1 Human Organism
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THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
Mariejim Diane O. Payot, RMT, MSMT
Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Santo Tomas
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ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy - study of the structure of body parts & their relationships to one another
o Gross or macroscopic
o Microscopic
o Developmental
Physiology – study of the function or processes of living things
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GROSS ANATOMY
Regional – all structures in one part of the body or area
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body by system
Surface – external features
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MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
Cytology or Cellular – cell
Histology – tissues
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DEVELOPMENTAL
ANATOMY
Traces structural changes
throughout life
Embryology –
developmental changes of
the body before birth
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules
2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules
2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules
2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system
6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system
6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system
6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism
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THE ORGAN
SYSTEMS
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIFE
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
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HOMEOSTASIS
“ability to maintain a relatively stable internal
environment in an ever-changing outside
world”
Communication – essential to maintain
homeostasis
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HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL Stimulus – produces a change to a variable (the factor being
regulated) Receptor – detects the change; monitors the environment and
responds to change (stimuli)
Input – information travels along the afferent pathway to the control center (determines the appropriate response & course of action)
Output – information sent from the control center travels down the efferent pathway to the effector
Response – from the effector; balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis
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HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL
Afferent pathways o Carry nerve impulses into the CNS
Efferent pathways o Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors
(muscles, glands)
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HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL
Negative Feedback o Turns off the original stimulus
Positive Feedback o Enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus
o Usually harmful to the body
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ANATOMICAL
TERMS AND
BODY PLANE
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BODY POSITIONS
Anatomical Position – human
standing erect with the face
directed forward, the arms hanging
on the sides, and the palms facing
forward, the thumbs point away
from the body, the feet slightly
apart with the toes pointing
forward.
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BODY POSITIONS
Supine Position – person
lying face upward
Prone Position – person
lying face downward
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Right/Left
Cephalic/Caudal
Superior/Inferior
Anterior/Posterior
Ventral/Dorsal
Proximal/Distal
Lateral/Medial
Superficial/Deep
Contralateral/Ipsilateral
Intermediate
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BODY PARTS AND
REGIONS
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BODY PARTS AND REGIONS Abdomen Regions Organs
Right Hypochondrium Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine
Left Hypochondrium Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
Epigastrium Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen,
Adrenal Glands
Right Lumber Region Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon
Left Lumber Region Descending Colon, Left Kidney
Umbilical Region Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum
Right Iliac Fossa Appendix, Cecum
Left Iliac Fossa Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon
Hypogastrium Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female
Reproductive Organs
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BODY PLANES
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ORGAN PLANES
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BODY CAVITIES
Dorsal Cavity o Protects the nervous system
o Cranial cavity – within the
skull and encases the brain
o Vertebral cavity – runs
within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord
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BODY CAVITIES
Ventral Cavity o Houses the internal organs
(viscera)
o Thoracic cavity
o Abdominopelvic cavity
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BODY CAVITIES
Thoracic Cavity o Pleural cavity – each
houses a lung
o Mediastinum – contains
the pericardial cavity;
surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
o Pericardial cavity –
encloses the heart
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BODY CAVITIES
Abdominopelvic Cavity o Separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by
the dome-shaped
diaphragm
o Abdominal cavity –
stomach, intestines, spleen,
liver & other organs
o Pelvic cavity – bladder,
reproductive organs and
rectum
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SEROUS MEMBRANES Parietal membrane – lines the wall of cavity
Visceral membrane – in contact with the
internal organs
Serous fluid – secreted by serous membrane;
protects the organs against friction
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SEROUS MEMBRANES
Pericardial Cavity o Surrounds the heart
Pleural Cavities o Surround the lungs
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SEROUS MEMBRANES
Peritoneal Cavity o Surrounds certain
abdominal and pelvic organs
o Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place; passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs
o Retroperitoneal organs – located “behind” the parietal peritoneum
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ORGANS OF THE
ABDOMINOPELVIC
REGIONS
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OTHER BODY
CAVITIES • Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the
digestive organs
• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
• Orbital – house the eyes
• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
• Synovial – joint cavities
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Prepare for a long
quiz next
meeting!