UNIT 10 & 11

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, MONARCHIES & ENLIGHTENMENT

TEXTBOOK PAGES: 545-550, 513-539, 551-562

CONCEPT QUESTIONS

1. How did the Scientific Revolution change people’s view of the natural world?

2. What contributions/achievements were made during the Scientific Revolution? (min. of 5)

3. What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution? 4. How did new ideas in politics challenge the

traditional governments in Europe?5. How did Europe’s rulers achieve absolute power?6. What impact did the Enlightenment have on society

and government?7. What is the difference between absolute monarchy

and a constitutional monarchy?

ROOTS OF MODERN SCIENCE

“Science” Before the Scientific Revolution Based almost entirely on ancient Greek/Romans or the Bible Experimentation/observation not used Science in medieval times• Alchemy/Astrology• Earth-centered view• CHURCH centered view

A medieval alchemist

ROOTS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: Aristotle 4th century Greek

philosopher and scientist Gravity/Theory of falling

objects

Ptolemy 2nd century Greek

astronomer, mathematician, and geographer

Geocentric (earth-centered) model of the universe

Motion of the planets

WHAT WAS THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION?

New way of thinking about the natural world Rise of universities – taught astronomy/

physics/math Contact with non-Western societies – Muslim

scholars The Renaissance/Reformation

Led to independent thought

IMPACT: people questioning old beliefs

MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE: GEOCENTRIC VS. HELIOCENTRIC

Geocentric: the Earth is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Earth(Ptolemy)

Heliocentric: the Sun is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Sun—including the Earth (Copernicus)

REVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE

Nicolaus Copernicus Published Heliocentric theory - on deathbed

Galileo (1564–1642) Invented telescope, confirmed the Heliocentric theory Tortured/imprisoned by church

Isaac Newtown (1642–1727) Utilized work of Copernicus & Galileo Laws of gravity and motion Universe follows fixed laws

Robert Boyle “Father of Chemistry” Experimented on gases using temperature and

pressure (Boyle’s law)

Tycho Brahe Studied movement of planets

Johannes Kepler Elliptical orbits

Keppler Brahe

Copernicus Galileo

Newton

GALILEO VS. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

19th-century depiction of Galileo before the Inquisition tribunal

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Science as a multiple-step process:

3. Test the theory with experiments

2. Develop a theory that explains the object or phenomenon

1. Observe an object or phenomenon

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Francis Bacon - 1561–1626English philosopher • Observe the world

then draw conclusions

• Experiments

Rene Descartes – 1596 – 1650French philosopher/mathematician • Cogito ergo sum (“I think,

therefore, I am”)• Mathematics & Logic

SPREAD OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Scientific Instruments

Telescope Microscope (Zacharias Janssen)

Anton Leeuwenhoek Bacteria, red blood cells, maggots

Mercury barometer (Evangelista Torricelli) Mercury thermometer

Gabriel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius

A Janssen microscope

Galileo’s telescope

Torricelli’s barometer

MEDICINE

Galen (131-201) - OLD Greek physician Never dissected a human body

Vesalius (1514–1564) NEW Dissected humans On the Fabric of the Human Body Detailed drawings of organ/bones/muscle

MEDICINE

William Harvey (1578–1657) English physician On the Movement of the

Heart and Blood in Animals

Described the functioning of the heart and circulatory system

Edward Jenner 1st vaccination Used cow pox/small pox

Harvey

CHEMISTRY

Robert Boyle (1627–1691)Antoine Lavoisier

(1743–1794)

Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)

Boyle’s Law – volume, pressure, temperature of gas affect each other

Separated a pure gas from air

Named Priestley’s gas - oxygen

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLESAGE OF REASON

• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought

• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith

• Scientific and academic thought should be secular

A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENTThomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Social contract - choice

People are selfish & greedy, need a strong central authority like absolute monarchs for peaceful, orderly societies.

People gave up control to an absolute monarch in exchange for order

People needed govt. to protect them from each other

John Locke (1632–1704) Rulers gain power from people

not God Government’s role is to

protect people’s natural rights (life, liberty, property)

If govt. fails to protect – people have a right to overthrow

FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS

Voltaire - (1694–1778) Beliefs in religious tolerance

and intellectual freedom influenced revolutions Often imprisoned/exiled Admired English govt.

William Blackstone Explained the English

common law Based on previous trial

outcomes Individuals have rights that

can not be violated even by government

Montesquieu Believed separation of

powers into 3 branches and checks and balances were necessary for a successful government that doesn’t abuse its power

Voltaire

Montesquieu

Blackstone

PHILOSOPHERS

Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)

Government should represent the will of the people

titles should be abolished – inspired French revolutionists

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Justice system On Crimes and

Punishment Rights of the accused No torturing/cruel

punishments Speedy trial Punishment should fit the

crime No capital punishment

WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the

Rights of Woman Argued for education Right to participate in

politics & medicine

Mary Astell A Serious Proposal to

the Ladies Lack of educational

opportunities Argued for equality in

marriage

Emilie du Chataelet Mathematician/physicist Translated Newton from

Latin to French – stimulated science interest in France

Mary Wollstonecraft

A WORLD OF IDEAS

Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideasDenis Diderot• The Encyclopédie • Banned by Catholic Church• Collection of essays/articles from leading

scholars

Adam Smith• The Wealth of Nations• Competition and the division of labor

guides a free-market system based on self-interest

• New ideas about use of labor, supports capitalism

ART & LITERATURE

Neoclassical –themes & ideas from classical Greece

Music Franz Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

Novel Everyday language Plot, suspense, character thoughts & feelings Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe)

IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

1. Separation of Powers – separate, independent branches

2. Checks and Balances – no branch has more power than another

3. Equality – all citizens have the same legal status

4. Democracy – citizens vote to elect leaders

5. Popular Sovereignty – power to rule rests with the people

6. Human Rights – man has God-given rights no govt. can take away

7. Constitutionalism- establishes and sets up a govt.

8. Nationalism – each nationality is entitled to its own govt.

Theories inspired French & American revolutions Some monarchs adopted Enlightenment thinking, most did not

“ENLIGHTENED MONARCHS”

Enlightened Despots Most of Europe ruled by

absolute monarchs Receptive to

Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and

practices

Enlightened Monarchs• Frederick II, Prussia• Catherine the Great, Russia• Maria Theresa, Austria• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire• Gustav III, Sweden• Napoleon I, France

All power within boundaries was in their handsDivine right – power of GodDecline of church powerDecline of feudalism

ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES

ENGLISH MONARCHY Magna Carta (1215)

Limitations placed on the monarchy Parliament has the power to approve taxes

King James I of Scotland inherits throne from Elizabeth (her nephew) King James Bible (Calvinist)

Charles I (James son) Believes in Divine Right of Kings Civil War – King’s Anglicans vs. Puritans (1642-

1649) Puritan general Oliver Cromwell Charles tried and executed for treason

• Idea that the law is above the king

ENGLISH MONARCHY

Oliver Cromwell Established commonwealth, constitution Ruled as military dictator Only time in England’s history without a

monarch

Restoration & Revolution Charles II asked to rule (people sick of military

rule) Restored arts, theatre, etc.. that had been banned Habeas corpus – prisoners could not be held

without trial

ENGLISH MONARCHY

Succession – Charles has no children Brother James II (Catholic) next in line

supported by Whigs, opposed by Tories Root of first English political parties

*Glorious Revolution William of Orange and Mary (James

daughter) invited to overthrow James before he could establish a new line of Catholic kings

James fled to France – bloodless overthrow

ENGLISH POLITICS Constitutional Monarchy

– William and Mary rule with Parliament as partners

English Bill of Rights No suspending of Parliament’s laws No levying taxes without Parliament Freedom of speech in Parliament No penalties for grievance petitions against the

king Cabinet System

Government ministers Link between monarchy and Parliament Prime Minister (still in place today)

FRANCE

*Religious Wars – Catholic vs. Protestant (Huguenots) Fought over religious differences

Henry of Navarre Survived protestant slaughter, became King Converted to Catholicism to make peace Edict of Nantes – religious tolerance Murdered for religious compromises

Louis XIII & Cardinal Richelieu Limited Protestant power (no walls)

FRANCE - LOUIS XIV

King at age 5 (Cardinal Mazarin) Life threatened often

Jean Baptiste Colbert Minister of finance, made France self-

sufficient Versailles

Immense palace Nobles required to live with King (control) Center of the arts “I am the State”

FRANCE - WAR

Louis attempted to expand French boundaries

Smaller countries unite to Balance power

War of Spanish Succession Throne of Spain went to Louis’s grandson Philip

of Anjou who was in line for the French throne as well

Rival kingdoms fought against the uniting of Spain and France

War ended with Philip being allowed to keep the Spanish throne as long as the two countries were not united