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Energy and the Environment

HNRT 228 – A RecapSpring 2013Prof. Geller

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Concepts For Understanding Energy

WorkPotential EnergyKinetic EnergyConservation of EnergyTypes/Sources of Energy

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Work is Force times distance

Definition of work “work is equal to the force that is

exerted times the distance over which it is exerted”

work in Joules =force in Newtons * distance in meters

W = f * d

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Question for Thought

A spring clamp exerts a force on a stack of papers it is holding together. Is the spring clamp doing work on the papers? A Yes B No

If the spring clamp does not cause the paper to move, it is not acting through a distance and no work is done.

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Power - Work per unit time

Power defined “power is the amount of work done

divided by the time it takes to do that work”

power in Watts = work in Joules / time in seconds

P = W / t

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Question for Thought

A kWhr is A a unit of work B a unit of energy C a unit of power D More than one of the above is true.

A kWhr is a unit of work, and since energy is the ability to do work, it is also a unit of energy. In terms of units, a watt is a joule per second, and an hour, as a second, is a unit of time. The time units cancel, leaving a unit of a joule, which can be used to measure either work or energy.

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Kinetic Energy

Definition “Kinetic energy equals the mass of the

moving object times the square of that object’s speed, times the constant 1/2.”

kinetic energy in Joules = 0.5 * mass in kilograms * speed in meters per second * speed in meters per second

K.E. = 0.5 * m * v2

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Question for ThoughtDoes a person standing motionless in the

aisle of a moving bus have kinetic energy? A Yes B No

Relative to the bus, the person has no kinetic energy because the person is at rest relative to the bus. Relative to the ground, however, the person does have kinetic energy because the person is moving with the same speed as the bus.

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Potential Energy

Definition “gravitational potential energy of any

object equals its weight times its height above the ground”

gravitational potential energy in Joules = mass in kilograms * acceleration due to gravity * height in meters

P.E. = m * g * h

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Question for Thought

What happens to the kinetic energy of a falling book when the book hits the floor? A The kinetic energy is destroyed. B The kinetic energy is converted to

heat only. C The kinetic energy is converted to

heat and sound.

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Mass as Energy

Definition “every object at rest contains potential

energy equivalent to the product of its mass times the speed of light squared”

energy in joules = mass in kilograms * speed of light in meters per second * speed of light in meters per second

E = m * c2

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History of Energy Use

Early civilizations used human muscle power as their primary energy source. Energy provided by burning wood

enabled people to cook food, heat living areas, and develop primitive metallurgy.Dense, rapidly growing settlements

outstripped wood production, thus new fuel sources had to be utilized.

• 1890, coal replaced wood - primary energy source

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Fossil Fuels

Carboniferous period, (286-362 Mya) large deposits of plants,

animals, and microorganisms.

Led to the formation of fossil fuel deposits.

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Industrial Revolution - 1875

Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human and animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods. Steam engines converting heat energy into

forward motion was central to this transformation.Countries or regions without large coal deposits

were consequently left behind.

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Industrial Revolution

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were manufactured on a small scale in private homes – master craftsman Expanding factories = larger labor

pools, move to city• 200 years, energy consumption increased 8X

– Increased levels of air pollution.

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iClicker Question

Fossil fuels are derived from biological material produced A at the time of the industrial revolution B about 300 million years ago C about 1 million years ago D about 1 billion years ago E at the turn of the previous century

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Changes in Energy Sources to 2000

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iClicker Question

At the turn of this century (2000) most energy was derived from A Coal B Wood C Natural Gas D Oil E Nuclear Power

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Role of The Automobile

Growth of automobile industry led to roadway construction Better roads - Higher speeds

Higher speeds - Bigger faster cars = Bigger faster cars - Better roads

Convenience of two-car families Job growth in automobile-related industries Major role in development of industrialized nations.

Cars altered people’s lifestyle Greater Distance Travel

Sprawling Cities• Suburbs

Vacations

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Growth in the Use of Natural Gas

Initially, natural gas was burned as a waste product at oil wells. Before 1940, accounted for less than 10%

of energy consumption in United States.By 1970, accounted for about 30% of energy

needs.In 2003 accounted for 25% of U.S.

consumption. Primarily used for home heating and

industrial purposes.

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How is Energy Used?

Industrialized nations use energy for: Residential / Commercial uses Industrial uses Transportation

Less developed countries use most energy for residential purposes. Cooking and Heating

Developing countries use much of their energy to develop industry.

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US use of oil to 2002

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iClicker Question

Oil use in the U.S. has always risen since 1960. A True B False

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How does the US compare to others in overall energy use through 2002?

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Gasoline Taxes and Fuel Cost

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iClicker Question

Which of the following countries has the lowest gas taxes? A France B Germany C Spain D Japan E USA

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The Importance of OPEC

Oil Producing and Exporting Countries

Twelve members Control over 78% of world’s estimated

oil reserves.• 1,000 billion barrels

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Overview of Energy Production/Consumption

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iClicker Question

The United States imports more energy than it produces? A True B False

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Energy Flow from Source to Use(USA 2008)

Note Changes from 2003, page 17 of textbook

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TYPES OF ENERGYand their Transformation

Mechanical, Electromagnetic,

Electrical, Chemical and Thermal

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iClicker Time!Electrical energy is

transported to your house through power lines.

When you plug an electric fan to a power outlet, electrical energy is transformed into what type of energy?

A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ElectricalD ChemicalE Thermal

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Energy come from Energy Resources, that are converted into energy that we can easily use. Electricity is the main form of energy that we use and can power or charge what we need energy for.

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To generate electricity…

1. You need an energy source, e.g. coal2. This is burnt to produce heat or steam3. The heat or steam then drives a turbine4. The turbine then can drive a generator5. The generator then produces electricity6. The electricity is then transported in cables

to where it is needed

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Energy Resources can be divided into 2 categories:

1. Non-Renewable ResourcesFor example – coal, oil, gas, uranium or ligniteOnce used these resources CANNOT be used again

2. Renewable ResourcesFor example – wind, water or solarThese resources can be used over and over again

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Non-Renewable Resources: COAL

What is it? Formed underground from decaying plant materialHow much left in the world? About 200 yearsAdvantages? Plenty left Mining is getting more efficientDisadvantages? Pollution: CO2 emissions (linked to global warming),

SO2 (linked to acid rain) Heavy & bulky to transport

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Non-Renewable Resources: OIL

What is it? Formed underground from decaying animal and plant

materialHow much left in the world? Estimates vary, but average about 40 yearsAdvantages? Quite easy to transport Efficient in producing energy Less pollution than coalDisadvantages? Not much left Pollution: air and danger of water pollution through spills

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Non-Renewable Resources: NATURAL GAS

What is it? Formed underground from decaying animal and

plant materialHow much left in the world? Estimates vary from 60-100 yearsAdvantages? Clean, least polluting of all non-renewables Easy to transportDisadvantages? Some air pollution Danger of explosions

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Non-Renewable Resources: NUCLEAR

What is it? Uses uranium, naturally found in some rocksHow much left in the world? Not knownAdvantages? Not much waste and few CO2 emissions released, as

well as, few other greenhouse gasesDisadvantages? High cost to build and close down power stations. Waste is radioactive. Problem with getting rid of

waste safely

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Why is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite?

A Because they all contain fossils.B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils.C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age.D Because of their energy per unit of mass.E Because Prof. Geller said so.

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Renewable Resources: WIND

What is it? It the movement of air from high to low pressure

How much left? LotsAdvantages? No pollutionDisadvantages? Winds change all the time, not predictable

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Renewable Resources: SOLAR

What is it? Energy from the sunHow much left? LotsAdvantages? No pollution, can be

used in remote areasDisadvantages? Can be expensive,

needs sunlight At night it doesn’t work

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Renewable Resources: BIO-ENERGY

What is it? Biomass and Biogas – fermented animal or plant wastevegetation from sustainable sourcesHow much left? LotsAdvantages? Good availabilityDisadvantages? Can be expensive to set up

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Renewable Resources: HYDROWhat is it? Movement of water drives a

turbineHow much left? LotsAdvantages? No CO2 emissions, can control

flooding and provide a good water supply to an area

Disadvantages? Large areas maybe flooded. Visual and water pollution

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Renewable Resources: GEOTHERMAL

What is it? Heat from the ground – often used to heat water

How much left? LotsAdvantages? No CO2 emissions

Disadvantages? Expensive and can only be used in certain parts of the world

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Renewable Resources: WATER & TIDAL

What is it? Movement of sea drives turbines

How much left? LotsAdvantages? Can produce a lot of

electricity, no CO2 emissions

Disadvantages? Not many suitable sites

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Energy Transfer

Chemical

Electrical

Electrical

Electrical

Sound(mechanical)

Light(Electromagnetic)

ThermalMechanical

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Oil Exploration and Extraction

Oil is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and

animals died in ancient seas around 300 million

years ago Biota such as plankton fall to the

bottom of the sea and decay form sedimentary layers little or no oxygen present

microorganisms break down the remains into carbon-rich compounds

organic material mixes with the sediments to form fine-grained shale, or source rock

sedimentary rocks layer generate heat and pressure

distilled organic material forms crude oil and natural gas

oil flows from the source rock and accumulates in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone known as reservoir rock.

When the Earth’s crust moves, the oil and natural gas is trapped in reservoir rocks, which are between layers of impermeable rock (cap rock– usually granite or marble)

http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

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iClicker Question

Oxygen is required in the formation of oil in the sedimentary layers A True B False

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The Search for Oil Oil companies usually

contract out the search for oil to exploration geophysicists

Exploration geophysicists utilize surface features surface rock reservoir rock entrapment satellite images gravity meters magnetometers hydrocarbon sniffers

sometimes called electronic noses

seismometers [most common technique used]

shock waves developed reflections interpreted

Oil exploration methods are still only about 10 percent successful in producing useful well

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling2.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htm

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iClicker Question

What is the name of a scientist who explores for oil? A oil geologist B exploration geophysicist C petroleum physicist

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Setting Up the Rig

Once the land is ready, several holes are dug to make way for the rig and main hole. A rectangular pit, called a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The cellar provides a workspace around the hole. The crew then drills a main hole. The following diagram shows how a rig is set.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling2.htm

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Crude oil to Refineries Oil fields and offshore oil rigs

generally have hundreds of wells with flow lines that carry crude oil to the lease tanks. The crude oil flows from the wells to the unseen lease tanks via the flow lines, where it is accumulated, sampled and measured prior to further transportation via other connecting pipelines. Oil pipelines are considered to be a closed system since the chemicals theoretically don’t touch the environment, however leaks in the system do occur. Also, oil tankers bring oil to refineries and as was the case in the Exxon Valdez disaster, the environment suffers tremendously from oil production. Photo Courtesy

http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/photos/exxon/exxon.html

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Environmental Disasters

Statistic courtesy of http://www.itopf.com/stats.html

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iClicker Question

The process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated according to their different boiling points, is called A Distillationism B Fractionation C Fractioning D Fractional distillation E Fractional fractionating

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iClicker Question

Which of the following are not petroleum derived products? A gasoline B kerosene C jet fuel D plastics E None of the above

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World Oil Consumption

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en

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•Oil is trapped in rare geological structures•Most of the oil in the world comes from a few large wells•About one in ten exploratory drillings strike oil

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Overview of Natural Gas

Supply of recoverable natural gas available at affordable costs has greatly increased over past 10 years

Industry’s ability to produce natural gas from shales has gone from almost 0 to > 20% of U.S. needs in just 10 years

Natural gas demand is at 22-23 Tcf/year in the U.S. (historic highs). Increased availability of gas will allow demand to continue to grow over next several years

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U.S. Reserve Base – Trends Before and After Shale Gas Production

Significant increase in gas reserves and production from shales starts in 1999

Source: EIA

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U.S. Natural Gas Production

U.S. natural gas production is at its highest level ever in 2008

+1.1%/yr -1.9%/yr +3.7%/yr

Source: EIA

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Offshore Gulf of Mexico in Steep Decline

Production is down by almost 50% from 2001-07

Source: EIA

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Frac’d (Fracturing) Wells

Shale is very hard, and it was virtually impossible to produce gas in commercial quantities from this formation until recent improvements were made in hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling, and there was an upturn in the natural gas price.

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Conventional Well vs. Shale Gas Well Production Curves

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BarnettHaynesville

Marcellus

Woodford

Basins Where Additional Gas Will Be Produced From Shales

Estimated Gas In-Place in these Shales is ~ 2000 Tcf

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Today’s Relative Share of Energy Market by Fuel

Source: EIA – Annual Energy Outlook 2009

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U.S. Energy Demand by Fuel

120 -

100 -

80 -

60 -

40 -

20 -

0 - 1980

1995

2005

2015

2030

History Projections

Quadri

llion B

tu’s

Renewable

s

Liquids

Natural

GasNuclear

Coal

Biofuels

Source: EIA – Annual Energy Outlook 2009

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Natural Gas Use by Sector in 2008

21% Residential

29% Electricity Generation

14% Commercial

33% Industrial

3% Transportation

Source: EIA – Annual Energy Outlook 2009

Electricity generation from natural gas has grown at rate of 4%/year since 1990

Industrial usage of natural gas has fallen at rate of 2%/year since 1998

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Today’s Relative Share of Electricity Generation by Fuel

Natural Gas 21%

Nuclear20% Coal

49%

Oil 1%

Hydro 6%

Other Renewables 3%

Source: EIA – Electric Power Monthly, April 2009

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Natural Gas Supply thru 2030

Source: EIA – Annual Energy Outlook 2009

Alaska

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-20

-15

-10

-5 -

0 -

199

5

200

5

201

5

202

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History Projections

Unconventional

Conventional

Net Imports

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History: U.S. Natural Gas – Production & Consumption

Source: EIA

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Supply vs. Demand thru 2015

Available supply: Assume 1.8% growth / year in production capacity (starting in 2010) and net imports at 3 Tcf/yr vs. 3.3-4.0 Tcf/yr seen since ‘01

Demand (dashed curve): Assume 4% growth in use of gas for electricity generation after 1 year, 3% reduction in overall demand for 2009

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Natural Gas is Cleaner120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Natural Gas

Diesel Ethanol Blends

Low Sulfur Diesel

Bio Diesel

Gasoline

Relative Level of NOx Emissions

Relative Level of Particulate Emissions 120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Source: South Coast Air Quality Management District2007 Air Quality Management Plan Summit Panel

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Natural Gas is a Low Carbon Fuel

Natural Gas

Oil 28% more

Coal 43% more

0 50000 100000 200000150000

Pounds of Carbon per Billion BTU

Source: EIA, Natural Gas: Issues & Trends, 1998

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Economics of fuels

$/KWh

Source: SDI research + team analysis

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Distribution of natural gas

Impractical to ship: must route by pipe 1.3 million miles of pipe (250,000 miles of

mains)

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How much do we have left?

Estimated recoverable amount: 871 tcf 40 years at current rate Estimates like this do account for future discoveries

present proven reserves provide only 8 years’ worth

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Recollecting Chemistry

All fossil fuels are essentially hydrocarbons, except coal, which is mostly just carbon

Natural Gas is composed of the lighter hydrocarbons (methane through pentane)

Gasoline is hexane (C6) through C12

Lubricants are C16 and up

kJ per gram

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50

46

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CoalCoal is a fuel that we have a lot of Primarily carbon, but some volatiles (CO,

CH4)

Reaction is essentially C + O2 CO2 + energy

Energy content varies depending on quality of coal, ranging from 4–7 Cal/g

Highly undesirable because of large amounts of ash, sulphur dioxide, arsenic, and other pollutants

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Coal types and composition

NaturalGraphite

Anthracite

Bituminous

Bituminous

sub-bituminous

Lignite

Peat

Wood

fixed carbon

ash

volatile matter

moisture content

kJ/g

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29

35

31

27

25

21

20

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Use of Coal

88% of the coal used in the U.S. makes steam for electricity generation

7.7% is used for industry and transportation

3.5% used in steel production0.6% used for residential and commercial

purposes0.1% used on Halloween for trick-or-

treaters <chuckle>

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Estimated Worldwide Coal Reserves

Country Amount(109 tonne)

Percentageof Total

United States 250* 25

Russia 230† 23

Europe 138 14

China 115 12

Australia 82 8.3

Africa 55 5.6

South America 22 2.2

North America 7.7 0.8

Total 984 100

*1st edition of book had U.S. at 1500 billion tons. What happened to all that coal?†1st edition of book had Russian coal at 4300 billion tons. Gross overestimates?

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U.S. Coal Production History

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When will coal run out?

We use 109 tonnes of coal per year, so the U.S. supply alone could last as long as 250 (1500) years at current rate

Using variable rate model, more like 75–100 (400–600) years especially relevant if oil, gas are gone

This assumes global warming doesn’t end up banning the use of coal

Environmental concerns over extraction also relevant

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Shale Oil

Possibly 600–2000 billion barrels of oil in U.S. shale deposits compare to total U.S. oil supply of 230 billion bbl

Economically viable portion may only be 80 billion bbl

8 times less energy density than coal lots of waste rock: large-scale disposal problem

Maximum rate of extraction may be only 5% of our current rate of oil consumption limited by water availability

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Tar Sands

Sand impregnated with viscous tar-like sludge Huge deposit in Alberta, Canada

300 billion bbl possibly economically recoverable

It takes two tons of sands to create one barrel of oil energy density similar to that of shale oil

In 2003, 1 million bbl/day produced grand hopes for 5 Mbbl/day; or 6% of world oil

production

2002 production cost was $20 per barrel, so economically competitive

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iClicker Question

Which of the following companies/agencies has Dr. Geller worked for in his life prior to GMU? A – General Sciences Corporation B – Science Applications Int’l

Corporation C – Research Data Systems Corporation D – Federal Bureau of Investigation E – Defense Systems Inc.

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iClicker Question

Which of the following titles was a title that Dr. Geller held in his life prior to teaching at GMU? A – taxi driver B – truck driver C – priest D – program manager E – deputy director

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Some Parting Thoughts

"Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another." - Albert Einstein

"I'd put my money on the Sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that." - Thomas Edison

"Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning." - Albert Einstein