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Grain Storage - Store pests and diseases

Describe common pests of a given crop group.

Describe best practice in relation to pesticide usage

Grain storage pests Field pests

◦ Slugs◦ Leatherjackets◦ Aphids

Pests of oilseed rape Potato pests – PCN Pesticide best practice – The Basics

Saw tooth grain beetle

Grain Weevil

Grain mites

Rats/Mice

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Prior to filling, grain stores should be:

◦Thoroughly cleaned

◦Fumigated

◦Vermin proof

◦Weather proof

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Saw-toothed grain beetle◦ Survive in previous grain

residues.

◦ Multiply at MC above 14% and temperatures from 17.5 - 40°C.

◦ Feed on the grain in both adult and larvae stages causing hotspots.

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Control by:◦ Store hygiene

◦ Drying grain below 14% MC and cool to 15°C.

◦ Apply insecticide to grain

8Saw toothed grain beetle – Oryzaephilus surinamensis

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Control:

◦Store hygiene

◦Store below 12 °C

◦Apply insecticide to grain

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Survive in store and on residues of previous crop.

Brought in on grain.

Adult females bore holes in grain and lay eggs.

Larvae eat the grain from inside.

Grain Weevil

11Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius

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Grain Mites Enter store on grain or

survive in store residues.

Damage grain by eating the germ and causing taints and fungal infections.

Multiply rapidly in moist conditions.

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Control by

Keeping the grain dry – 14% MC

Maintain store RH below 65%

Store hygiene

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Grain mite – Glycyphagus species

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1. Primary pests – these live, feed and develop in grain stocks - the most serious group

Beetles Mites

Size <2mm diametre

<5mm length

0.5mm

Multiplication rate

60x per mth 2,000 x per mth

Min breed oC Weevils 13oCBeetles 18oC

5oC

Min MC% 2-12% 15%

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2 Secondary pests – feed on crop residues and mould

Often present with nesting birds Usually a high fungal content in the crop Often slower breeding and few generations Tend to have a lower min breeding temp and

prefer moister conditions

3 Strays – enter from outside store or brought in at harvest

Seldom cause damage but may lead to rejection of crop

House/field mice

Norway/Brown Rat

Where possible, ensure that all doors are tight fitting and access to sheds is limited.

Need to ensure that all bait points are monitored on a regular basis and all baits points are recorded on farmyard layout.

Slugs

Leatherjackets

Grain Aphids

Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN)

Mollusca

Soft slimy bodies,

Prone to drying out and must retreat to damp places when weather dries up.

Controlled by cultural (rove beetles) and slug pellets (metiocarb, methalyhde, etc. )

Bait to assess numbers

Threshold for treatment

◦ Winter Wheat 4 slugs/trap

◦ WOSR 1 slug/trap

Size of trap, 30cm x 30cm. Metaldehyde stewardship

Larvae of cranefly (daddy long legs)

Feeds on roots of grasses

Feeds directly on seeds in the soil.

Adults lay eggs in Aug-Oct◦ Depending on weather damage is seen as feeding

in following spring

Monitor to assess levels

Reseeds & cereals exiting long term leys highest risk

Chlopyrifos

Feed on all cereal crops

Feeds on phloem of plant by using spikelet to burrow down into get sugar from plant.

Primary cause of BYDV in cereals

Activity will increase in warm weather.

BYDV controlled by Long cultivation window – 3 weeks Bury grass + trash Seed treatment to control virus vectors Monitor aphid migration + Spray aphicide

Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN) also known as eel worms.

Feed on roots of Solanaceae Family(potatoes and tomatoes)

Can cause a yield reduction in up to 60% in infected fields.

Rotation

Plant certified basic seed

PCN soil sampling when using farm saved seed

Clean shared machinery

Dispose of grader waste to an on-farm tip or field of origin

Do not feed or spread untreated vegetable waste

Be wary of imported animal manures

Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle

Pollen Beetles

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Prior to filling, grain stores should be:

33Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius

34Grain mite – Glycyphagus species

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Name this store pest

From 26th Nov 2015 only sprayer operators with a PA1 & PA2 will be legally be able to apply chemicals.

To apply pesticides must have a recommendation from a BASIS qualified adviser

Treatments must be recorded in the pesticides application record book.

It also helps you use the pesticide:

◦Safely

◦Effectively

◦Accurately

Contains information to help you get the

best performance from the pesticide

PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL

Contains a lot of information Some information legally binding.

Read and Understand

the product label

Main categories of text:

1. Important information – eg dose rates, application rates, etc

2. Advisory Information – eg compatability, timings, etc

Product Name: Agritox Approval Number: MAPP 14894 Active Ingredient: MCPA Pesticide Type: Herbicide What insects are controlled by this product: Broad-leaved weeds Crops on which product may be used: Winter and Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland Product Form (Liquid or Powder): Liquid Product Hazard Symbol: Harmful and Dangerous for the Environment Approved Field of Use: As an Agricultural Herbicide to control Broad-leaved weeds on

Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland.

PESTICIDE LABELPLEASE FIND THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION

• Restrictions (give 3): Any 3• Sprayer Application Rate /Ha (litres): Not Less than 200L/Ha• Spray Quality: Medium / Coarse• Is Agritox compatible with other products? Yes• What Advice is given? Consult Manufacturer or Agronomist• List Operator PPE: Coveralls, Gloves, Face Shield • Environmental Protection

• List Buffer Zones for this product: Flowing Water 5 metres• Dry Ditch 1 metre

• Can Buffer zone be reduced under LERAP Yes• What is an Adjuvant? A wetter or sticker to improve product effectiveness

Application Of ProductMaximum Individual

DoseMaximum Total

DoseLatest Time of

Application

Winter & Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye & Oats

3.3 L/Ha 3.3 L/Ha/CropBefore 1st Node

Detectable (GS 31)

Undersown Cereals (as above) with Red Clover

1.4 L/Ha 1.4 L/Ha/CropBefore 1st Node

Detectable (GS 31)

Grassland 3.3 L/Ha 6.6 L/Ha/Crop Not Applicable

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Coverall Gloves Face shield

Goggles Dust mask Footwear

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

Waterproof apron

Pesticide Application RecordDate    

Site of Application    

Crop Treated    

Reason for Treatment    

Pesticide Used    

Pesticide Dose Rate (l/ha or kg/ha)    

Spray Application Rate (l/ha)    

Nozzle type and Code    

Spray Pressure (bar)    

Weather Conditions    

Start Time    

Finish Time    

Other Relevant Information    

Operators Name    

Operators Signature