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Transcript of 1 Digital Libraries : Archaeology, Automation, ETDs, and Enhancements Edward A. Fox ([email protected])...
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Digital Libraries : Archaeology, Automation, ETDs, and Enhancements
Edward A. Fox ([email protected])Virginia Tech, USA
IADLC 2005
The International AdvancedDigital Library Conference in Nagoya
August 25-26, 2005
2
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
3
Acknowledgements: Students
• Pavel Calado, Yuxin Chen, Fernando Das Neves, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Robert France, Marcos Gonçalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Aaron Krowne, Bing Liu, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, Qinwei Zhu, …
4
Acknowledgements: Faculty, Staff
• Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley, Roger Ehrich, Joanne Eustis, Weiguo Fan, James Flanagan, C. Lee Giles, Eberhard Hilf, John Impagliazzo, Filip Jagodzinski, Rohit Kelapure, Neill Kipp, Douglas Knight, Deborah Knox, Aaron Krowne, Alberto Laender, Gail McMillan, Claudia Medeiros, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …
5
Other Collaborators (Selected)
• Brazil: FUA, UFMG, UNICAMP
• Case Western Reserve University
• Emory, Notre Dame, Oregon State
• Germany: Univ. Oldenburg
• Mexico: UDLA (Puebla), Monterrey
• College of NJ, Hofstra, Penn State, Villanova
• University of Arizona
• University of Florida, Univ. of Illinois
• University of Virginia
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Acknowledgements - Mentors
• JCR Licklider – undergrad advisor (1969-71)– Author in 1965 of “Libraries of the Future”– Before, at ARPA, funded start of Internet
• Michael Kessler – BS thesis advisor– Project TIP (technical information project)– Defined bibliographic coupling
• Gerard Salton – graduate advisor (1978-83)– “Father of Information Retrieval”
Acknowledgements: Support
• ACM, Adobe, AOL, CAPES, CNI, CONACyT, DFG, IBM, Microsoft, NASA, NDLTD, NLM, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; ITR-0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, US Dept. Ed. (FIPSE), VTLS
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Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
9
Information Life Cycle
AuthoringModifying
OrganizingIndexing
StoringRetrieving
DistributingNetworking
Retention/ Mining
AccessingFiltering
UsingCreating
10
DL Curriculum FrameworkSemester 1:
DL collections:development/creation
Semester 2:DL services and
sustainability
CO
UR
SE
ST
RU
CT
UR
E
DigitizationStorage
Interchange
Digital objectsCompositesPackages
MetadataCataloging
Author submission
NamingRepositories
Archives
Spaces(conceptual,geographic,2/3D, VR)
Architectures(agents, buses,
wrappers/mediators)Interoperability
Services(searching,
linking, browsing, etc.)
Intellectual property rights mgmt.
PrivacyProtection (watermarking)
Archiving and preservation
Integrity
Architectures(agents, buses,
wrappers/mediators)Interoperability
CO
RE
DL
TO
PIC
S
DocumentsE-publishing
Markup
Info. NeedsRelevanceEvaluation
Effectiveness
ThesauriOntologies
ClassificationCategorization
Bibliographic information
BibliometricsCitations
RoutingFiltering
Community filtering
Search & search strategyInfo seeking behavior
User modelingFeedback
Info summarizationVisualization
Multimedia streams/structures
Capture/representationCompression/coding
Content-based analysis
Multimedia indexing
Multimediapresentation,
rendering
RE
LA
TE
DT
OP
ICS
11
5S LayersSocieties
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
12
5S LayersSocieties
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
Fire
Wood
Earth
Metal
Water
5 Elements
13
5Ss
Ss Examples Objectives
Streams Text; video; audio; image Describes properties of the DL content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data
Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata
Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content
Spaces Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic
Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components
Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending
Details the behavior of DL services
Societies Service managers, learners, teachers, etc.
Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them
14
Informal 5S & DL Definitions
DLs are complex systems that
• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)
• provide info services (scenarios)
• organize info in usable ways (structures)
• present info in usable ways (spaces)
• communicate info with users (streams)
15
Hypotheses
• A formal theory for DLs can be built based on 5S.
• The formalization can serve as a basis for modeling and building high-quality DLs.
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Research Questions1. Can we formally elaborate 5S?
2. How can we use 5S to formally describe digital libraries?
3. What are the fundamental relationships among the Ss and high-level DL concepts?
4. How can we allow digital librarians to easily express those relationships?
5. Which are the fundamental quality properties of a DL? Can we use the formalized DL framework to characterize those properties?
6. Where in the life cycle of digital libraries can key aspects of quality be measured and how?
17
Book Parts
• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
• Part 1 – The “Ss”
• Part 2 – Higher DL Constructs
• Part 3 – Advanced Topics
• Appendix
18
Book Parts and Chapters - 1
• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
• Part 1 – The “Ss”– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies
19
Book Parts and Chapters - 2
• Part 2 – Higher DL Constructs– Ch. 7: Collections
– Ch. 8: Catalogs
– Ch. 9: Repositories and Archives
– Ch. 10: Services
– Ch. 11: Systems
– Ch. 12: Case Studies
20
Book Parts and Chapters - 3
• Part 3 – Advanced Topics– Ch. 13: Quality– Ch. 14: Integration– Ch. 15: How to build a digital library– Ch. 16: Research Challenges, Future Perspectives
• Appendix– A: Mathematical preliminaries– B: Formal Definitions: Ss – C: Formal Definitions: DL terms, Minimal DL– D: Formal Definitions: Archeological DL– E: Glossary of terms, mappings
21
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
22
23Map courtesy: www.enchantedlearning.com
Initial ETANA-DL Member Locations
Virginia Tech
Mississippi State University
Vanderbilt University
Canadian University College
Walla Walla College
Andrews University
CWRU
Willamette University
24
25
26
Lahav Website
27
Megiddo Opening Screen
28
Locus Screen: Pictures
View all
29
Area Screen
30
31
ETANA-DL Approach• Applying and extending Digital Library (DL)
techniques to solve key problems: making primary data available, data preservation, and interoperability
• Modeling archaeological information systems using 5S to better understand the domain and design the system and the supporting services
• Rapidly prototyping DLs that handle heterogeneous archaeological data using componentized frameworks:– eliciting requirements– refining metamodel and union schema– modeling sites– mapping– harvesting– providing useful services
32
ETANA-DL Website
33
Marking – writingnotes for
a specific user
Marking Items
34Marked Items Display
Sender, Date,Object OAI ID
SenderComments
Options:View Record,
Add record to Items Of Interest,Re-mark item (Redirect),
Unmark item (Remove item from list)
35Discussions Page
Discussions about an
object
View/Post messages, create new
threads
36Recommendations
Items recommendedon the basis of
similar interests
37
ETANA-DL Multi-dimensional Browsing
3 new sites
2 new types of artifacts
38
ETANA-DL Visual Browsing Service
Visual BrowseBy site
39
Visual Browsing Nimrin: Topographical Drawings
Full site North west quadrant
Square:N40/W20
40
Visual Browsing Nimrin : Square information
Square:N40/W20
Locus: 86
Loci layout
41
Visual Browsing Nimrin : locus sheet
42
Visual Browsing Bab edh-Dhra'
Cemetery
Pottery # 25
43
Visual Browsing Bab edh-Dhra'
Cemetery
Pottery # 25
44
ETANA Societies
1. Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied)2. Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork
settings, or local and national governmental bodies)
3. Project directors4. Technical staff (consisting of photographers,
technical illustrators, and their assistants)5. Field staff (responsible for the actual work of
excavation)6. Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool
stewards)7. General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)
45
ETANA Societies
• Social issues1. Who owns the finds?
2. Where should they be preserved?
3. What nationality and ethnicity do they represent?
4. Who has publication rights?
5. What interactions took place between those at the site studied, and others? What theories are proposed by whom about this?
46
ETANA Scenarios1. Life in the site in former times2. Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage 3. Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building
surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments
4. Excavation1. Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for
features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches. 2. Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its
exact find spot. 3. Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory
analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded. 4. Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the
progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds. 5. Organization and storage of material6. Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing7. Publications, museum displays8. Information services for the general public
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ETANA Spaces
1. Geographic distribution of found artifacts2. Temporal dimension (as inferred by
archaeologists) 3. Metric or vector spaces
1. used to support retrieval operations, and to calculate distance (and similarity)
2. used to browse / constrain searches spatially
4. 3D models of the past, used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins
5. 2D interfaces for human-computer interaction
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ETANA Structures
1. Site Organization1. Region, site, partition, sub-partition, locus,
…
2. Temporal orderings (ages, periods)
3. Taxonomies1. for bones, seeds, building materials, …
4. Stratigraphic relationships1. above, beneath, coexistent
49
ETANA Streams
1. successive photos and drawings of excavation sites, loci, unearthed artifacts
2. audio and video recordings of excavation activities and discussions
3. textual reports
4. 3D models used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins.
50
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
51
5S and DL formal definitions and compositions (April 2004 TOIS)
5S
structures (d.10)streams (d.9) spaces (d.18) scenarios (d.21) societies (d. 24)
structural metadataspecification(d.25)
descriptive metadataspecification(d.26)
repository(d. 33)
collection (d. 31)
(d.34)indexingservice
structured stream (d.29)
digitalobject (d.30)
metadata catalog (d.32)
browsingservice
(d.37)
searchingservice (d.35)
digital library(minimal) (d. 38)
services (d.22)
sequence (d. 3)
graph (d. 6)function (d. 2)
measurable(d.12), measure(d.13), probability (d.14), vector (d.15), topological (d.16) spaces
event (d.10)state (d. 18)
hypertext(d.36)
sequence (d. 3)
transmission(d.23)
relation (d. 1) language (d.5)
grammar (d. 7)
tuple (d. 4)*
52
Streams
text
audio
image
video digitalobject
Repository
CollectionCatalog
describes
stores
is_version_of/ cites/links_to
Index
Service
Scenario
event
extends
reuses
ServiceManager
Actor
operationexecutes
participates_in
recipient
runs
Scenarios
Societies
inherits_from/includes
association
uses
Topological
ProbabilisticMetric
Measurable
Measure
describes
employsproduces
employsproduces
employs
produces
Structures
Spaces
Vector
contains
metadata specifications
is_a is_a
precedes
happens_before
is_a
redefinesinvokes
contains
contains
53
Browsing Collaborating Customizing Filtering Providing access Recommending Requesting Searching Visualizing
Annotating Classifying Clustering Evaluating Extracting Indexing
Measuring Publicizing
Rating Reviewing (peer)
Surveying Translating
(language)
Conserving Converting
Copying/Replicating Emulating Renewing
Translating (format)
Acquiring Cataloging
Crawling (focused) Describing Digitizing
Federating Harvesting Purchasing Submitting
Preservational Creational
Add Value
Repository-Building
Information Satisfaction
Services
Infrastructure Services
54
SearchingBrowsing
queryanchor
Society
actor
Collection, {digital object}
Recommending Filtering Binding Visualizing Expanding query
user model query/category {digital object}
{digital object} {digital object}
binder
InformationSatisfaction Services
space query’
fundamental
Rating Training
Infrastructure
Services (Add_Value)
composite
Requesting
handle
p pp
e e e{(digital object, actor, rate) }
p
e
e
p p p p p
e e
classifier
e ee e
e
p
e
Indexing
Index
p
e
transformer
e
55
The XML Log Format
Log
SessionId MachineInfo StatementTransaction Timestamp
SessionInfo RegisterInfo StatementEvent Timestamp
Action
Search Browse StoreSysInfoUpdate
SearchBy QueryString CatalogCollection PresentationInfo
StatusInfo
Timeout
56
5S Modeling -> SystemsDomain Concepts (theory)
DLArchitecture
instance of
ModelingLanguage(Meta-Model)
Model
used to compose instance of
abstracted from
represented by
interpreted as
represented by
interpreted as
instance of
instance of
Running
DL DL
Actors
“Real”World
“real” worldobject
Q
57
Tools/Applications
5S MetaModel
5SGraphDL
Expert
DL Designer
5SL DL
Model
5SLGen
Practitioner
Researcher
TailoredDL
Teacher
componentpool
ODLSearch,ODLBrowse,ODLRate,ODLReview,
…….
Logging ModuleXMLLog
58
Digital Object
RepositoryCollection Minimal DL
Metadata Catalog
Descriptive Metadata
Specification
A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework
Structural Metadata
Specification
Streams Structures Spaces Scenarios Societies
indexing
browsing searching
services
hypertext
Structured Stream
59
Streams Structures Spaces Scenarios Societies
indexing
browsing searching
services
hypertext
Structured Stream
Descriptive Metadata
specification
SpaTemOrg
StraDia
Arch Descriptive Metadata specification
ArchDO
ArchObj
ArchColl
Arch Metadata catalog
ArchDColl ArchDR Minimal ArchDL
A Minimal ArchDL in the 5S Framework
60
Overview of 5SGraph
Workspace
(instance model)
Structured
toolbox
(metamodel)
61
62
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
63
Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL)
• Domain: computing / information technology
• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL (technical reports), …
• Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www.citidel.org
64
Annotations
OAI Data
Harvester
EDUCATORS
ADMINISTRATORS LEARNERS
Multilingual Searching
Revising Annotating Filtering Browsing Administering
Filtering Profiles User Profiles
Union Metadata
OAI Data
Provider
Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)
PORTALS
SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
Digital library architecture for localand interoperable CITIDEL services
65
CITIDEL -> NSDL
• A collection project in the
• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL
• National Science Digital Library
• www.nsdl.org
• (Next slides courtesy Lee Zia, NSF)
67
NSDL ProgramTracks
• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources
• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty
• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form
• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks
• Pathways: large efforts across broad ranges of areas or approaches or users
68
69
70
NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup
referenceditems &
collections
referenceditems &
collections
Special Databases
NSDLServicesNSDL
ServicesOther NSDLServices
CI Services
annotation
CI Services
discussion
CI Services
personalization
CI Services
authentication
CI Services
browsing
Core Services:information retrieval
Core Collection-Building Services
harvesting
Core Collection-Building Services
protocols
Core Services:metadata gathering
Portals &ClientsPortals &
ClientsPortals &Clients
Usage Enhancement
Collection Building
User Interfaces
NSDLCollections
NSDLCollections
NSDLCollections
CoreNSDL“Bus”
71
Digital Libraries in Education
• Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko• © 2003, www.iite-unesco.org, [email protected]• Transforming the Way to Learn• DLs of Educational Resources & Services• Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment• Educational Metadata• Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL,
NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)
A Digital Library Case Study
• Domain: graduate education, research
• Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations
• Submission: http://etd.vt.edu
• Collection: http://www.theses.org
Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http://www.ndltd.org
Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
75
76
77
78
OCLC SRU Interface
79
80
ETD Union Search Mirror Site in China (CALIS)(http://ndltd.calis.edu.cn – popular site!)
81
82
Board of Directors• Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)• Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)• Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)• José Luis Borbinha (Natl Lib Portugal)• Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia)• Tony Cargnelutti (ETD 2005, Australia)• Vinod Chachra (VTLS)• Susan Copeland (RGU, UK)• Jude Edminster (Bowling Green St. U.)• Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002, BYU)• Edward A. Fox (Exec Director,Virginia Tech)• John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)• Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)• Christine Jewell (U. Waterloo, Canada)
• Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)• Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)• Mike Looney (Adobe)• Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)• Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)• Eva Müller (U. Uppsala, Sweden)• Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)• Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)• Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada)• Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003, Humboldt)• Hussein Suleman (U.Cape Town, S. Africa)• Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)• Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)
83
Selected Projects / Sponsors
• Australia (ADT)• Brazil (BDT, IBICT)• Canada• Catalunya• Chile (Cybertesis)• Germany• India (Vidyanidhi)• Korea• OhioLINK: 79
colleges/univs
• Portugal (National Library)
• South Africa• UK (British Library,
JISC, Edinburgh, …)• UNESCO (especially
Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa)
• Venezuela
84
Why ETD? Short Answer
• For Students:– Gain knowledge and skills for the Information Age– Richer communication (digital information, multimedia, …)
• For Universities: – Easy way to enter the digital library field and benefit
thereby
• For the World: – Global digital library – large, useful, many services
• General:– Save time and money– Increased visibility for all associated with research results
85
86
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
87
Describing Quality inDigital Libraries
• What’s a “good” digital Library?– Central Concept: Quality!– Hypotheses of this work:
• Formal theory can help to define “what’s a good digital library” by:
• New formalizations of quality indicators for DLs within our 5S framework
• Contextualizing these measures within the Information Life Cycle
88
AuthoringModifying
OrganizingIndexing
Storing
Archiving
NetworkingAccessing
Filtering
Creation
DistributionUtilization
Significance
Similarity
Pertinence
AccuracyCompletenessConformance
Seeking
SearchingBrowsingRecommending
Relevance
Timeliness
Accessibility
Accessibility
Inactive
Active
Discard
RetentionMining
Semi-Active
Preservability
Timeliness
Preservability
Describing
Quality and the Information Life Cycle
89
Formal Definition of DL Integration
• DLi=(Ri, DMi, Servi, Soci), 1 i n
– Ri is a network accessible repository
– DMi is a set of metadata catalogs for all collections
– Servi is a set of services
– Soci is a society
• UnionRep• UnionCat• UnionServices• UnionSociety
90
Formal Definition of DL Integration (Cont.)
• DL integration problem definition:
Given n individual libraries, integrate the n DLs to create a UnionDL.
91Repository1
DL1
Repository2
Union Catalog
Union Repository
Catalog1 Catalog2
Searching
Union DL DL2
archaeologists
Society
General Public
Society
ArchaeologistsGeneral Public
Union Society
ServiceBrowsingService
Union Service
Harvesting, Mapping,Searching, Browsing,
Clustering, Visualization
Architecture of a Union DL
92
Example of Union Service: CitiViz
93
Multidimensional Browsing: Percentages of Animal Bones Across Nimrin Cultural Phases
94
local schema global schema
95
Mapping recommendation
96
5S MetaModel
5SGraphDL
Expert
DL Designer
5SL DL
Model
5SLGen
Practitioner
Researcher
TailoredDL
Services
Teacher
componentpool
ODLSearch,ODLBrowse,ODLRate,ODLReview,
…….
Requirements (1) Analysis (2)
Implementation (4)
Design (3)
5SGraph 5SGen
Mapping Tool
5SSuite
97
5SGraph5S Archaeology
MetaModelArchDL Expert ArchDL Designer
ETANA-DLUnion Services
Descriptions
HarvestingMapping
SearchingBrowsing
…
Scenario Sub-model
VN Metadata Format
ETANA-DL Metadata Format
HD Metadata Format
Mapping Tool
Wrapper4VN Wrapper4HD
Inverted Files
Services DB
Index
Index
BrowseService
SearchService
Browse DB
OtherETANA-DL
Services
Web
Interface
XOAI
XOAI
VNCatalog
HDCatalog
UnionCatalog
5SGen
ComponentPool
Browsing…
98
Outline
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Life Cycle, Curric., 5S, Book
• ETANA-DL, 5S Description
• Theory and Automation
• Education: CS, ETDs
• Quality, Integration, and Automation
• Selected Links, Discussion
99
Selected Links - http://fox.cs.vt.edu• CITIDEL (computing education resources)
– www.citidel.org• NCSTRL (computing technical reports)
– www.ncstrl.org• NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations
worldwide)– www.ndltd.org and etdguide.org
• NSDL (National Science Digital Library)– www.nsdl.org
• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)– www.openarchives.org
• Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL, www.dlib.vt.edu)– 5S, AmericanSouth.Org, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ENVISION,
ETANA, MARIAN, NDLTD, NSDL, OAD, ODL, …)
100
Questions?Discussion?
Thank You!