電磁界可視化センサ ~その場の電磁界が見える~ - …...1 電磁界可視化センサ ~その場の電磁界が見える~ 金沢大学 理工研究域 電子情報学系
第1分科会 「テラヘルツ電磁波の発生・検出とその...
Transcript of 第1分科会 「テラヘルツ電磁波の発生・検出とその...
-
E-mail: [email protected]
1
1.1
1.2 THz
2 THz
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 THz
2.5
3
3.1 (THz-TDS)
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
5
-
1 1
1.1 X
(Terahertz, THz)
30GHz12THz (THz )1.1.1
1.1.1
(Hz) (cm-1) 0.75m~2.5m 400~120 THz 13,333~4,000 cm-1 2.5m~25m 120~12 THz 4,000~400 cm-1
25m~1 mm (0.1~1 mm)
120.3 THz (30.3 THz)
400~10 cm-1 (10010 cm-1)
1~10 mm 30030 GHz 10010 cm-1
1 THz1012 Hz1 (=10-12
)1THz300mHz cm-11THz33.3cm-11THzh4.1meVkT(k )48K500nm2.5eV2
(THz)
// X
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)
1 THz = 1 ps = 300 m = 33 cm-1 = 4.1 meV = 48K
(THz)
// X
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)
// X
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 (Hz)
1 THz = 1 ps = 300 m = 33 cm-1 = 4.1 meV = 48K
1.1.1
-
2 (Transit
time)
THz
(Quantum Cascade Laser, QCL)THzQCL
1980
DCTHz
THzTHz radiation (THz)THz
(i) S/N
(ii) Kramers-Kronig
(iii) PumpProbe
THz (Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz-TDS) THz THz-TDS THz
THz THz THz THz Continuous Wave, CW THz THz THz InAs THz THz THz - CW-THz THz 3 (Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz TDS) THz-TDS THz
-
3 THz
THz 300GHz ( )
[Bk6] 11 1.2 THz 1.2.1 THz
1.2.1 THz
,
CO2 (p-Ge)
THz
1.2.1 (a)
Emissivity
1)/exp(12)( 5
2
=
TchhcP
[W cm-3] (1.2.1)
: (cm) c: 3x1010[cm/sec]h:=6.626x10-34 [Jsec] T: [K]
T
Tbm /= m: (1.2.2) THz
300K 10m
-
4 10m
(1.2.1)
300K1,000K
THz
1.2.1 T=700K 3~4m 1THz(=300m) 6 3~4m 10-6 1THz 3~4m THz (b) Synchrotron
Orbital Radiation, SORSOR X X SOR SOR THz
W THz [So1]
v
43
0
222
6})())(1({
caeNffNPcoh += (1.2.3)
Neac0 , 22 /1/1 cv= f()
[So2] 22 /1/1 cv= 45MeV =75 (1.2.3) 1 2 f()=1 f()=0
N 1,000 SOR SOR 1,000 SOR SOR
1 10 100 1000
10-510-410-310-210-1100101102103 T=700K
T=300K T=77K
Bla
ck b
ody
emitt
ance
(a.u
.)
Wavelength (m)
m
P()
10m()
1 10 100 1000
10-510-410-310-210-1100101102103 T=700K
T=300K T=77K
Bla
ck b
ody
emitt
ance
(a.u
.)
Wavelength (m)
m
P()
10m()
1.2.1 300K 10um
-
5
THz MeV 10
SOR
THz
THz FELIX USCB 0.320m
(c) GaAs Gunn Gunn
IMPATT (IMPact-ionization Avalanche Transit Time diode) 200GHz300GHz 600GHz700GHz
(RTD, Resonant Tunneling Diode)700GHz
(d) (BWO, Backward Wave Oscillator)
200GHz mW BWO 40GHz1.3THz 1THz 0.10.5mW
140GHz1MW 100850GHz100W (CW) 140660GHz10W (e) CO2
100mWmW THz CO2 MIM(Metal Insulator Metal) CO2
THz Pb1-xSnxTe, Pb1-xSnxSe THz THz p-Ge p-Ge [So3] p-Ge Ge Ga Be Ge
1.2.2 p-Ge p-Ge
-
6
1.2.2(b) kStreaming
THz p-Ge
p-Ge
ns ms
THz [So4] (i) (300K~kT=25meV~6THz),(ii) a n
2
2
32
em
f nananah
= (1.2.4)
na a n na na THz THz
1.2.3 3 1
n=1, 2, 3 2 ( )
Ek2E k n=1, 2, 3
(a)
B
E
B
E
(b)
k
EOptical phononscattering
Eop
heavy holestreaming
light
hole
accu
mulat
ion
1.2.2 (a) p-Ge(b) p-Ge
Miniband(injector)
d
minigap3
21
Active region
Lasing condition: 3 > 2
3-well system
Miniband(injector)
d
minigap3
21
Active region
Lasing condition: 3 > 2
3-well system
1.2.3 3
-
7 100 n=3 n=3 n=2
23 > (1.2.5) 3 n=3 2 n=2 n=3 n=1
232 > (1.2.6) 32 n=3 n=2 23 > n=3 d (
)n=2 n=1 n=2 n=1 23 > 232 > n=3 n=3 n=2 1.2.3 1 100~200 n=3 n=2
(
d n=3 n=2 d ( Trade-off )THz
MIT Hu
2.1THz140m [So5]THz 2.1THz 40K DFB 4.4THz
( 1%200ns/20s,T
-
8 1.2.2 THz THz
(Pyroelectric detector)
Ge:Ga 120m Ge:Ga 240m InSb IF(Intermediate Frequency)THz
-
9 2 THz 2.1
1 THz
THz THz THz
GHz THz
( D. H. Auston Auston
2.1.1 2.1.1 GaAs, Si (coplanar transmission line) 2.1.1
m Eg ( gEh > )
THz ( ) far field )(tp )(tJ
.sin)/(4
sin)/(4
1),( 222
2
tcrtJ
rcl
tcrtp
rctrE e == (2.1.1)
),( trE r t c leJ (2.1.1) r
22 / tp tJle / (=22 / tp )
t= r/c 1/r
Ni:Ge:Au
20m
LT-GaAs(2m)/SI-GaAs substrate(0.4mm)
5m10m 10mDC or
AC bias@ >10 kHz
6mm
10mm
THz
Si
(dipole
ETHz(t)J(t)/t
I(t)
J(t)
2.1.1 ( )
2.1.2 THz
-
10 (2.1.1)
2 J(t)
jPC(t) bias= (t) jPC(t) [PC6]
1
1)()(
)(0 +
+
=
d
biasPC
nZtEt
tj
(2.1.2)
0nd THz 2.1.2 bias
el (2.1.1)
(2.1.1) )(tJ el THz )(tETHz )(tjPC (2.1.1) )(tETHz
+
=
antennagap
PCTHz xdrt
crtjc
rtE 32sin)/(
41),(
(2.1.3)
+antennagap xd 3
30m ~2mm (2.1.1)(2.1.3) (2.1.3)
= deEtE tiTHzTHz )()( (2.1.4a)
+
+
=
=
antennagap PC
antennagap PCTHz
xdxr
xrikxji
c
xdrikrxji
cE
3
0
02
32
sin)exp(
),(4
1
sin)exp(),(4
1)(
(2.1.4b)
= detjj tiPCPC )(2
1)( /2/ == ck
r = |r | |r0x | |r0 | r0
x sin
+
=antenna
gap PCTHz xdxrikxjri
cE 30
02 )exp(),(
sin4
1)(
+
=antenna
gap PC xdikxxjikrri
c3
00
2 )cosexp(),()exp(sin
41
(2.1.5)
r0
r
x
E(t,r)
O
jPC
xcos
2.1.3
-
11
--- ---
Lee[PC1-2] Auston[PC3-4] Jayaraman Lee[PC1] Nd GaAs 1972 Auston[PC3] 1975 Si 10
1984 Auston [PC5]Auston 100fs Si 1.6ps [PC5]
Auston Lee Chirped pulse amplification J. Mourou
D.Grischkowsky (THz-TDS) 1873 Maxwell
1887 Hertz Hertz
Hertz 1887 Hertz
It is no use whatsoever, he replied. This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxell was right, we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there. So, what next? asked one of his students at the University of Bonn. Hertz shrugged. He was a modest man, of no pretensions and little ambition. Nothing, I guess. Hertz
Hertz 30 37
(Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, 1857~1894)
()()
-
12 ),( xjPC exp(ikxcos) x )(tjPC
(t)(t) I(t) c n exp(-t/c)(t>0)
')/'exp()'()()(0
dttttIhetnet c ==
(2.1.6)
e h 100 (z) I exp(z/)/h (2.1.6)
(t) p c p
-
13 2.1.1 (2.1.4b) [PC11] 2.1.4 3.5(THz GaAs ) ( ) sin2H-plane
=/2 =/2
3/2 [PC11] THz 10 GaAs =12 2.1.4
[PC11] ( ) ( 2.1.5 ) THz GaAs Si(>1k cm n=3.41) (Hemispherical) (Hyper-Hemispherical) THz 2.1.5
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
x20
E-plane
H-plane
GaAs Substrate (n=3.5)Air
H-plane E-plane
Dielectric substrate
2.1.4 ( ) 20 3.5(GaAs THz )
(>1kcm)SiPC (GaAs)
Hemi-spherical
r
h
h = r
Hyper-hemi-spherical
h = r (n+1)/n
Collimating
h = r n/(n-1)
(>1kcm)SiPC (GaAs)
Hemi-spherical
r
h
h = r
Hyper-hemi-spherical
h = r (n+1)/n
Collimating
h = r n/(n-1)
2.1.5 h 0.4
-
14GaAs 0~3THz 3.63.65 Si 0~3THz 3.42 GaAs Si Fresnel 2.6~3.2% 0.070.1% ( )
THz (Hyper-Hemispherical lens) r n
nrr
nnrh +=+= )1( (2.1.8)
THz
(Collimating lens)
11 +=
=
nrr
nrnh (2.1.9)
THz
(2.1.5)
(2.1.1)
[PC12] 50m
4THz GaAs
8THz TO 4~5THz 2 4THzTHz
2.1.6(a) [PC13] 2.1.6(c) [PC14] 2.1.6(d) [PC15]
THz
Tapered slot antenna[PC16], Flared coplanar stripline antenna 2.1.6(e)[PC17-19]
-
15 (a)
5m
(d)
5~10m
(b)
100m
(e)
(c) Bow angle60~90 deg.
1~2 mm 5~10 m
2.1.6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
V
2.1.6(b)[PC20-21]
56 THz 2.1.6 (le= 50
m) (le=2mmBow angle le=60 deg) ( 100m) THz ( )
15mW 30V, 100V
THz 1THz 0.5THz
0 1 2 3 4 50
10
20
30
Bow-tie 2 W (15mW, 30V)Dipole I 0.34 W (15mW, 30V)Stlipline 0.42 W (15mW, 200V)
Bow-tie Dipole I (50-m) Stripline
Am
plitu
de (a
rb. u
nit)
Frequency (THz)
2 3 4 50.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2.1.7
THz
-
16 mm cm
[PC22-24] You [PC25]LT-GaAs 1cm 120fs10Hz
0.8W/pulse( 500fs) THz 2%800nm 1 THz 1 1 Manley-Rowe THz optYou opt=375THz(opt=800nm) THz THz =0.5THz THzopt =0.5/375=0.13%You THz
s
P VE SdEs smax = =12
12
2 2 (2.1.10)
S d
( ) (2.1.7)
Deplete( ) ( ) THz
THz Down-conversion THz DC THz 1 Up-conversion
THz (2.1.2) (2.1.6)
2.1.1
Cr GaAs GaAs Si
-
17 2.1.1
ps
cm2/V/s
cm (
V/cm)
eV
GaAs 100 1000 107 1.43 a) GaAs 0.3 150-200 106(5x105) a),b),c),d) InP 100 1000 4x107 1.34
InP 0.1-4 200 > 106 c),e),f)
Si(RD-SOS) 0.6 30 1.1 g)
Si 0.8-20 1 107 a),h)
MOCVD CdTe 0.5 180 1.49 i)
In0.52Al0.48As 0.4 5 1.45 c)
Ge 0.6 100 0.66 j) 1800 106(107) 5.5 k)
a) S. Gupta, J. F.Whitaker, and G. A. Mourou: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2464-72 (1992). b) M. Tani, K. Sakai, H. Abe, S. Nakashima, H. Harima, M. Hangyo, Y. Tokuda, K. Kanamoto, Y. Abe, and N. Tsukada: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 4807-4811 (1994). c) S. Gupta, P. K. Bhattacharya, J. Pamulapati, and G. Mourou: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1543-1545 (1990). d) G. L. Witt, Mat. Sci. Eng. B22, 9-15 (1993). e) K. F. Lamprecht, S. Juen, L. Palmetshofer, and R. A. Hopfel: Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 926-928 (1991). f) P. M. Downey and B. Schwartz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 207-209 (1984). g) F. E. Doany, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 36-38 (1988). h) A. M. Johnson, D. H. Auston, P. R. Smith, J. C. Bean, J. P. Harbison, and A. C. Adams: Phys. Rev. B 23, 6816-6819 (1981). i) M. C. Nuss, D. W. Kisker, P. R. Smith, and T. E. Harvey: Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 57-59 (1989). j) N. Sekine, K. Hirakawa, F. Sogawa, Y. Arakawa, N. Usami, Y. Shiraki, and K. Katoda: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3419-3421 (1996). k) P.-T. Ho, C. H. Lee, J. C. Stephenson, and R. R. Cavanagh: Opt. Commun. 46, 202-204 (1983).
(
-
18
10C 600C
250C 0.3ps [PC29]LT-GaAs Si (Radiation-Damaged Si on Sapphire, RD-SOS) [PC30] [PC31] LT-GaAs (30 cm2/Vs) [PC32] 1/5 LT-GaAs Ge 0.66eV1.55m 1.3m Ge [PC33] Ge THz
LT-GaAs 1.55-m 2 1.55-m 1.55-m 800nm 10 [PC34] InP, MOCVD CdTe, MBE In0.52Al0.48As ( 2.1.1 ) 5.5eV (1800 cm2/Vs) 2 [PC35]
2.1.2
THz
2.1.7
THz
)(det J ETHz(t) KPC(t)
+
=
2/
2/int
detint
int
)()(1)(T
T PCTHzdttKtE
TJ (2.1.11)
THz TintKPC(t) A(t)Ggap(t)
)()()( tGtAtK gapPC = (2.1.12) A(t)
Mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser
PC Emitter
Pumppulse
PC detector
Opticaldelay
Gatingpulse
AAsample
2.1.7 THz (THz-TDS)
-
19 le Ggap(t) )(t
)()()( tlwt
lS
tGgapgap
gapgap
== (2.1.13)
gapl ( ) wSgap = ( )w )(t (2.1.6)(2.1.11)
+
=
2/
2/int
detint
int
)()(1)(T
T THzgap
e dtttEwll
TJ (2.1.14a)
+=
=
=
=
=
2/
2/int
'
0'
int
int
')/'exp()'()(Tt
Tt cTHz
t
tgap
e dtdttehT
ttItEl
wl
(2.1.14b)
gape lwl / hTtI int/)( )/'exp( cte THz )(det J THz ETHz(t) Kpc(tKpc(t )(det J ETHz(t) ( )
Kpc(t )(det J ETHz(t) ( )
Si
(pAnA) S/N
10kHz
2.1.1
LT-GaAs
0 5 10 15
0.0
0.5 12 mW 30 V
(a)
0.4 ps
(nA)
(ps)
0 1 2 3 4 50.0
0.5
1.0(b)
FFT
(THz)
2.1.8 LT-GaAs
(a) (b)
-
202.1.8(a) 2.1.8(b) 0.4ps 03 THz 0.5THz 12mW 30V 0.3W( 4 fJ/pulse) 10-410-5
THz GaAs InP [PC36-37]
( )
Johnson S/N [PC36]
THz [PC38-40]
(2.3.13) c ( )I(t) c
2.1.9 18 ZnTe ( 12m)LT-GaAs ( ) (a) (b) FFT THz 27fs 40THz 10THz
( )
27 fs
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
01Sep26a0
PC c
urre
nt (p
A)
Time (ps)0 20 40 60
0.01
0.1
1
10
Frequency (THz)
FFT
am
plitu
de (a
rb. u
nit)
(a) (b)27 fs
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
01Sep26a0
PC c
urre
nt (p
A)
Time (ps)0 20 40 60
0.01
0.1
1
10
Frequency (THz)
FFT
am
plitu
de (a
rb. u
nit)
(a) (b)
2.1.9 18 ZnTe ( 12m)LT-GaAs ( ) (a) (b) FFT
-
21
600nm 100 7201080nm 100
Er 1.55m 200fs 50~100mW 50MHz 1.55-m SHG(Second Harmonic Generation, 2 ) 150fs 780nm 20mW
THz ( ) [PC1] S. Jayaraman and C. H. Lee: Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 392-395 (1972). [PC2] C. H. Lee: Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 84-86 (1977). [PC3] D. H. Auston: Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 101-103 (1975). [PC4] D. H. Auston: Picosecond Optoelectronic Device ed. C. H. Lee, Academic Press, 73-117, (1984). [PC5] D. H. Auston, K. P. Cheung, and P. R. Smith: Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 284-286 (1984). [PC6] A. J. Taylor, P. K. Benicewicz, and S. M. Young: Opt. Lett. 18, 1340-1342 (1993). [PC7] J. T. Darrow, X. -C. Zhang, D. H. Auston, and J. D. Morse, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
28, 1607-1616 (1992). [PC8] P. K. Benicewicz and A. J. Taylor, Opt. Lett. 18, 1332 (1993). [PC9] A. J. Taylor, P. K. Benicewicz, and S. M. Young, Opt. Lett. 18, 1340-1342 (1993). [PC10] M. Tani, K. Sakai and H. Mimura: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L1175-L1178 (1997). [PC11] D. B. Rutledge, D. P. Neikirk and D. P. Kasilingam: Infrared and Millimeter Waves 10, 1 (1983). [PC12] M. Tani, S. Matsuura, and K. Sakai: Appl. Opt. 36, 7853-7859 (1997). [PC13] H. Harde and D. Grischkowsky: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 1642-1651 (1991). [PC14] Y. Pastol, G. Arjavalingam, and J.-M. Halbout: Electronics Lett. 26, 133-134 (1990). [PC15] D. R. Dykaar, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 262-264 (1991). [PC16] A. P. DeFonzo, M. Jarwala, and C. Lutz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 1155-1157 (1987). [PC17] A. P. DeFonzo and C. Lutz: Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 212-214 (1987). [PC18] G. Arjavalingam, et al: IEEE Transactions on Micorowave Theory and Techniques, 38,
615-621 (1990). [PC19] W. M. Robertson, G. Arjavalingam, and G. V. Kopcsay: Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1958-1960
(1990). [PC20] N. Katzenellenbogen and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 222-224 (1991). [PC21] S. E. Ralph, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 60,1070-1072 (1992). [PC22] B. B. Hu, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 886-888 (1990). [PC23] J. T. Darrow, et al: Optics lett. 15, 323-325 (1990). [PC24] J. T. Darrow, et al: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1607-1616 (1992). [PC25] D. You, et al: Opt. Lett. 18, 290-292 (1993). [PC26] S. Gupta, J. F. Whitaker, and G. A. Mourou: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2464-2472
(1992). [PC27] G. L. Witt, Materials Science and Engineering, B22, 9-15 (1993). [PC28] D. C. Look, Thin Solid Films, 231, 61-73 (1993). [PC29] M. Tani, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 4807-4811 (1994). [PC30] F. E. Doany, D. Grischkowsky and C.-C. Chi: Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 460-462 (1987). [PC31] P. R. Smith, D. H. Auston, and M. C. Nuss, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 255-260 (1988). [PC32] M. van Exter, Ch. Fattinger, and D. Grischkowsky: Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 337-339 (1989). [PC33] N. Sekine, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3419-3421 (1996). [PC34] M. Tani, Kwang-Su Lee and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1396-1398 (2000). [PC35] H. Yoneda, et al:Appl. Opt. 40-36, 6733 (2001). [PC36] M. Tani, K. Sakai and H. Mimura: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L1175-L1178 (1997).
-
22[PC37] F. G. Sun, G. A. Wagoner, and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1656-1658 (1995). [PC38] S. Kono, M. Tani, P. Gu and K. Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4104-4106 (2000). [PC39] S. Kono, M. Tani, and K. Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 898-900 (2001). [PC40] S. Kono , M. Tani and K. Sakai: IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics, 149, 105 (2002). 2.2 2.2.1. (Optical Rectification) THz THz
(optical rectification) [NL1-3]+=2-=0 ==
jkkjijki EEP )()()0(2)0(*)2(
0)2( (2.2.1)
Pi(2) i(=x,y,z) i jk(2)Ej() j (3.1) 2
20
*0 22 EcncEEnI == (2.2.2)
I(t) (2.2.1)
)(1)( )2( tIcn
tP = (2.2.3)
c n 2 (2.1.1) THz (2.2.1) DC (2.2.1) (2.2.3) THz
(Difference Frequency Generation, DFG) (2.2.3) ..)exp()(~ cctiEtE += (E ) (2.2.4)
)(~ tE ( )Ec.c. complex conjugate
..)exp()()(~0
ccdtiEtE +=
(2.2.5)
*)()( EE = ( )
dtiEtE )exp()()(~ =
(2.2.6)
)(~ tE (2.2.6)
222111)2(
02)2(
0)2( )exp()()exp()()(~)(~ dtiEdtiEtEtP ==
222*
220111*
110
)2(0 )}exp()()exp()({)}exp()()exp()({ dtiEtiEdtiEtiE ++=
-
23
122121*
00
)2(012212
*100
)2(0
12212*
1*
00
)2(012212100
)2(0
})(exp()()(})(exp()()(
})(exp()()(})(exp{)()(
ddtiEEddtiEE
ddtiEEddtiEE
+++
+++=
122121*
00
)2(012212
*100
)2(0
12212*
1*
00
)2(012212100
)2(0
})(exp()()(})(exp()()(
})(exp()()(})(exp{)()(
ddtiEEddtiEE
ddtiEEddtiEE
+++
+++=
(2.2.7) 2 SFG 34 (DFG) SFG ,DFG
12212*
1)2(
0
12212*
1
00)2(012212
*100
)2(0
12212*
100
)2(012212
*100
)2(0
122121*
00
)2(012212
*100
)2(0
)2(
})(exp()()(
})(exp()()(})(exp()()(
})(exp()()(})(exp()()(
})(exp()()(})(exp()()()(~
ddtiEE
ddtiEEddtiEE
ddtiEEddtiEE
ddtiEEddtiEEtP
==
+=
++=
++=
(2.2.8) )()2( tP )(P P 2
(2)
=
dtiPtP )exp()(
21)(
(2.2.9a)
dttitPP )exp()(~)( =
(2.2.9b)
(2.2.9b) )(~ tP (2.2.8)
})(exp{)()()( 212*
12
2
21
1
1
)2(0 tiEEdddtP
t
t
+=
=
=
=
=
=
= (2.2.10)
t 021 =+
,)()()(
)()()()(~
2)2(022
*21
)2(0
21212*
1
2
2
1
1
)2(0
>=<
=
(2.2.11b)
)*()( *2 EEE >=< )(E Auto-correlation function Fourier
)()()*( tgtfgfF = F Fourier (2.2.12) (2.2.11a)
)(1)()()*())(()( *)2(0*)2(
0 tInctEtEEEFPFtP ==== ( ) (2.2.13)
(2.2.3) ETHz P 2
2
2
2
2 )()()(t
tIt
tPtETHz
(2.2.14)
)()()( 2 PIETHz (2.2.15)
-
24 )(P (2.2.14), (2.2.15) THz
P E
)2( 3 (2.2.9), (2.2.11)
=
dtit )exp()()( PP (2.2.16)
22*
21)2(
,0 )()()()( dEEP kjijk
kji +==
(2.2.17)
(2.2.17) DC P(=0) (2.2.1) )(* kE
)( 2* kE 2 2
20 0
[NL4] THz
ZnTe II-VI zinc-blende m34 2.28eV@300KZnTe 2 =142d =
)2(123 =
)2(132 =252d
=)2(231 =)2(
213 =362d)2(
321)2(
312 =
==
14
14
14
000000000000000
dd
ddd ilijk (2.2.18)
>> = 12>0
+=
+== gv
kkkk 12211
(2.2.31) vg1
0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
@780nm @800nm @810nm @830nm
ZnTe
Coh
eren
ce le
ngth
(mm
) L
c=/
2n
Frequency (THz)
2.2.3 ZnTe Lc THz 800 nm THz Lc 2 mm
-
27
3321 / kvkkkkL
gc
=
=
=
THzTHzTHzg nvc
/2/2 =
THzg
THz
THzg
THz
nnnvc =
=
2/2
(2.2.32)
nTHzTHz THz ng=c/vg
ZnTe Lc 2.2.3 ZnTe 800 nm 810 nm2 THz mm2 THz 4 mm ZnTe
2.2.2 EO THz THz
(Pockels ) THz 1 2
);0(4)0;(2 )2(
=+= kjijjii
ijkjjii
ijk dr (2.2.33)
);0(4
= kljjii
lk dr (2.2.34)
r41
142414 dr
= (2.2.35)
(yy=zz= ) k l THz 800nm
ZnTe ZnTe zinc-blende EO ri j
=
41
41
41
000000000000000
rr
rrij (2.2.36)
),,( zyx EEEE =
1222 41414120
222
=+++++ xyErzxEryzEr
nzyx
zyx (2.2.37)
x, y, z ZnTe (110) THz
2.2.4
2.2.4 ZnTe (110) THz z
-
28 THz ZnTe (z )
),cos,2/sin,2/sin( 000 EEEE =
0EE = (2.2.38) (2.2.38)
1cos22sin2
2sin2
041041041
20
222
=++++ xyErzx
Eryz
Ern
zyx
(2.2.39)
(x, y, z) x (110)yz=z ( z 45 )
22yxx
=
22yxy
+
= (2.2.40)
zz = (2.2.39) (2.2.40)
1)(cossin2 2204104120
222
=+++ yxErzyEr
nzyx (2.2.41)
(110)=yz x'=0
1cossin2 204104120
22
=+ yErzyEr
nzy (2.2.42a)
1sin2cos1 04120
22
04120
=+
zyEr
nzyEr
n (2.2.42b)
(=) (2.2.42) (x, y) (y, z)
12222
2
2
=+=
+
zbyanz
ny
yy
== 22
1,1
yy nb
na (2.2.43)
sincos zyy += cossin zyz += (2.2.44)
( 2.2.5 ) (2.2.44) (2.2.43)
1sincos)(2)cossin()sincos( 222222
=
+++
ba
zbayba (2.2.45)
(2.2.43) (2.2.45)
2204120
sincoscos1 baErn
+= (2.2.46a)
2.2.5 (110)
-
29
2220
cossin1 ban
+= (2.2.46b)
2sin)(sincos)(2sin2 041 babaEr == (2.2.46c) (2.2.46a)+(2.2.46b)
2204120
11cos2
zy nnbaEr
n+=+= (2.2.46d)
(2.2.46b) (2.2.46a) 2cos)()sin)(cos(cos 22041 ababEr == (2.2.46e)
(9c)2+(9e) 2 )sin4(cos 2220
241 +Er
2222 )()2sin2(cos)( baba =+= (2.2.46f) b>a (ny>nz) (2.2.46f)
22041222 sin4cos111
+=
== Er
nnnab
yz
2/)2cos35(041 = Er (2.2.47)
( ) 0nnnnnn zyzy
-
30
2.2.7 (a) , (b) n THz E () ZnTe THz ,
0 ZnTe Is ( Ip ) (Phase retardation) Is Ip
+=
+=
+=
+=
221
2sin1
2)4/2/(2cos1)
22/(sin 000
20 IIIII s
(2.2.51a)
=
=
++=
+=
221
2sin1
2)4/2/(2cos1)
22/(cos 000
20 IIIII p
(2.2.51b)
Is Ip
= 0IIII ps , =
0II
(2.2.52)
ndc
nd == 2
(2.2.53)
(2.2.52) (2.2.53)
dncI
IIIII
ps
ps ==
=+
0
(2.2.54)
THz I/I0(2.2.50a) 3
0410
dnErcI
ITHz
=
(2.2.55)
THz ZnTe
THz ( ) [NL1] D. H. Auston: Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, 713-715 (1983). [NL2] D. H. Auston, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1555-1558 (1984). [NL3] D. H. Auston and M. C. Nuss, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 184-197 (1988). [NL4] Q. Chen, M. Tani, Z. Jinag, X.-C. Zhang: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B18, 823-831 (2001).
-
31 2.3
1970 Stanford [OP1-2] [OP3]1970
1990 [OP4-7]THz Q YAG THz THz
Difference Frequency Generation, DFG ( ) )()()(2)( 2
*1213
)2(0213
)2( EEP === DFG (2.3.1) 123=12 ( 2.3.1a)DFG (a)
1 (2)2
3=12
(b)
21
3
2.3.1 (a) (b)
DFG SFG 2.3.1(b)
DFG SFG DFG 1233222123 DFG Optical Parametric Amplification, OPA (21 ) 2.3.1(b)12 )12(Stimulated emission) 222 (Spontaneous two photon emission)32Parametric Fluorescence
DFG 23 ( 2.3.2)23
3(idler)(2)
2(signal)1=2+3pump
2.3.2
-
32
(Optical Parametric Oscillator)1 (Pump)2 (Signal)3 (Idler idle )
THz THz LiNbO3 MgO LiNbO3LiNbO3 (d33=98 esu = 41 pm/V)MgO LiNbO3 1 7.5THz A1 TO ( )THz LiNbO3 TO TO THz TO 3 2.3.3
ipTHz = (2.3.2)
ipTHz kkk = (2.3.3)
LiNbO3 TO THz Pump THz Pump Idler THz
2.3.4 [OP4]
Nd:YAG
Si
LiNbO3z
p
THz
M1 M2
kpki
kTHz
i
THz
2.3.4
k
=(c/n)k
ip
THz
kTHz
kp
polariton dispersion
ki kTHz
2.3.3
-
33 LiNbO3 THz Si THz LiNbO3 THz Pump Q Nd:YAG 10200Hz 1.064m THz 50100GHz
THz 100MHz [OP8] THz 500GHz THz LiNbO3 THz 10mJ/pulse Pump THz 108107 2.3.4 Fabry-Perot
[OP9] THz () [OP1] F. Zernike, Jr. and P. R. Berman: Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 999-1001 (1965). [OP2] D. A. Faries, K. A. Gehring, P. L. Richards, and Y. R. Shen : Phys. Rev. 180 363-365
(1969). [OP3] T. Yajima and N. Takeuchi: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 1361-1371 (1970). [OP4] K. Kawase, J. Shikata, and H. Ito: J. Phys. D: Applied Physics, 35, R1-14 (2002). [OP5] K. Kawase, M. Sato, T. Taniuchi, and H. Ito: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2483 (1996). [OP6] K. Kawase, M. Sato, K. Nakamura, T. Taniuchi, H. Ito: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 753 (1997). [OP7] J. Shikata, K. Kawase, K. Karino, T. Taniuchi, H. Ito: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.
48, 653 (2000). [OP8] K. Imai, Kodo Kawase, Hiroaki Minamide, Hiromasa Ito: Opt. Lett. 27, 2173-2175 (2002). [OP9] 29744 (2001). 2.4 THz 2.4.1 THz THz
1998InAs[Se1-2] ()()() InAs THz
2
2.4.1(a)(b)np
np
-
34(a)
J Drift current
Fermi level fESurface
Surface
Depletion Layer
Surface state Conduction band c
Valence band v
Electron (e)
Hole (h)
Air
J Drift current
Fermi level fESurface
Surface
Depletion Layer
Surface state Conduction band c
Valence band v
Electron (e)
Hole (h)
Air
(b) J Drift current
Fermi level fESurface
Surface
Depletion Layer
Conduction band c
Valence band v
Electron (e)
Hole (h)
Air
Surface state
2.4.1 (a) n(b) pn p
Ed x
)(0
xWeNEd
id =
, )(2 0e
kTVeN
Wi
d =
(2.4.1)
Ni d 0W V kT Ni =1018 cm-3, s=12V-kT/e=0.5V 30nm
-
35
n p THz
n1 n2 11221 sin)(sin)(sin)( elelopop nnn == (2.4.2)
op el THz op 2 THz 1 THz n1(op)=n1(el)=op=1
(sin)
(opt21290 ) 2.4.3 InSb(Eg=0.17 eV)
InAs(Eg=0.36 eV) InP(Eg= 1.34 eV)
THz 2.4.4(a)(c)
[Se5]InSb InAs n pInP
InSb InAs THz
InPTHz
(LO)Longitudinal Optical Phonon LO
Pump-Probe LO LO
2.4.3 THz
(a) n-InSb p-InSb
(b) n-InAs p-InAs
0 2 4 6 8 10
(c) n-InP p-InP
Am
plitu
de (a
rb. u
nits
)
Time (ps)
2.4.4 (50fs~800mn)
(a) n p InSb(100)(b) n p InAs(111)(c) n p InP(100)
-
36Dekorsy[Se6-7]Dekorsy TeA1, 3.6THz (ETO/2.76THz, ELO/3.09THz, ETO/4.22THz, ELO/4.26THz) A2,TO/2.6THz, A2,LO/2.82THzEO THz
THz TO A1EO Tani LO THz [Se8]
2.4.5 Tani , Te (Te, PbTe, CdTe)
Te Te
GaAs InP
EO
LO
2.4.5 2.4.3 45
200mW
Te, PbTe, CdTe
Te
Dekorsy
2.83THz A2
LO
PbTe LO
3.2THz
CdTe
LO
5.1THz
3THz
LO
()
ISRS
THz
ISRS
EO
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
20
40
60
80
LOTO
(a) TeG
a1/2(
) (%
)
FFT
ampl
itude
s (a
rb. u
nits
)
LOTO
(b) PbTe
Ga1
/2(
) (%
)
TO
LO
x10(c) CdTe
Frequency (THz)
2.4.5 (a)Te, (b) PbTe, (c)CdTe THz
-
37 Tani [Se8]Tani G 2.4.5
G
2.4.5
LO
LO LO
2.4.6 GaAs LO
LO
L+ LO
L_
TO(LO)
LO
Anti-crossing
LO L+
L_
L_
TO
TO LO
TO L_
L L
Ne
p = e2N e /(
* me ) *meeGu
InSb LO
[Se9]
2.4.7 InSb (a) (b)
2.4.8 2.4.74THz 6THz ( ) LO L_ L+
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.00
5
10
15
20
GaAs
-
+ pl
TO
LO
Freq
uecn
y (T
Hz)
N1/2 (x 109 cm-3/2)
2.4.6 GaAs LO N
-
38 2.4.7 (a)(b)() InSb THz
2.4.8
L_ L+LO
THz(
L+)
InAs THz
2.4.1 THz [Se10]InP 100 InAs THz n p
InAs p InAs [Se11] InAs 2 THz W (~800nm,100fs 80MHz) 1T 50W THz [Se1] InAs THz [Se2] THz
[Se12] 2.4.1 [Se11] InP
InAs n p InAs InP GaAs CdTe CdSe InSb Ge GaSb Si GaSe
( ) 200
300 100 71 33 11 8 7 2 0.5
-
39 E_ E+ WW =Eh WW NW
P
22 /)( ttPETHz Roskos 10K (145GaAs /25 Al0.2Ga0.8As0.2/ 100
GaAs x10 ) 45RD-SOS1.5THz 14 [Se14]
Planken
[Se13]Waschke [Se16]
[Se15]
2.4.2 THz
YBa2Cu3O7-YBCO THz [Su1-3]
[Su4-5]
[Su6] THz
[Su7] ( THz ) [Se1] N. Sarukura, H. Ohtake, S. Izumida, Z. Liu: J. Appl. Phys. 84, 654 (1998)
( 1T 1W 1mW THz
50 W ) [Se2] H. Takahashi, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 95, 4545-4550 (2004). [Se3] X.-C. Zhang, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1011-1013 (1990). [Se4] X.-C. Zhang and D. H. Auston: J. Appl. Phys. 71, 326-338 (1992). [Se5] Ping Gu, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 91, pp.5533-5537, (2002). [Se6] T. Dekorsy, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 738 (1995). [Se7] T. Dekorsy, H. Auer, H. Bakker, H. Roskos, H. Kurz: Phys. Rev. B 53, 4005 (1996). [Se8] M. Tani, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 83, 2473-2477 (1998). [Se9] P. Gu, M. Tani, K. Sakai and T.-R. Yang: Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1798-1800 (2000). [Se10] X.-C. Zhang and D. H. Auston, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 326-338 (1992). [Se11] R. Adomavieius, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2463-2465 (2004). [Se12] M. B. Johnston, et al: Opt. Lett. 27, 1935 (2002). [Se13] P. C. M. Planken, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3800-3803 (1992). [Se14] H. G. Roskos, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2216-2219 (1992). [Se15] I. Brener, et al: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 2457-2469 (1994). [Se16] C. Waschke, et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3319-3322 (1993). [Su1] M. Tonouchi, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 2624 (1996). [Su2] M. Hangyo, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2122-2124 (1996).
-
40[Su3] M. Tani, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, L1184-1187 (1996). [Su4] M. Tonouchi, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L93-L95 (1997). [Su5] M. Tonouchi, et al: Physica C 293, 82-86 (1997). [Su6] M. Tonouchi, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2364-2366 (1997). [Su7] S. Shikii, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 1317-1319 (1999). 2.5
90 MIT Brown continuous wave, CW THz[Px1-2](Photomixing)40 ()[Px4]. LT-GaAs THz THzBrown THz [Px2-3, 5-12] THz.
THzDCTHz 10MHz THz
[Px13]. THz THz THz Duffy et al [Px14-15], Pearson et al [Px16], Matsuura et al [Px17]Tani et al [Px18] 2.5.1 THz 1 2
)cos()(2..)exp()()(~ 11111 +=++= tzEcctizEtE (2.5.1a) )cos()(2..)exp()()(~ 22222 tzEcctizEtE =+= (2.5.1b)
(c.c. ) Ei(z)
})cos{(})cos{(2
)2cos(2
)22cos(22
)cos()cos(2)(cos)(cos)(~
21212121
222
121
22
21
2121222
2122
1
+++++
++
++=
++++=
tEEtEE
tEtEEE
ttEEtEtEtI
(2.5.2)
( 1 2) 2(SHG 3 4) (SFG 5)DFG 6 2
SHGSFG CW 21 . 6 (2.5.2) 1 2
-
41
})cos{(2)()( 2121210 +++== tPmPPPdStIcntP (2.5.3)
dSE
cnP ii 2
2
0= , (i=1 or 2) (2.5.4) m Pi , c n 0 (4)m 0 ( )1 ( ) 21 THz (3)THzTHz ()
G(t) N(t)
22 /)(/)(/)()( gapgapgapgapgap ltNelVtnelStnetG === (2.5.5) e Sgaplgap Vgap =Sgap lgap N(t) P c
)()()( tPtNdt
tdN
c
=+ , (2.5.6)
P(t)(2.5.3) (2.5.6) N(t)(2.5.5) N(t) G(t)
))(1
}sin{21()(
20
210
cP
tPmPGtG
+
++= , (2.5.7)
G0 P0=P1+P2 21 = )/1(tan 1 c
= J(t) 2.5.1 J(t)
A
b
RtVVtVtG
dttdVCtJ )()()()()( =+= , (2.5.8)
C V(t) Vb ()RA
V(t) THz PTHz()[Px2-3]
])()()1[()1(])()1[()(
)( 202
1220
20
220
202
1
AAAA
AAAbTHz RGCRRGRG
CRRGRGVP
+++++
= , 20
21
)(1
2
cP
PmP
+= (2.5.9)
G0RA
-
42
P0 (self-complementary) RA RCc >> 1 RAC >>1(2.5.10)
2402
1 )(/)( CRRVGP AcAbTHz (2.5.11) THz-12dB/octave
opticalbeat
THz wave
Si hemisphericallens
PC antenna(dipole type)
LT-GaAssubstrate
ETHz(t) dJ/dt
P(t)
PC current J(t)
2.5.2 CW-THz
2.5.3
2.5.2CW-THz
2.5.3THz
RC (0.05 )0.5ps (2.5.10)2.5.3 [Px10]. THz
(2.1.11)THz (CW)
THz
DC3THz ( ) [Px1] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1206-1208 (1993). [Px2] E. R. Brown, et al: J. Appl. Phys. 73, 1480-1484 (1993). [Px3] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3311-3313 (1994). [Px4] R. H. Pantell, M. DiDomenico, Jr., O. Svelto, and J. N. Weaver: Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Quantum Electronics, edited by P. Grivet and N. Bloembergen (Columbia University Press, New York, 1964), Vol. 2, p. 1811.
[Px5] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3311-3313 (1994). [Px6] E. R. Brown, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 285-287 (1995). [Px7] K. A. McIntosh, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3844-3846 (1995). [Px8] S. Verghese, K. A. McIntosh and E. R. Brown: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.
45, 1301-1309 (1997). [Px9] S. Verghese, K. A. McIntosh and E. R. Brown: Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2743-2745 (1997).
-
43 [Px10] S. Matsuura, M. Tani, and Kiyomi Sakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 559-561 (1997). [Px11] Pin Chen, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett, 71, 1601-1603 (1997). [Px12] K. A. McIntosh, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 354-356 (1997). [Px13] O. Morikawa, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 38, pp.1388-1389 (1999). [Px14] S. M. Duffy, et al: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech. 49, 1032-1038 (2001) [Px15] S. M. Duffy, S. Verghese and K. A. McIntosh: Sensing with Terahertz Radiation
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ed. D. Mittleman, 2003) pp.193-236. [Px16] J. C. Pearson, K. A. McIntosh, and S. Verghese: Continuous THz generation with Optical
Heterodyning, Long-wavelength Infrared Semiconductor lasers, Ed. Hong K. Choi (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004)
[Px17] Shuji Matsuura and Hiroshi Ito: Generation of CW terahertz radiation with photomixing, in Terahertz Optoelectronics, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 97, pp.157-197, Sakai, Kiyomi (Ed.) (Springer, 2005)
[Px18] M. Tani, et al: Semicond. Sci. Technol. Vol.20, pp.S151-S163 (2005).
-
44 3 3.1 (THz-TDS)
2 THz Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy, THz-TDSTHz 2.1.7
THz [Sp1-6] [Sp7-8] [Sp9-10] [Sp11-13] THz-TDS E(t)
E r i E t i t dt
r E E
( ) ( ) exp( ( )) ( ) exp( )
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( )
= =
= =
1
2arg
(3.1.1)
sam ref t()
)(exp()()()( refsam
ref
sam
ref
sam irr
EEt
(3.1.2)
~( ) ( ) ( )n n ik = d THz
+=
=
cd
cndi
nn
cndittt saas
)(exp)1)((exp)1)(~(
)(~4)1)(~(exp)( 21
(3.1.3)
tas, tsa ( )
1)(~2
+=
ntas 1)(~
)(~2+
=
n
ntsa (3.1.4)
d THz THz m t()
=
= cndlirtt las
m
lm
)(~2exp)()( 20
1 (3.1.5)
ras
1)(~1)(~
+
==
nnrr saas (3.1.6)
=
cndir
ttas
)(~2exp1
)()(2
1
(3.1.7)
THz (3.1.3),(3.1.5) (3.1.7)
T() A()
( )T t A rr
dkc
dsamref
( ) ( ) ( ) exp ( ) exp ( ) = = =
22
21 2 (3.1.8)
()=2k()/c ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~ i= ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~ i=
-
45
( ) ( ) ( )0
2~~~
in == . (3.1.9)
( ) ( )221 )( kn = (3.1.10a) ( ) ( ) kn2)(2 = (3.1.10b) 0
FTIR THz-TDS THz-TDS
120.3 THz (FTIR) FTIR 3.1.1 FTIR
2 1 245 45
THz-TDS (THz-TDS FTIR )THz-TDS FTIR THz-TDS FTIR
FTIR
(i) Fellgett (Multiplex Advantage) ( N FTIR S/N 2/N (ii) Jacquinot Throughput AdvantageFTIR 100 S/N (iii) Connes (Frequency Precision)
FTIR He-Ne
Connes FTIR 20cm ( 10cm) 0.05cm-1 0.01cm-1 FTIR FTIR THz-TDS
(
(4545
3.1.1 2 FTIR
-
46THz-TDS FTIR
(a) (
-
47 3.2 (CH3CN) 3.2.1(a) (b)
20cm 13 Torr 3.2.1(c) (d)
( 3.2.1(c) )
3.2.1(d) 0.21.3THz (free induction decay, FID) 3.3.2 ( 3.3.1(d)) ( 3.3.1(c)) ( )
THz THz FID
FID 3.3.1(c)
20 25 30 35
0 100 200 300 400
(a)
Am
plitu
de (a
rb.u
nit)
Time (ps)
0 100 200 300 400
(b)
Am
plitu
de (a
rb. u
nit)
Time (ps)
0 1 2 3
(c)
FFT
Am
plitu
de (a
.u.)
Frequency (THz)
0 1 2 3
(d)
FFT
Am
plitu
de (a
.u.)
Frequency (THz)
3.2.1 (a) ( ) (b)13Torr CH3CN 20cm THz (c) (d)
t
-
48( =1/t) 3.2.1 2.5 GHz (t= 400ps = 120 mm) 3.2.1 0.50.6THz 13 Torr rotE J K ( 3.2.2 )
322 )1()1()1( +++= JJDJJKDJBJE JJKrot (3.2.1) B , DJ DJK
1,0 =J 0=K (3.2.2) 3
1=K 0=J
32 )1(4)1(2)1(2 +++= JDJKDJB JJK (3.2.3)
1.3355 1.3360 1.3365
80
90
100
K
7
6
54
3
21
=0
CH3CN(0.2 Torr)J=72-73
(a)
Tran
smitt
ance
(%)
Frequency (THz)
1.33535 1.33540 1.33545 1.33550
80
90
100 (b)
26 MHz1
K=0
Tran
smitt
ance
(%)
Frequency (THz)
3.2.4 THz (a)J=7273 (b)K=0,K=1 J=7273
DJ DJK B 3.2.2 2B
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
CH3CN13 Torr
()
(THz)
0.50 0.55 0.600.0
0.2
0.4
J
K
H
C C N
xyIb
IbIa
3.2.2 THz-TDSCH3CN
3.2.3 CH3CN
-
49
)1(2 + JB (3.2.4) B, DJ DJK [Ai1-2] J=1259 3.2.1 13Torr K
K THz-TDS 100MHz 1.5m
THz-TDS 3.2.4 THz 0.2Torr J=7273 [Ai3]
K=0 K=1 THz 10MHz HCl, CO, HCN, NNO, (3.2.3)
H2, N2, CO2,O2
THz THz-TDS
401THz 1THz 2THz THz THz THz
=1, 2, J, K J =1, 0, 1 P Q R ( ) K K ( ) [Ai1] P. Venkateswarlu, et al : J. Mol. Spectrosc. 6, 215-228, (1961). [Ai2] P. A. Steiner, et al: J. Mol. Spectrosc. 21, 291-301, (1966). [Ai3] S. Matsuura, et al: J. Mol. Spectrosc. 187, 97-101 (1998). 3.3 3.3.1 THz-TDS Bi4Ti3O12(Bismuth Titanate, BIT)
[Sd1]BIT (FeRAM)BIT (monoclinic) 2 28 cm-1(0.93 THz)A(x,z) A(y) a
-
50 b (z a )
THz-TDS BIT a 3.3.2 (3.1.5) (3.1.10)b
28.3 cm-1 3.0 cm-1 3.3.1
k )(~)(~ nk = (3.3.1)
k 3.3.2 [Sd2] LO TO LOiTOi
= =
2/1
2
22
1
)1()(
iTO
iLO
ick (3.3.2)
3i
TOi
LOiN
i2
2
3
)()1(
=
= (3.3.3)
3.3.1 (3.3.2) (3.3.3)
3.3.1
THz-TDS 3.3.2 THz
[Sd3] 1.1 cm 400 m
(100) 3.3.3
100 K
3.3.1 Bi4Ti3O12(BIT) a c (15x15mm2 0.225mm)
=28.3 cm-1=3.0 cm-1
3.3.2 (a ) 3.3.1 Modes A(x,y) polariton
(E// a)
A(y) polariton (E // b)
TO1 LO1 TO2 LO2 TO3 LO3 () (1) (0)
28.3 cm1 34.42 cm1 53.76 cm1 53.78 cm1 70.5 cm1 74.5 cm1
6.76 45.97 75.99
35.9 cm1 42.0 cm1 85.0 cm1 98.4 cm1
6.76 74.74
146.41
-
51 2 (3.1.5) (3.1.9) 3.3.4
3.3.4
THz-TDS
1 mm
- ( ) [Sd1] S. Kojima, N. Tsumura, M. W. Takeda, S.
Nishizawa: Phys. Rev. B 67, 035102 (2003).
[Sd2] T. Kurosawa: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 16, 1298 (1961).
[Sd3] S. Nashima, O. Morikawa, K. Tanaka, and M. Hangyo: J. Appl. Phys. 90, 837 (2001).
3.4
THz-TDS THz-TDS ( )
40 50 60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Si (0.9~1.3 cm)
A
mpl
itude
(arb
. uni
ts)
Time (ps)
Without sample
100 K
50 K
16 K
300 K
150 K
With sample
40 50 60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Si (0.9~1.3 cm)
A
mpl
itude
(arb
. uni
ts)
Time (ps)
Without sample
100 K
50 K
16 K
300 K
150 K
With sample
3.3.3 1.1 cm(P ) 400 m (100)
(a)
(K)
(THz)
1(1
/cm
)
(b)
(K)
(THz)
2(1
/cm
)
3.5.4 3.5.3 1.1 cm Si 3 (a) (b)
-
52 THz-TDS
THz-TDS 3.5.5 THz-TDS 300GHz
THz THz
D (Debye)
D
s
i
+
+= 1)(~ (3.4.1)
s
(
-
53
( ) [Li1] J. Barthel and R. Buchner: Puer&Appl. Chem, 63, 1473-1482 (1991). [Li2] D. S. Venables, A. Chiu and C. A. Schmuttenmaer : J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3243-3248 (2000). [Li3] T. M. Nymand, C. Rnne, and S. R. Keiding: J. Chem. Phys. 114. 5246-5255 (2001) [Li4] C. Rnne et al: J. Chem. Phys. 113. 3749-3756 (2000).
3.5
THz 300 K 6 THz(= 200 cm-1) 6 THz THz
THz-TDSMalkerzDNA THz [Bi1]Brucherseifer DNA
[Bi2] Nagel THz-TDS DNA [Bi3]DNA
(11-cis-retinal all-trans-retinal) THz Walther[Bi4] THz
THz-TDS
20
NHO CHO
THz-TDS MgO
13 mm 1 mm
3.5.1 L-phenylananine L-tyrosine
L-phenylalanine R-CH(NH2)COOH R-CH2-()
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mol
ar A
bsor
ptio
n (c
m-1M
-1)
Frequency (THz)
L-phenylalanine L-tyrosine
3.5.1 L-phenylalanine( )L-tyrosine( ) THz
Frequency (THz)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Mol
ar a
bsor
ptiv
ity (c
m-1
M-1
)
0
2
4
5
3
1
DL-alanine
L-alanine
D-alanine
Frequency (THz)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Mol
ar a
bsor
ptiv
ity (c
m-1
M-1
)
0
2
4
5
3
1
DL-alanine
L-alanine
D-alanine
3.5.2 L-alanine, D-alanine DL-alanine THz
-
54L-tyrosine L-phenylalanine -OH OH 3.5.1 L-tyrosine 2.1 THz 0.95 THzL-phenylalanineTHz 3.5.2 L-alanine, D-alanine DL-alanine MgO[Bi5]20 glycine D L(Enantiomer) LDL-alanine D LalanineD L
DL-alanine 1.24 THz L-alanine D-alanine 2.21
THz 2.55 THz L D DL
alanine leucine()asparic acid(), methioninetyrosine, tryptophan L D DL THz
L-alanine3.5.3 (a) (b)2.21 THz2.55 THz10 K2.24 THz2.61 THz
anharmonicityKorter [Bi6] (biotin) 0.2 3.5THz
THz ( )
anharmonicity ,3.5.3b alanine 2.5 THzanharmonicity
Walther [Bi7] ( ) ( )
THz-TDS
THz
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
(a)
L-alanine-d7
L-alanine
Peak
Fre
quen
cy (T
Hz)
Temperature (K)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2.50
2.55
2.60 (b)
L-alanine-d7
L-alanine
Peak
Fre
quen
cy (T
Hz)
Temperature (K)
3.5.3. L-alanine L-alanine-d7(a) L-alanine () L-alanine-d7 () (b) L-alanine 2() L-alanine-d7 ()L-alanine-d7
AladAla MM /7
-
55
Mnor Miso
isonor MM / AHB
ADBAH 2/1/ =DH MM
L-alanine L-alanine-d7 L-alanine THz-TDS
7/ dAlaAla MM 1.96/1.89= 963.0= ()L-alanine-d7
3.5.3 1/0.963 L-alanine L-alanine-d72.2 THz0.01 THz2.6 THz0.06 THz
100% THz 1970 1980 (THz-TDS )[Bi8] THzTHz-TDS
THz-TDS
THz THz-TDS ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection)[Bi9]
[Bi1] A. G. Markelz, A. Roitberg and E. J. Heilweil: Chem. Phys. Lett. 320, 42 (2000). [Bi2] M. Brucherseifer, et al: Appl. Phys. 77, 4049 (2000). [Bi3] M. Nagel, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 154 (2002). [Bi4] M. Walther, et al: Chem. Phys. Lett. 332, 389 (2000). [Bi5] M. Yamaguchi, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 053903 (2005). [Bi6] T. M. Korter and D. F. Plusquellic: Chem. Phys. Lett. 385, 45 (2004). [Bi7] M. Walther, B. M. Fischer, and P. Uhd Jepsen: Chem. Phys. 288, 261 (2003). [Bi8]
W. J. Shotts and A. J. Sievers: Biopolymers, 13, 2593 (1974). J. Bandekar, et al: Spectrochimica Acta, 39A, 357 (1983). 50 cm-1 M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 28, 2263 (1972). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 29A, 301 (1973). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 29A, 1575 (1973). M. Hineno and H. Yoshinaga: Spectrochim. Acta, 30A, 411 (1974). M. Hineno: Carbohydrate Research, 56, 219 (1977).
[Bi9] H. Hirori, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L1287 (2004).
-
56 4 4.1 THz
THz
( )THz X THz THz
THz [Im1-2] [Im3]
THz [Im4] 2 THz THz [Im5]THz THz 3
THz 1995 Hu Nuss[Im6] IC THz
Hu Nuss THz THz 2 3
Wu [Im7] CCD THz EO 2 THz 2 EO EO ZnTe 2 THz THz
EO THz kHz
S/N Jiang[Im8] THz EO
Jiang S/N
250kHz CCD 5ms1 frame 1000
CMOS
ZnTeZnTe
4.1.1. THz EO
-
57 1kHz 250 kHz 1/250 S/N 1/15 CCD S/N S/N
S/N THz CMOS EO THz S/N [Im9] CMOS Model C8201
128 x 128 5.12 x 5.12 mm2 1kHz 1 k frame/sec 4.1.1 500Hz CMOS 1kHz EO
THz EO THz EO
])2[,(1
]12[][Img
]2[][Img][Img
0sig iIgiI
iiI
ii bkgTHz
+
= (4.1.1)
I[2i] I[2i+1] 2i 2i+1 ImgTHz[i] Imgbkg[i] i THz EO CMOS 128 x 128 pixel CMOS g(0, I[2i]) 2i THz THz 2 THz EO 0 [Im10] THz g I[2i] g=1 4.1.2 CMOS 2 EO THz
15153mm (110)ZnTe 140 J/pulse
THz 7.5 40mm THz EO 3mm 50mm (110)ZnTeEO THz f=60mm f=120mm 2:1 20mm
1KHz 100 10 flames/s S/N 40 OHP 21.5mm
(a)
(b)
4.1.2. CMOS 2 EO THz OHP
25x32mm2
-
58 THz EO 4.1.2 CMOS 2 EO
S/N THz THz
10 THz
( ) [Im1] K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, Y. Watanabe, and H. Inoue: Optics Express, 11, 25492554 (2003). [Im2] K, Kawase, Optics & Photonics News, October Issue, p.34 (2004). [Im3] K. Yamamoto, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L414-L417 (2004). [Im4] N. Karpowicz, et al: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 054105 (2005). [Im5] S Wang and X-C Zhang: Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, R1R36, (2004). [Im6] B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss: Opt. Lett. 20, 1716-18 (1995). [Im7] Q. Wu, F. G. Sun, Q. Chen and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1026-1028 (1996). [Im8] Z. Jiang, X. G. Xu and X.-C. Zhang: Appl. Opt. 39, 2982-2987 (2000). [Im9] F. Miyamaru, T. Yonera, M. Tani and M. Hangyo: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 43, L 489-L491
(2004). [Im10] Z. Jiang, F. G. Sun, Q. Chen, and X.-C. Zhang, Electro-optic sampling near zero optical
transmission point,Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 74, no.9, pp.1191-1193 (1999). 4.2 THz
THz 100X (i)X (ii) THz THz X
THz C-4 [Da1]C-4 C-4 1,3,5- -1,3,5- (RDX) 4.2.1C-4 X ~10-11 Torr
4.2.2 C-4 C-4
C-4 RDX 6
THz
-
59
N N
N
NO2
NO2
O2N
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-4
4.2.1 C-4 1,3,5- -1,3,5-
4.2.2 (a) C-4 (b) C-4
( ) ( )
(a)
-0.3
1
-0.3
1
3.5
mm
7 mm
Position [mm]
Pos
ition
[m
m]
(b)
7 mm
3.5
mm
7 mm
3.5
mm
4.2.3 (a) C-4 (b) C-4
4.2.3 C-4 ( ) 2
2 C-4
4.2.3 C-4 C-4 THz C-4 C-4
THz-TDS [Da2] ( ) [Da1] K. Yamamoto, et al: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L414-L417 (2004). [Da2] T. Ikeda, et al: Investigation of inflammable liquids by terahertz spectroscopy, to be published in Appl.
Phys. Lett.
-
604.3
TAG( )
X NMRTHz-TDS
THz
THz-TDS
C4H8N2O3 H2O
60
40
20
0Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffic
ient
(cm
-1)
604020Wavenumber (cm-1)
A-(b)(a)
60
40
20
0Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffic
ient
(cm
-1)
604020Wavenumber (cm-1)
B-(b)(b)
4.3.1 L- (a) (b) 10 cm-1 300 GHz
L- (P212121) 3
71 THz-TDS L- ( 23% 77 ) 1(a) 71 C 9 1(b) ( )
-
61 63 53 cm-1(1.6THz)63 cm-1(1.9THz)
53 cm-1(1.6 THz)
X
I II
THz-TDS
4.3.2
I 27cm-1 II 34cm-1
47cm-1
THz-TDS
III
4.3.2 I II
I 27cm-1 II
34cm-1 47cm-1
-
62 5 THz-TDS FTIR THz-TDS FTIR
THz-TDS
THz
Conformation Conformation
THz THz THz (THz ) THz-TDS
CARS(Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) S/N CARS Stokes THz
THz THz-TDS
-
63 [Rev1] 68 12 1999 THz
THz THz CW
[Rev2] 70 2 p.149-155 (2001)
[Rev3] 71 2 p.167-172(2002) THz
[Rev4] 74 6 p.709-717(2005)
[HB1] 1999 4 10
( ) [HB2] 9 2000 7-5
[HB3] ( )
2003 ) ( ) [HB] 2 ,2005 18 8 pp.400-405,
THz ( ) [Bk1] J.M. Chamberlain, R. E. Miles, New Directions in Terahertz Technology, Kluwer Academic
Publishers (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chateau de Bonas, Castera-Verduzan, France, June 30-July 11, 1996
[Bk2] R. E. Miles, P. Harrison, D. Lippens: Terahertz Sources and Systems , Kluwer Academic Publishers (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chateau de Bonas, France, 22-27 June 2000)
[Bk2] Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy of Solids , G. Gruner (Ed.), Springer (1998) [Bk3] E. Gonik and R. Kersting, Coherent THz Emission in Semiconductors, Chap. 8 of Ultrafast
Physical Processes in Semiconductors (Semiconductors and Semimetals Volume67), pp.389-440, Ed. K. T. Tsen, (Academic Press 2001)
[Bk4] D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation, Springer [Bk5] K. Sakai(Ed.), Terahertz Optoelectronics (Springer, Topics in Applied Physics, 2005) [Bk6] 2005 Journal [JL1] J. P. Heritage and M. C. Nuss: Special Issue on Ultrafast Optics and Electronics, IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., Vol.28 (1992), pp.2084-2542 [JL2] D. R. Dykaar and S. L. Chuang (Eds): Terahertz Electromagnetic Pulse Generation, Physics and
Applications, Journal of Optical Society of America, Vol. 11, (1994) , Special Issue on Terahertz Electromagnetic Pulse Generation, Physics, and Applications, pp.2454-2585
[JL3] IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 2, No.3, The Issue On Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics, And Optoelectronics, (1996).
[JL4] IEE Proceedings, Optoelectronics, Vol. 149, No. 8, (2002), Special Issue on Ultrafast Optoelectronics Photomixing
[JL5] Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 47, No. 21(2002): Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biological Imaging and Sensing Applications of THz Technology (BISAT)