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Fire Safety

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Fire

� Heat?

� Light?

� Burning?

� Carbon Monoxide

� Toxic Smoke

� Dark Smoke

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Fire tetrahedron

� Oxygen

� Fuel

� Heat

� Chain reaction

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Fire triangle

� Oxygen

� Fuel

� Heat

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Oxygen

� Surrounding air

� Oxygen tanks/Piped oxygen lines

� Oxidizing agents (self-producing)

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Oxygen

O2O2

COMPRESSEDGASSES

AIR OXIDIZING AGENTS(SELF-PRODUCING)

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Fuels

� Gases

� Liquids

� Solids

What really burns?

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VaporsVapors

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Fuels

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Flammable & Combustible liquids

� Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100oF

� Combustible liquids have a flash point above 100oF

Note: General Industrial Standard

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Heat sources� Open flame� Hot surfaces� Sparks� Arcs (electrical

energy)

� Arcs (static electricity)

� Friction� Sun’s heat� Compressing gases

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Fire tetrahedron

� Fire Triangle plus a chain reaction

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Chain reaction

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Chain reaction

� All areas of the fire tetrahedron must be present for a fire to start.

� Some examples of no chain reaction:• A plug shorting out, producing a spark but

not a fire

• Using alcohol to cook with (in most cases).

• Dropping a cigarette on the counter top and picking it up.

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Spontaneous combustion

CAN DIAGRAM

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� Internal combustion arising with no external energy when all four parts of the tetrahedron are present.

� All four parts of the fire tetrahedron might not physically appear to be present.

� Heat is still being produced by a chemical reaction.

Spontaneous combustion

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FLAMMABLE RANGE

LFL

UFL

TOO LEAN

TOO RICH

0%

5%

15%

25%

NATURAL GAS

VA

PO

RFlammable limits

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Thermal transfer

� Exothermic reaction

� Conduction

� Radiant heat

� Direct

� Convection

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Heat transfer

Exothermicreaction

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Heat transfer

1st FIRE

2nd FIRE

Conduction

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Heat transfer

Radiant

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Heat transferEXIT

DIRECT

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Heat transfer

Convection

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LOW HEAT

MEDIUM HEAT

HIGH HEAT

Thermal layering

BreathingZone

1300 o F

600 o F

90 o FFloor

Ceiling

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Fire phases

� Incipient• The beginning phase of a fire.

• In this phase, there is no need for special clothing, breathing apparatus, or evasive action.

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Fire phases

� Steady state (free burning)• The phase of the fire in which both oxygen

and fuel are available and the fire is spreading.

• Hot gases and heated air are moving to the upper portions of the building, and the fire is approximately 1300oF.

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Fire phases

� Rollover• The process in which the super-heated

vapors and gases reach their ignition point and start burning.

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Fire phases

� Flashover• The phase of fire when everything in an

area or room has reached a temperature that gives off vapors.

• All these vapors ignite at once.

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Fire phases

� Backdraft• When oxygen is reintroduced (either

naturally or through improper ventilation) to the hot smoldering phase, all items ignite at once, causing an explosion.

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Fire phases

� Hot smoldering• In this phase, the oxygen level has fallen

to about 15%.

• This causes the visible flames to go out and the materials to smolder.

• This is usually a precondition to backdraft.

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Extinguishing fires

� Removing fuel• Another method for extinguishing a fire is

to remove the source fuel.

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Extinguishing fires

� Cooling• Using water to absorb the heat of the

fire, bringing the fire below its ignition point.

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Extinguishing fires

� Removing oxygen• Can be accomplished through the use of

another gas, such as CO2.

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Sprinkler heads

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A SINGLE SPRINKLERHEAD BEING ACTIVATEDFOR A SMALL FIRE

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MORE THAN ONE SPRINKLER HEAD BEING ACTIVATEDFOR A LARGE FIRE

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Fire classes

CLASS A FIRE

CombustibleMaterial

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Fire classes

CLASS B FIRE

Liquids

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CLASS C FIRE

Fire classes

NOTE: After the electricity is disconnected, the class changes to Class A.

Live Electrical Circuits

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Fire classes

CLASS D FIRE

Metals

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Fire extinguisher ratings� Class A

Combustibles� Class B

Liquids� Class C Live

Electrical circuits

� Class D Metal

LABEL FORCLASS USE

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Fire fighting

� Should I do this or even try?

????

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How to put a fire outP Pull the safety pin.

A Aim the hose or horn at the baseof the fire.

S Squeeze the carrying handle andthe discharge handle together.

S Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

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PULL AIM

SQUEEZE SWEEP

PASS

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Priorities in emergency response

� Self-protection

� Coworker health and safety

� Aiding injured coworkers/protecting patients

� Prevention of property damage

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When a fire happens

� Alarm• Pull Station

• Code “Red” Room ###”

� Help patients in immediate danger.

� Contain as much as possible.

� Evacuate if necessary.

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Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38

� Means of egress• Emergency escape procedures and

emergency escape route assignments

• Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate

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Pre-planning for emergencies

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Elements of 29 CFR 1910.38

• The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies

• Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan

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