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GastroIntestinal SystemGastroIntestinal System

Chapter 7

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Student ObjectivesStudent Objectives

Explain the main functions of the gastrointestinal system.

Identify the main organs and accessory organs.

Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.

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Student ObjectivesStudent Objectives

Identify combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes related to the GI system.

Discuss pathology related to the GI system. Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and

therapeutic terms related to the GI system. Identify abbreviations and pharmacology

related to the GI system.

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Responsible for the intake, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste.

Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

Aliment/o - to nourish

Anatomy/Physiology

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Accessory Digestive OrgansAccessory Digestive Organs

Teeth tongue salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas

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Oral CavityOral Cavity Mouth (bucca, tongue)

• papillae Teech

• mastication• dentin• pulp• gingiva

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TeethTeeth Maxillary arch (upper) Mandibular arch (lower)

• anterior teeth for biting and tearing

• posterior teeth for chewing and grinding

dent/i - teeth decidu/o - shedding Primary - 20 teeth Permanent - 32 teeth

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Oral CavityOral Cavity

Palate, hard and soft• bolus

Pharynx Uvula Esophagus Epiglottis

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EsophagusEsophagus

Gullet chyme cardiac, or lower

esophageal or gastroesophageal sphincter

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StomachStomach

Body, fundus pylorus rugae pyloric

sphincter

Fundus

Body

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Small IntestineSmall Intestine small bowel enter/o - small intestine villi Parts

• duodenum• jejunum• ileum

ileocecal valve

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Large IntestineLarge Intestine

Large Bowel col/o or colon/o cecum vermiform appendix

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Colon• ascending• hepatic flexure• transverse• splenic flexure• descending

Sigmoid Rectum Anus

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Functions• production of bile• glucose - glycogen• storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K• erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated in bile called

bilirubin)• bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color• removes toxins from blood• manufactures blood proteins

Liver - hepat/o

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PancreasPancreas internal - endocrine function

• insulin• glucogon

external - exocrine function• amylase - carbohydrates• trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins• lipase - fats

enzymes inactive until reach duodenum

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GallbladderGallbladder

pear-shaped sac under the liver chol/e means bile or gall cyst/o means cyst or sac gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic

duct into common bile duct.

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BileBile bile is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on fat

in a way that lipid enzymes can digest fat travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall

bladder, where stored bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol,

and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting from breakdown of hemoglobin)

bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color

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Stomach during DigestionStomach during Digestion

Gastric juices• HCL - activates

enzymes

• protease

• pepsin

• lipase

Chyme

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Small Intestine during DigestionSmall Intestine during Digestion

digestion completed in small intestine

chyme mixed with bile and pancreatic juices

emulsification absorption

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Large IntestineLarge Intestine

receive fluid waste products and store until released from body.

excess water absorbed feces, stools defecation, or bowel

movement

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Pathology - UlcersPathology - Ulcers

Gastric ulcers Peptic ulcers Ulcerative Colitis

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Pathology - HerniasPathology - Hernias

Diaphragmatic Hiatal, Gastroesophageal Inguinal Umbilical

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Bowel ObstructionsBowel Obstructions

Volvulus• Ischemia• Necrosis• Peritonitis

Intussusception

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HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids

Internal External Hemorrhoidectomy

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Liver DisordersLiver Disorders

Yellow skin - jaundice, icterus Hepatitis

• Type A - fecal, oral• Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal• Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products

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DiverticulosisDiverticulosis

Diverticulitis obstipation diverticulectomy

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OncologyOncology

Neoplasn from epithelial lining• gastric adenocarcinoma• esophageal carcinomas• hepatocellular carcinomas• pancreatic carcinomas

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Aerophagia anorexia appendicitis ascites borborygmus bulimia

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

cachexia cholelithiasis cleft palate Crohn’s disease cirrhosis colic

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

deglutition dysentery dysphagia eructation fecalith flatus gastroesophageal reflux disease

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Halitosis hematemesis irritable bowel syndrome leukoplakia malabsorption syndrome melena obstipation

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Peristalsis pyloric stenosis regurgitation steatorrhea visceroptosis

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AbbreviationsAbbreviations

Ac bid hs NPO pc, pp PO PRN qam, qm

qd qh q2h qid qod qpm, qn stat tid

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Diagnostic AbbreviationsDiagnostic Abbreviations

ABC alk phos Ba BaE Dx EGD FBS

GB GTT IVCPUD SGOT UGI

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Other AbbreviationsOther Abbreviations

BM GERD GI HAV HBV IBS

IV LLQ LUQ PE PMH RUQ