American Homefront WWII War Posters, Minorities, and Japanese Internment.
1. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese war crimes. 2. Why do some Japanese...
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Transcript of 1. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese war crimes. 2. Why do some Japanese...
BELLWORK 1/151. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese
war crimes.2. Why do some Japanese civilians deny war crimes committed
during WWII? What is their rationale for doing so?3. What is a comfort woman? How do the Chinese and
Japanese depictions of comfort women differ? Why?4. How does Japan’s portrayal of their war crimes (or
“incidents” according to them) impact their relationship with other Asian countries?
5. THINKER: In your opinion, why is there strong opposition towards including Japanese war crimes in the textbooks? What could change this? Do you think this will ever change? Explain!
F.Y.I…… Bring your chapter 9 packet tomorrow – BW will
focus on other political/economic effects of WWII.
Also, tomorrow will be dedicated to a Total War review. As you know, this is a key concept of EA #2. Please bring your WWI notes in order to complete the activity.
No school Monday! Tuesday we will start our first Limited War case
study…… The Malvinas/Falklands War
Effects in post-WWII Germany Germany was totally
defeated, and the Nazi regime brought down. Its leaders were tried for crimes against humanity at Nuremberg.
German cities were in ruins from a massive bombing campaign.
Millions were displaced Germany was divided into
4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers
NUREMBERG TRIALSNovember 1945 - October 1946
Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe
November 1943 Published by the U.S., Soviet Union, and England Gave a "full warning" that, when the Nazis were
defeated, the Allies would "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth ... in order that justice may be done. ... and will be punished by a joint decision of the Government of the Allies.”
In accordance with the declaration of the United Nations
Nuremberg Court House
Charges Tribunal persecuted 23 top Nazi officials for the following: Count One: Participation in a common plan for the
accomplishment of a crime against peace Count Two: Planning, initiating, waging aggressive war
violation of international law or treaties Count Three: War Crimes
including mistreatment of prisoners of war or civilian populations
Count Four: Crimes Against Humanity murder, extermination, enslavement of civilian populations;
persecution on the basis of racial, religions or political grounds
Top Nazi officials NOT tried….. Heinrich Himmler: leader/founder of
the SS, chief of German police (including the Gestapo), facilitator of all concentration camps
Joseph Goebbels: Minister of Propaganda, Chancellor of Germany, facilitator of all censorship and media
Nazi Escape through Ratlines Ratlines: system of escape routes for
Fascists These escape routes mainly led toward
havens in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.
Other destinations included the United States, Great Britain, Canada and the Middle East.
There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America
13 top ranking Nazis escaped to South America Joseph Mengele, head doctor at Auschwitz
lived rest of his life in Brazil Gustav Wagner, Staff Sargent of SS lived rest
of life in Argentina Other “missing” officials were assumed to
escape, but never found
Nuremberg Trials Martin Bormann:
Hitler’s private secretary, 2nd in command at Auschwitz, general in SS, responsible for domestic affairs Tried in absentia
Robert Ley: head of the German Labour Front
Hermann Göring Leader of the Nazi Party, founder
of the Gestapo, commander-and-chief of the Luftwaffe, 2nd in command
"I only thought we would eliminate Jews from positions in big business and government"
Outcome Twelve were sentenced to death Seven received prison sentences (ranging from
10 years to life in prison) Three were acquitted Two were not charged The definition of what constitutes a war crime is
now described by the Nuremberg principles, a set of guidelines created as a result of the trial
Influenced the Tokyo War Tribunal
American Newsreel Covering the Trials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcudlm6tPa0
Effects of WWII in Asia Japan was eliminated as a major power Allied occupation of Japan; MacArthur was appointed
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) Removal of Japanese troops in China
In 1949, China falls to communism under Zedong Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided),
Pacific Islands SU gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands The Emperor would help maintain political stability and
facilitate reform Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new
constitution
Treaty of San Francisco
Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941–45
Country Amount in US$ Date of treaty
Burma 200,000,000 November 5, 1955
Philippines 550,000,000 May 9, 1956
Indonesia 223,080,000 January 20, 1958
Vietnam 38,000,000 May 13, 1959
Total $1,012,080,000
In accordance with Clause 14 of the Treaty, Allied
forces confiscated all
assets owned by the Japanese government,
firms, organization and private citizens,
in all colonized or occupied countries
Japanese overseas assets in 1945
Country/region Value (US Dollars)
Korea 468,370,000
Taiwan 2,846,100,000
North East China 9,768,800,000
North China 3,695,800,000
Central South China 2,447,900,000
Others 1,867,600,000
Total $25,300,000,000
TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL
April 1946 – November 1948
Declaration of General MacArthurIn January 1946, MacArthur ordered the establishment of an International Military Tribunal
Accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that "contemplated and carried
out...murdering, maiming and ill-treating prisoners of war (and)
civilian internees...forcing them to labor under inhumane
conditions...plundering public and private property, wantonly
destroying cities, towns, and villages beyond any justification of military necessity; (perpetrating)
mass murder, rape, pillage, torture and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless civilian population of
the over-run countries."
Ichigaya Court in Tokyo, formerly the Imperial Japanese Army HQ
building
Charges Class A: participation in a joint conspiracy to start
and wage war 28 Japanese military/political leaders charged with Class
A Class B: crimes against humanity Class C: those in "the planning, ordering,
authorization, or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure“ more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with
Class B and C crimes, mostly entailing prisoner abuse
War Tribunal in Tokyo Trials were carried
out by General MacArthur and an appointed 11 judges (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, UK, US & USSR)
Chief Prosecutor; U.S. Judge Joseph Keenan
"War and treaty-breakers should be
stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are—plain, ordinary
murderers”
28 Primary DefendantsThe trial lasted for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including depositions from 779 individuals.
Top Japanese Officials NOT Tried… Emperor Hirohito (Allies
needed him to legitimize democratic reforms)
Nobusuke Kishi (conservative ally – later Prime Minister)
Shiro Iishi (received immunity in exchange for data on medical experiments)
Hirohito’s Amnesty "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save
Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war . . . months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo” Japanese Historian, Herbert Bix
3 of the judges on trial later said Hirohito should’ve been the main one tried, and Tojo should’ve been the one acquitted
Outcome 984 were condemned to death 475 received life sentences 2,944 were given prison terms 1,018 were acquitted 279 were never brought to trial or not
sentenced
Execution of Hideki Tojo
American Newsreel Covering the Trials
Show the clip!
Long Term Impact In 1978, 1,068
convicted war criminals, including 14 convicted Class-A war criminals (Tojo) were secretly enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine
Long Term Impact Today, denial of Japanese war crimes remains a symbol
of nationalism In a Japanese survey conducted on the 60th
Anniversary of the sentencing (2006): 70% of those questioned were unaware of the details
of the trials rose to 90% for those in the 20–29 age group.
76% recognized a degree of aggression on Japan's part during the war
Only 7% believed it was a war strictly for self-defense
Discussion In your opinion, do you think the U.S.,
Soviet Union, England or France should have been tried for war crimes? Why or why not?
How would they have been tried? Should a victorious power be forced to
take responsibility?
Compare/Contrast the two War Crimes Trials
BELLWORK 1/16 Today’s BW focuses on effects of WWII. If you need help, refer to your ch. 9 packet
1. WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI…… WHY???
2. Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg. 179) According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII?
3. Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII.
4. List three changes implemented by the Allies in Japan post-WWII.
5. How did WWII affect European empires and colonies?