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ABE/BAO 24 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Mark Runacres
Erasmus University College
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Outline
IntroductionMarket survey
Policy and social
acceptance
Turbine concepts
New concepts
Conclusions
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Introduction
How do wind turbines work?
What are urban turbines?
Properties of the wind in built-up areas
Monday, 21 March 2011
Working principles
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
How turbines workHow turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work
• Convert kinetic energy in the wind to electricity
• Energy
• Power
P =1
2ρAv
3Cp
E =1
2mv
2
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
P =1
2ρAv
3Cp
Cp < 0.593
How turbines work
P1ρAv
3C
How turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work
P =1
2ρAv
3Cp
• Cp ~ 0.45 in ideal circumstances
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
How turbines workHow turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Urban turbine: turbine operating in a built-up area
• No a priori restriction in size
• Small turbines: P ≲ 100 kW
• Micro-turbines:
‣ P ≲ 5 kW
‣ Hub height ~ 15 m
‣ Diameter ≲ 5 m
How turbines workHow turbines workIntroduction
Urban turbine
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Low wind speeds at ground height
• Large roughness length
• Variable direction
• Turbulent
How turbines workHow turbines workIntroduction
Urban wind
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Turbine concepts
Horizontal axis wind turbines
Vertical axis turbines
Shrouded turbines
Rooftop turbines
Traditional turbines in open spaces
Monday, 21 March 2011
How turbines workHow turbines workHAWTTurbine concepts
Horizontal axis
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Benefit from large turbine technology
• Best current small turbines are HAWT
Monday, 21 March 2011
How turbines workHow turbines workVAWTTurbine concepts
Vertical axis
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Smaller power coefficient
• Often not self-starting
• Technology still immature, BUT
‣ Can utilise wind from varying directions
‣ Quieter
‣ Esthetics?
• Less vibration (helical designs)
! Obvious advantages for urban environment
Monday, 21 March 2011
How turbines workHow turbines workShrouded turbinesTurbine concepts
Shrouded
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Shrouded, ducted, diffuser-augmented
• Use some kind of envelope to create aerodynamical advantage
• Immature technology
• Some models appear OK, but benefit of shrouding unclear
Monday, 21 March 2011
How turbines workHow turbines workRooftop-mountedTurbine concepts
Rooftop
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• VAWT, HAWT or shrouded
• Faster and steadier wind(if mounted high enough above the building)
• BUT
‣ Vibrations
‣ Very few proven examples
Monday, 21 March 2011
How turbines workHow turbines workGround-mountedTurbine concepts
Open space
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Monday, 21 March 2011
Ground-mounted
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• WindShare, Toronto (Lagerwey turbine) Wind
• Rotor diameter: 52 m
• Hub height: 91m
• 1000 MWh/yr
‣ Urban wind energy that works!
‣ Best-working urban turbines are fairly large ground-mounted turbines
‣ This is also due to market context, not necessarily inherent technological limitations
How turbines workHow turbines workTurbine concepts
Open space
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Market survey
The Schoondijke test field
The EhB market survey
Ongoing test projects
Do small wind turbines work?
Can they work in an urban environment?
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Schoondijke test field
• 11 micro-turbines tested in Schoondijke, Netherlands
• Open field
• Test period 1 April 2008 - 31 oktober 2010
• Average wind speed 3.7 m/s
Market surveySchoondijke
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Cost-benefit ratio
Monday, 21 March 2011
Immature market
A market survey of Urban Wind TurbinesA market suret survey ofvey ofvey ofvey of Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind TurbinTurbinTurbinTurbinTurbinTurbinTurbinesesA markA mark
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Schoondijke test field
Market surveySchoondijke
Model Actual net
yield at
3.5m/s kWh
guide price euro/kWh at
3.5m/s wind
Montana 1397 18508 0.22
SkyStream 774 10742 0.23
Passaat 261 9239 0.59
Ampair 76 8925 1.96
Airdolphin 124 17548 2.36
WRE 060 212 39162 3.08
Energy Ball 22 4324 3.28
Swift 28 13208 7.86
Turby 43 21350 8.28
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Survey
• In framework of TETRA project 090192 (“Gebruik van microwindturbines voor het leveren van
hernieuwbare energie aan particulieren en kleine bedrijven”)
• All turbines < 100 kW
• 762 turbines
• Most extensive survey to date
‣ HAWT
‣ VAWT
‣ Other concepts
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
• Typical entry
• Main characteristics of turbine+ comments: measured P-curve, cut-in or start, ...
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
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Market surveyEhB
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Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Use
• Basis for comparison between small turbines, with estimate of annual production
‣ Power curve from manufacturer
‣ Wind conditions Ingreenious study Schoondijke(3.7 m/s annual average)
• Select turbines for test fields
• Help clients select small turbines
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Comparison 1-2 kW
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Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Comparison 2-5 kW
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Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Consultancy
• Example: Sensico
‣ Wants to test small turbine
• If OK Sensico wants to become distributor
• 1-2 kW
• Believes in rooftop
• Turbine should be able to carry advertisements
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Consultancy
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Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Skystream Southwest windpower
• Rated power 1.8 kW
• ø = 3.7 m
• Cut-in = 3,5 m/s
• Price ~ € 12000 (incl. tower)
• Power curve
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
‣ Rated power 1.5 kW
‣ ø = 1,7 m
‣ Cut-in = 0,5 m/s
‣ Price ~ € 4600 (Excl.installation and tower)
‣ Power curve
Honeywell WT6500 Earthtronics
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• 1 kW Ec industry
‣ Rated power 1 kW
‣ ø = 2,7 m
‣ Cut-in = 3 m/s
‣ € 1818 (excl. inverter)
‣ Power curve
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• 5 kW Ec industry
‣ Rated power 5 kW
‣ ø = 6,4 m
‣ Cut-in = 3 m/s
‣ Power curve
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Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• NheoWind 3D 100 CP Nheolis
• Rated power 1.8 kW
• ø = 3 m l = 2 m
• Cut-in = 2,5 m/s
• Prijs ~ € 20000 (incl. tower)
• Power curve
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
‣ Wind buster Seab energy
• Rated power 5 kW
• ø = 3,25 m l = 6m
• Cut-in = 3,5 m/s
• Price ~ € 17200 excl. tower
• Power curve
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Resultaten
‣
• Resultaten
‣
Comparison 1-2 kWMarket survey
EhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
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Yearly yield 1-2 kWMarket survey
EhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
‣
Comparison 5 kW
‣‣‣‣
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
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Yearly yield 5 kW
Opbrengst 5 kW
Market surveyEhB
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• IEC 61400-2:
‣ Design requirements for small wind turbines
• BWEA Standard for the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS)
‣ MCS006: Small wind performance & safety standard
StandardsMarket survey
IEC norm
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• AWEA
‣ Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard (AWEA Standard 9.1 – 2009)
‣ SWCC certification:
• Test of AWEA Standard requirements.
• Turbine design (Structural Analysis)
• Field testing (Power performanc, Acoustic, Safety & Functio, and Duration).
International standards
Market surveyIEC norm
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Innovative conceptsBuilding-augmented turbines
Backyard innovation
Vertical-axis farms
Very unconventional designs
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsBuilding-augmented
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Use buildings to enhance local wind speed
Building-augmented wind turbines
Important contribution:
Mertens 2006, PhD thesis, TU Delft
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsBackyard
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Example Urban Power USA
Backyard innovation
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsVAWT farms
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• J. Dabiri, CalTech, 2010
• For global production of sustainable energy, power density(W/m2 ground surface) is a more relevant constraint than Betz limit
• Inspiration:Fish schooling
Vertical-axis urban windfarms
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsVAWT farms
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Optimized arrays of smaller vertical-axis wind turbines
Vertical-axis urban windfarms
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsVAWT farms
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Huge increase in power density
Vertical-axis urban windfarms
Monday, 21 March 2011
New conceptsUnconventional
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
Unconventional designs
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Shadow and reflection (flicker)
• Noise (aero and mechanical)
• Vibrations (structural damage, rooftop)
• Visual impact
• Wildlife
• Grid integration
Critical issues How turbines workHow turbines workPolicy
Acceptance
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• European 20/20/20 directive
‣ 20 % less emission compared to 1990
‣ 20% better energy efficiency
‣ 20% energy from renewables
• Mounting evidence effects of global warming
• Essentially carbon free electricity production
• Public apprehension abt nuclear power
Energy How turbines workHow turbines workPolicyDirectives
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Wallonia: one-stop shop
• Flanders: omzendbrief 2009
• Regions have adopted energy goals
• Reduction in PV subsidies
Policy How turbines workHow turbines workPolicy
Regulations
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Urban wind turbines: few success stories
• Urban wind is definitely not ideal
• Market of small wind turbines immature(VAWT in particular)
‣ Many are no good
‣ Good small turbines competitive with solar
‣ Room for technological improvement
‣ Prices will drop
Conclusions How turbines workHow turbines workConclusions
Regulations
Monday, 21 March 2011
A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines
• Wind turbines can be expected to be become competitive at lower wind speeds
• Urban applications are likely to become feasible soon
• Regulatory framework moving in right direction
• Acceptance issues (in particular noise) need to be addressed
Conclusions How turbines workHow turbines workConclusions
Regulations
Monday, 21 March 2011