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I. ClassificationA. History of classifying

1. Aristotlea) First to classify living things

(350 B.C.).b) Divided into 2 groups: animals and

plants.c) Animals: habitat and behavior.d) Plants: size and structure.e) System used for 2000 yrs. (why was

it discarded?)2. Carolus Linnaeus

a) 1700’s; new classification based on similar structures.

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b) Suggested terms genus and species.c) Called binomial nomenclature – two

word naming system (genus and species).

d) Used the Latin language.e) Ex: humans: genus: homo

species:sapiens

II. Modern ClassificationA. Taxonomy – study of the classification

systems.1. Divides organisms into six kingdoms.2. DNA is the newest technique of helping

classifying organism.

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B. Classifying order1. Kingdom (very general) K King

2. Phylum P Phillip3. Class C Came4. Order O Over5. Family F From6. Genus G Great7. Species (specific) S Spain

C. Writing scientific names1. Scientific name – consists of genus and

species and must be underlined or italicized.a)Ex: humans Homo sapiens

Homo sapiensb)Genus is always capitalized but

species is not.

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D. Dichotomous keys1. Series of paired statements that

describe physical characteristics of different organisms.

2. Simplifies classification.3. Lab on page 462-63.

III. ReproductionA. Sexual reproduction – two cells from

different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism.

1. Ex: sperm + egg = zygoteB. Asexual reproduction – new organism has

a single parent.1. Binary fission – prokaryote (w/o a

nucleus) copies its DNA and divides in half.

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2. Conjugation – hollow bridge forms between two cells and genes move from one cell to the other.a) Figure 19-7 page 476 shows both

binary fission and conjugation.IV. Life Cycles

A. Alternation of Generations (plants)1. 2 stages / generations

a) Gametophyte stage – produces gametes which are haploid (1N).

b) Sporophyte stage – produces spores after two haploid gametes fuse (diploid 2N).

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2. Figure 20-18 page 514

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B. Metamorphosis (Insects)1. Incomplete metamorphosis –

a)3 stages: egg, nymph, and adultb)Insects emerge from the egg as a nymph

(small version of adult w/o wings).c)As the nymph matures, reproductive

organs appear and wings (adult).d)Ex: cinch bugs

2. Complete metamorphosis – a)4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adultb)Egg hatches into a larva, which cannot

fly.c)Insects builds a cocoon (pupa) and

undergoes a drastic change.d)Fully formed, sexually mature adult

emerges.e)Ex: bees, moths, beetles

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3. Figure 28-18 page 729

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V. Comparative AnatomyA. Position Terms

1. Dorsal – back surface.2. Ventral – underbelly, lower surface.3. Anterior – front / head of the

organism.4. Posterior – tail / hind end of the

organism.B. Symmetry – balanced arrangement of body

parts around a point or a line.1. Bilateral symmetry – each side is a

mirror image of the other.a) Ex: humans, fish, birds, reptiles

2. Radial symmetry – appendages are arranged around a central axis.a) Ex: starfish, octopus

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3. Spherical symmetry – animals with a round form. a) It has no front, back, right or

left.b) Ex: protozoa, bacteria.

4. Asymmetrical – has no symmetry.a) Ex: amoeba.

VI. Characteristics of OrganismsA. Levels of Development

1. The higher the organism, then the more complex it is.

2. Figure 18-12 page 459 shows the breakdown of each kingdom and its characteristics.

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VII. Organ systems in organisms.A. Characteristics of each system.

1. Nervous system – coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment.a) Brain, spinal cord, peripheral

nerves.2. Integumentary system – serves as a

barrier against infection and injury.a) Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

3. Respiratory system – provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.a) Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

lungs.

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4. Digestive system – converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.a)Mouth, stomach, small and large

intestine.5. Excretory system – eliminates waste

products of metabolism from the body.a)Lungs, kidneys, bladder and urethra.

6. Skeletal system – supports and protects the body.a)Bones, cartilage, ligaments,

tendons.7. Muscular system – produces voluntary

movement and helps circulate blood.a)Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

muscle.

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8. Circulatory system – brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells.a)Heart, blood, blood vessels.

9. Endocrine system – controls growth, development, metabolism, reproduction.a)Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,

ovaries and testes.10.Reproductive system – produces

reproductive cells, in females, nurtures and protects the embryo.a)Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus,

vagina, Fallopian tubes.11.Lymphatic system – helps protect the

body from disease.a)White blood cells, spleen, lymph

nodes, lymph vessels.

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Figure 35-2 page 892 – 893

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Figure 35-2 continued

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Figure 35-2 concluded