblastoma,

Neuroblastoma,

Hepatoblastoma,

Medulloblastoma,

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Blastomas : SRCT

Eponyms

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

Wilms tumor

Warthin’s tumor

Grawitz’s tumor

Kruckenberg’s tumor

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Miscellaneous: Teratoma

Tissues of all 3 embryonic layers.

Behavior ranges from benign to aggressive. (Mature/

Immature)

Most common sites: Ovary and Testis.

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Mature teratoma

Miscellaneous: Developmental anomalies:

Not true tumors, but clinically present as masses.

Hamartoma -(Hamar =Error), proliferation of tissue normally

found at that site.

Ex: Hemangioma.

Choristoma - Heterotopic tissues; collection of tissue not

normally found in that anatomic site.

Ex: Gastric tissue in Meckel’s diverticulum.

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Misnomers:… Lymphoma,

Leukemia,

Hepatoma -(Hepatocellular carcinoma)

Melanoma -(Melanocarcinoma )

Seminoma,

Mesothelioma,

Myeloma,

Glioma,

Meningioma,

Nomenclature ( contd… )

Granuloma, Tuberculoma, …any other ??