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Transcript of 1 Going Green In The Laboratory Laboratory Association of NH September 24, 2009 Greener Chemistry...
1
“Going Green In The Laboratory”
Laboratory Association of NH September 24, 2009
Greener Chemistry Associates LLC
66 Ridgeview Lane
New Boston, NH 03070
Office 603-487-2235
Valero Harnesses Wind Energy to Fuel Its Oil-Refining Process
2Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2009
“Embracing new green technology in order to make more money producing old fashioned fossil fuels”
Valero Harnesses Wind Energy to Fuel Its Oil-Refining Process
Key Points Sunray, TX 70 yr old refinery 33 windmills, $115 million Produce gasoline and diesel fuel Payback 10 yrs Produces 50 Megawatts/Hr -> 100% of plant
needs, 40-45% of the time 3 employees
3
Outline
Principles of Green Chemistry Solvent Recycling Energy Conservation & Funds Water Conservation Greener Consumable Materials & Supplies Lab Equipment Laboratories for the 21st Century Additional Resources
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Principles of Green Chemistry
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Prevent waste, not clean it up Reduce scale of experiments Reduce excess of chemicals used in an analysis,
when possible Reduce cost/quantity of hazardous waste Preventing a problem is better than trying to solve
the problem
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Principles of Green Chemistry
Paul Anastas, John Warner
Incorporate all materials into the product Synthesis
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Principles of Green Chemistry
Paul Anastas, John Warner
Produce substances with little to no toxicity to humans and the environment Synthesis
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Products should preserve the efficacy of function while reducing toxicity Formulators
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Reduce the use of auxiliary substances Synthesis
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Minimize energy requirements for process Heat input for acceleration of reactions Use of catalysts to reduce energy of activation Need for cooling reactions Energy required for separation
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Use renewable materials when possible Solvents Reagents
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Avoid unnecessary derivatives Synthesis
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Catalytic reagents are better than stoichiometric reagents A + B = C is > A + B = C + D
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Products should degrade to innocuous substances, not persist in the environment, at the end of their function Bioaccumulators that persist in nature
Plastics Pesticides
Degradable products that form more toxic derivatives NPE’s
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Develop analytical methods for in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances Synthesis
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Principles of Green Chemistry Paul Anastas, John Warner
Substances in a chemical process should minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions and fires Toxics Flammables Explosives Chemical recycling
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Solvent Recycling
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Solvent Recycling
Most any solvent is capable of being distilled Recycling depends on contaminants (co-solvents;
azeotropes; dangerous mixtures to heating) Commercial units can be from 2.6 gallons on up in
capacity BPts 50-200o C; >200C with vacuum Typical cycle time 4-6 hrs Manual or automatic operation; batch or continuous Explosion proof atmospheres
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Why Recycle Solvents?
Reduce Cost! (Chemical purchases and waste disposal)
Reduce storage and handling of hazardous waste up to 95%
Reduce shipments of hazardous waste Reduce landfill of hazardous waste Help the environment Be a greener facility
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Cost Savings With Solvent Recycling?Small Scale Facility-Solvent Information
Solvent Proprietary
Boiling Point 223 C
Vacuum Required? Yes
Solvent Cost/Gallon $10.84
Gallons/Year 1,155
Solvent Purchases/Year $12,520
Hazardous Waste Disposal: Gallons/Year 1,155
Cost/Drum $53
Cost/Year $1,113
Total Solvent Cost/Year $13,633
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Cost Savings With Solvent Recycling?Small Scale Facility-Recycle Unit
Gallons/Year 1,155
Gallons/Week 23
Gallons/Day 4.6
Shifts Worked/Day 2
Capacity of Recycle Unit Required 2.6 Gallons
Cost of Recycle Unit ~$6,000
Cost of Vacuum ~$4,000
Total Cost ~$10,000
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Cost Savings With Solvent Recycling?Small Scale Facility-Cash Flow Projection
Solvent Cost/Year (Purchase + Disposal) $13,600
Assumed Recovery Efficiency 90%
Projected Annual Savings $12,240
Total Cost of Recycle Unit + Vacuum $10,000
Payback 10 Months
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First Year Savings = $2,240
Energy Conservation & Funds
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Energy ConservationLighting Systems & Components
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Energy ConservationLighting Systems & Components
Design of lighting system is critical for work done in the laboratory
Lab lighting is up to 2X greater than office space
Cost of lighting varies from 8% to 25% of total energy consumption
Laboratory lighting codes: 1.3-1.8 W/sf
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Energy ConservationLighting Systems & Components
Daylight Integration Electric lighting should supplement daylighting
Fixture Configuration Direct-Indirect (20-40%:60-80%) ambient lighting parallel to benchtop Task lighting (use only when required)
Lamps and Ballasts T5 for new construction “Super” T8 for upgrade from T12 or T8 Electronic ballasts (RF shielded luminaires in instrument labs) Compact Fluorescent (CFL) or Low Wattage Ceramic Metal Halide lamps
instead of incandescent Controls
Bi-level switching Occupancy sensors
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Energy ConservationLighting Systems & Components
Light Bulb Lumens/Watt of Heat Gain
Incandescent 5-15
Tungsten-Halogen 20-35
Mercury Vapor 25-50
CFL 15-75
Linear Fluorescent 60-95
Metal Halide 50-100
High Pressure Na 55-110
Daylight/Direct 80-225
Daylight w/o Direct 100-290
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Energy ConservationHVAC
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Energy ConservationAudience Poll
How many attendees have hoods in their laboratories?
Is this a major source of energy waste?
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Energy ConservationHVAC
Energy consumption is typically greater percentage of electricity usage than lighting
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Energy ConservationHVAC
“RM&M” Regular Monitoring & Maintenance Calibrate, check and adjust thermostats Implement “set-back” strategies Multiple HVAC systems “fighting” each other
(simultaneous heating & cooling) Clean/replace air filters and dampers Inspect ducts and pipe insulation Clean heat transfer coils – chillers, heat pumps,
air conditioners
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Energy ConservationTypical Causes for Waste
Underutilized or inappropriate fume hoods Fume hoods with large bypass openings Unnecessary reheat of lab space Positive pressure in containment labs Excessive duct static pressure Over ventilated lab spaces Supply air temperature overshoot Lack of load management for equipment Setback of temperature or airflow when
unoccupied33
Energy ConservationFume Hoods
Typical hood uses as much energy in a year as 3 U.S. households
U.S. safety standards require air turnover 6-12 times/hr. Not unusual to measure rates of 15-25 turnovers/hr.
A reduction from 12 to 10 turnovers/hr can reduce amount of fan power by >40%.
Key improvement can be variable air volume by adjust speed of fan
Sash opening34
Energy ConservationFume Hoods
“Sash Police” and Lab Policy Create atmosphere of friendly exchange and
overlook
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Energy ConservationSustainability
UK Survey of 400 laboratory scientists 95% agreed science & technology are important if
sustainable solutions were to be developed for the future
40% said they always or often considered the effect of their work on the environment
53% of the 40% thought not relevant to their area of science
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Energy Funds
Regional Greenhouse Gas initiative (State Business Finance Authority)
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (3X funding for Rural Energy for America Program)
Expanded tax incentives through ARRA Free or reduced cost energy audits Federal grants or tax credits for alternative
energy37
Energy Funds
Utility rebates for more energy efficient lighting, motors and insulation (gas and electric heating) incentives
PSNH training program for energy audits for small and large businesses (Tom Belair)
EPA Portfolio Manager for comparing facility energy efficiency to others in similar business
Federal tax credits of 30% for installing solar, wind and fuel cells with no dollar cap
Federal tax credits of 10% for geothermal systems, microturbines and combined heat and power systems
(secondary heating) with no dollar cap 38
Energy Funds
Tax credits based on facility square-footage to make them more energy efficient
Business Energy Efficiency Program (BEEP) run by NH Dept of Resources and Economic Development provides energy audits free of charge
Loans and grants for energy efficiency- conservation and renewable energy projects
Office of Energy and Planning competitive awards
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Water Conservation
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Water Conservation
Laboratory buildings use more water than standard commercial buildings, per SF
More opportunities for cost-effective improvements water usage
Big hitters: cooling towers and special process equipment; water treatment and sterilizing systems
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Water Conservation
Audience Poll How many attendees have a cooling tower for
their labs or buildings?
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Water Conservation
Cooling towers offer the greatest potential for improving the efficiency of water usage
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Cooling of equipment Single pass (“once through”) 40X more water than a cooling tower at 5 cycles of
concentration to remove the same heat load Equipment:
CAT scanners vacuum pumps Degreasers X-ray equipment Hydraulic equipment Air conditioners Compressors Process chillers Condensers Electron microscopes Gas chromatographsMass Spectrometers
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Process or cooling loop, at fixed temperature, is best alternative to single pass cooling
Water meter on the loop to determine water volume – separate process water from domestic
Optional uses: Irrigation for farming Initial water rinses followed by clean water Heat recovery and transfer to another process
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Rinsing equipment Counter flow rinsing operation
Fresh water is last rinse Dirty water is first rinse Number of rinses between determined by process
requirements
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Flow control Equipment “On” continuously even with
intermittent use 1.5 gpm trickle flow through small cooling unit
becomes 788,400 Gallons of water consumed per year
Control or solenoid valve allows water to run only when equipment is being used
Shut-off valves or timers to automatically turn equipment off after-hours and for maintenance
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Water-treatment equipment for water free of minerals or organic contaminants
As finer and finer particles are removed, energy use and water waste increases Particle filtration Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Hyperfiltration
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Water ConservationLaboratory Processing Equipment
Alternative water sources Condensate recovery
Air conditioners Dehumidifiers Refrigeration units
Rainwater harvesting elements Roof or catchment area Downspouts, roof drains Leaf screens, roof washers Cisterns, storage tanks (above or below ground) Conveyance system Treatment system
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Water ConservationPlumbing
Faucets Automatic on/off Low flow
Urinals Waterless Low flow
Toilets Low flow Variable volume
Plumbing Fixtures Flow restrictors Pressure regulators
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Greener Consumable Materials & Supplies
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Greener Consumable Materials & Supplies
Janitorial/Cleaning Environmentally friendly products
Paper Towels Recycled paper content
Bathroom Tissue Recycled paper content
Hand Care Skin compatible soaps and sanitizers
Disposable Wipes Effective and environmentally compatible
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Lab Equipment
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Lab EquipmentTypical Laboratory Equipment
Significant energy users Autoclaves Glass washers Refrigerators Computers
Lack of measured equipment load data = “Nameplate” data or assumptions => “Peak equipment loads are frequently overestimated”=> Oversized HVAC systems, increased initial construction costs, increased use of energy due to inefficiencies at low part load operation”
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Lab EquipmentBest Practice Strategies
Measure equipment loads in a comparable lab
Use a probability-based approach to assess load diversity
Allow for flexibility and growth, especially in the distribution systems
Compare design loads with most-likely maximum loads
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Lab EquipmentBest Practice Strategies Configure equipment for high part-load efficiency (high
efficiency at low loads) Variable speed drives on chillers, fans and pumps Negotiate risk management between owner and
designer Use energy efficient equipment (EnergyStarTM) Manufacturer’s data for operation at:
Peak mode Nominal mode Dormant (sleep) mode
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Lab Energy AuditsCheck List
Power Lights Instruments/Equipment
Water Faucets Cooling Water Rinse Water
Air Thermostats Hoods/Sashes
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Laboratories For The 21st Century(Labs21)
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Labs21About Labs21 EPA & DOE Professionals exchange information
Partnership Program Training and Education Tool Kit
Growth opportunity for advanced, environmentally preferred, building technologies
Typical Laboratories use far more energy and water per square-foot than office space Ventilation Health and Safety Concerns
Guiding Principle: “Examine the entire facility” Component analysis can miss/eliminate greater opportunities to make other
more significant efficiency improvements
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Labs21Approach
Sustainable, high performance and low energy laboratories to Minimize overall environmental impacts Protect occupant safety Optimize whole building efficiency on a life-cycle
basis Establish goals, track performance, and share
results for continuous improvement
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Labs21Partner Commitments
Adopt voluntary goals Assess opportunities using “whole building”
approach Life-cycle cost analysis Include “whole building” approach for new
construction and retrofit projects Measure energy and water consumption Track emission reductions Build with “green” construction materials
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Labs21Partnership Program Criteria
Identify a central contact Identify and describe a laboratory site Set measurable energy and environmental
performance goals Benchmark existing performance of facility Share results Report project results annually
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Labs21Benefits of Membership
Cost savings Environmental and health improvements Reduced pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions Expert technical assistance “Tool Kit” and other resources Networking opportunities
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Labs21Tool Kit Overview
Introduction to low energy design Labs21 video (online)
Core information services Design guide for energy-efficient research labs Best practices guide (20) Case studies Energy benchmarking Laboratory equipment efficiency Wiki
Design process tools Environmental performance criteria Design intent tool Labs21 Design process manual
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Resources
Anastas and Warner, Introduction to Green Chemistry
Corbyn, Nature, Vol. 445(8) February 2007 U.S.EPA/U.S.DOE Laboratories for the 21st
Century: Best Practices Sanders, New Hampshire Business Review,
August 14-27, 2009
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Additional ResourcesWebsites outline energy programs
dsireusa.org nh.gov/oep/recovery/sep_programs/index.htm nh.gov/oep/recovery/documents/grant_matrix.pdf energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index energystar.gov/index.cfm?
c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager puc.state.nh.us/Sustainable%20Energy/
SustainableEnergy.htm rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/ Labs21century.gov
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